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BUILDING MATERIALS ANALYSIS

FIRST GOVERNMENT HOUSE SITE, SYDNEY

BUILDING MATERIALS ANALYSIS

FIRST GOVERNMENT HOUSE SITE, SYDNEY

By Sue Pearson

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AN UTECH PTY L TO

GPO BOX 4

CANBERRA ACT 2601

December 1988

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1

SECTION 1 Introduction 1

SECTION 2 Methodology 2.1 Bricks 1

2.2 Mortar 7

2.3 Tile 7

2.4 Sandstone

2.5 Shell, lime and plaster

2.6 General comments

SECTION 3 Background Information 3.1 The South Outbuilding

3.2 The Main Building

3.3 The Stables area

3.4 The North Outbuilding

SECTION 4 The Findings of the Analysis 4.1 The South Outbuilding

4.2 The Main Building

4.3 The Stables area

4.4 The North Outbuilding

SECTION 5 Discussion and Conclusions

5.1 The South outbuilding

5.2 The Main Building

5.3 The Stables area

5.4 The North Outbuilding

5.5 General comments

FIGURES 1. Site map showing grid coordinates and the location

of the designated area.

2. Terms used in the analysis of bricks.

3. Brick dimensions used for dating purposes.

4. Brick characteristics used for dating purposes.

7

7

8

11

13

15

16

19

26

29

30

35

35

35

35

36

3

4

5

6

5. Facsimile of the sheet used for recording the

Special Finds data.

6. Facsimile of the sheets used for recording the

general finds data.

7. Special Finds from the South Outbuilding not associated

with general finds.

8. Special Find 0411 showing quartered, fluted motif.

9. Special Finds not associated with general finds.

10. Special Finds with no associated general finds.

11. Special Finds not associated with general finds.

12. Possible finish of rooms as suggested by the analysis

of the mortar component of the artefacts.

APPENDIX 1 Brick Characteristics

APPENDIX 2 Mortar Characteristics

BIBLIOGRAPHY

9

10

23

25 29 30

34

38

39

49

62

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The valuable part played by Dr. George Gibbons of the Department of Mineral

Resources, consultant for the building materials facet of the analysis, must be

acknowledged. Very sincere thanks are extended to him for his availability, and in

particular, his generosity in making both published and unpublished material and

personal files available for reference purposes.

SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION

During May and June, 1987, the analysis of the artefacts excavated from the

site of the Government House was undertaken by a team of analysts. This report is

concerned with the building materials, which includes items such as bricks, mortar,

tiles and any other materials that were used in the actual structure of Government

House and associated outbuildings and features.

The data and the analysis are divided into sections, each dealing with a

particular material, (i.e. bricks, mortar, tiles, etc.) for each of the sectors of the site.

The sectors of the site are; South Outbuilding, North Outbuilding, Main Building and

Stables (Fig. 1 ). To locate a particular excavation unit co-ordinate are used. To

define the significant periods of the First Government House site, phases are

employed. The conclusions drawn from the analysis are used to present an overall

picture of the site and its structures.

SECTION 2 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Bricks The analysis of the bricks from the First Government House archaeological site

is based on a number of different sources. The terms used to describe the body

texture, constituents (inclusions) and surface features of the bricks (Fig. 2) are in

accordance with those compiled by George Gibbons in the 3rd Quarterly Report

presented to the Heritage Council in 1980 (Gibbons 1980: 30). Significant

measurements (Fig. 3) are from an unpublished table compiled by Gibbons and

Blackmore (Gibbons and Blackmore nd: 38). Although the diemnsions of the bricks

are a diagnostic attribute, only complete measurements were recorded. Bricks that

were transversely broken did not have their length recorded and bricks broken along

their length did not have their width noted.

Brick colours were coded according the Munsell Soil Charts, 1954 edition.

1

Dating is based on the information contained in Figures 2, 3 and 4 of Gibbons

and Blackmore (nd: 36-38, Table 3.21) which is combined with datable information

such as the presence or absence of frogs, broad arrows and identification marks

such as symbols, names and initials (Gibbons 1980: 58-70; Gemmell1986).

Additional information was obtained from Freeland (1972) and discussions with

George Gibbons.

Before a brick was attributed to a particular date or significant period it had to

satisfy the following minimum requirements: have a datable identification mark or

brand, or at least three points of agreement. These points of agreement had to be

between either the dimensions and other characteristics of the brick concerned, or

with some other type of artefact, such as mortar, tiles or Special Finds that could be

used to substantiate the possible date. This procedure was necessary because of

the very real possibility that any brick could have been reused during a later period

of construction or a later mortar could have been added to earlier bricks during

periods of repair and maintenance.

2

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R44L_~L_~~-~~~±;~~~~ 1144 Figure 1. Site map showing grid coordinates and the location of the designated areas.

TEXTURE TERMS FOR SANDSTOCK BRICKS

1. Body Texture

Brittle-clastic:

Flow-clastic:

Fine, dense:

Granular:

Biscuit:

2. Constituents

Cindered:

Pebbly:

Lateritic:

Sandy body:

fragments > 3mm diameter, angular and undistorted.

fragments > 3mm diameter, visibly distorted during

moulding.

grain size < 1t2mm diameter, low porosity, even

fracture.

fragments 1t2 to 3mm diameter, angular.

grain size< 1t2mm, high porosity, rough hackly

feature.

contains black, porous, coke-like fragments.

contains hard, rounded fragments of pebble size, like

river pebbles.

contains fragments of brown to black ironstone.

contains recognizable sand grains.

3. Surface Features

Glazed: thin, dark, glassy surface layer; even and planar;

especially on exposed side(s) of brick.

Vitrified:

Sanded strike

surface:

irregular pale glass, often vesicular; accidental

feature.

result of brick being turned out of mould, strike­

side-down, onto a sanded table.

Figure 2. Terms used in the analysis of the bricks (from Gibbons 1980 [3] :30,

Appendix 4).

4

Phillip 1790 91/4 X 41/2 X 23/4 (JMF) (91/2 X 4112 X 3) (OP)

Hunter 1800 8718 x 4 x 23ta (JMF) (9 x 43/a X 23t4) (OP)

Macquarie 1815 was UK standard (JMF) (81t8 x 4 x 23t8) (OP)

UK standard 1776 81/2 X 4 X 21/2 (JMF)

UK standard in 1788 8314 X 4 X 2112 (OP)

1834 9 X 41/2 X 21/2 (OP)

Local standard 1820 83/4 X 41/4 X 21/2 (JMF)

Common stock was UK standard 83!4 X 41t8 X 21t2 (RB)

Figure 3. Brick dimensions used for dating purposes (from Gibbons and Blackmore

n.d.: 38, Table 3.21)

5

1788-1820

Colour/Texture Sydney

1788-90 Light brown (MH) Brittle (Tench) Soft and porous (JMF) Light brown/salmon

First brick kilns operating (OP)

Parramatta Deep red and soft.(MH)

Manufacture 1788 late C18 Crude mechanisation of sorting, tempering and pugging clay in

U.K. (OP) 1800 1807

44 brick and tile makers in colony (OP) 12 brick and tile makers in colony (OP)

1820-1830

Colour/Texture Salmon pink - ducky red - orange Soft red Soft bright red rubbing bricks Red rubbing bricks Samel wall bricks

Manufacture 1830s Scotch kiln in general use in U.K. (OP) Late 30s- Hackbarrows (OP) 1839 - horspowered pugmill in Victoria (OP)

- early form of up-draught kiln (OP) - 26 bricklayers and brickmakers registered in N.S.W. (OP)

1840-1850

Colour/Texture Multiplicity (MH)

Brickmaking 1845 horse powered pug-mill, Maitland (T.McN.) 1845 33 bricklayers and brickmakers in N.S.W.(OP) 1840s -pugging by spade and foot persists in country areas (OP)

- iron mould, hand powered mechanical press in Sydney (JMF) - presses from UK, US, Germany and local therefore varied sizes

1850·1860

Descriptions of Use Brick Veneer- 14" (good work) 9" (poorer) for inner wall, hollow wall (RB, JMF)

1854 -two cavity wall systems (no wide use) (JMF) 1852 -steam powered machine at Parramatta (JMF, 2nd ed) 1850's Fashion to stucco over, resulting in lack of incentive to brickmakers (JMF)

• Key JMF refers to Freeland 1972; MH refers to Herman 1970; OP refers to Pavlov 1976

Figure 4. Brick characteristics used for dating purposes (Gibbons 1980 [3] :38-40)

6

2.2 Mortar All mortars were tested for the presence of lime. This was done by adding a few

drops of hydrocloric acid to a sample of the mortar and observing the reaction. An

effervescense indicated that a reaction had occurred and lime was probably

present.

Further testing was achieved by visually appraising each mortar sample for the

presence or absence of loam, white sand, river sand, burnt and/or unburnt shell and

cement, as all these components of mortar can be used for dating purposes

(Gibbons 1980 [3]:42; 1981: 39-41 ). The presence of a grey film or coating on the

grains of sand contained in a particular mortar sample was taken to be an indication

of the presence of cement.

All mortar samples were recorded by their colour, (which was coded according

to the Munsell Colour Code), and inclusions.

2.3 Tile Tiles were recorded according to their colour, length, width and thickness. The

method by which they would have been fixed in placed was also recorded.

Written records indicate that roofing tiles were only used for a relatively short

period at the beginning of European settlement. As a result of this evidence, tiles

were considered to be indicators of the early period of settlement, unless there was

associated evidence to indicate their reuse.

2.4 Sandstone The dimensions of all the sandstone items were recorded, and where possible,

the weight of each piece noted. A suitable method of dating the various sandstone

items was not devised however, it was possible, in a relatively few instances, to date

by association.

2.5 Shell, lime and plaster

In general, the presence of items such as shell, lime, plaster and other

miscellaneous materials was only recorded. They were not used for dating

purposes.

7

2.6 General comments Artefacts designated as "Special Finds" were individually recorded on a

"Special Finds Sheet" (Fig. 5). All other articles were classified as "general finds".

These materials were quantified by counting and weighing, and recorded on a

"General Finds Sheet" (Fig. 6). Because the general finds, for the most part,

contained the greatest range of artefacts for each feature, it was these collections

that were used for dating purposes. Special Finds were generally only used for

confirmation purposes.

8

FiRST GOVERNMENT HOUSE BUILDING MATIER~ALS ANALYSIS

Provenance Catalogue no.

Date excavated Find no.

Context

Material/item

Dimensions length thickness

width diameter

other

Colour I number I weight

Texture ---

Inclusions Type

Markings/special features

Function

Archival information

Significance/period

Photographs

6/5/87 r Date/analyst

Figure 5. Facsimile of the sheet used for recording the Special Finds data

9

Trench

Fabric/description

I

I I

I

lAYER SHEiET

I Feature

Breakdown of all fragments Size of item

Colour L W D Type

I

I

Remarks (refer to ... attached analysis forms)

15/5/87 I Date/analyst

j.oates excavated

Typical of Wt

Figure 6. Facsimile of the sheet used for recording the general finds data

1 0

Min no

I I

For reasons of brevity, the detailed analysis of both the bricks and mortar are

contained in Appendices 1.1 to 1.4 and 2.1 to 2.4 respectively. Only significant dates

and/or other information is presented in the main body of the report.

SECTION 3 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

3.1 The South Outbuilding

The artefacts from excavation units which included 33 features, were analysed

from the area designated as the South Outbuilding. This sector of the site lies

between the coordinate 8-20R2 and 8-20R1 0 (Fig. 1 ).

Phase 1 circa 1788 On excavation, it was found that the only features in this area were a small part

of a north south unmortared, sandstock brick wall and a foundation trench. The wall

was set in a fill of redeposited natural sand that, on testing with HCI, proved to have

no lime content.

Analysis was based on the examination of Feature 17, 20R4 that contained

fragments of brick, roof tile and mortar.

Phase II circa pre 1795 Three walls mortared with a yellow, shelly, sandy mortar, (including one wall

that was probably an internal or sleeper wall), were disclosed during excavation.

Other features, included a possible foundation or wall construction trench,

occupation debris and demolition debris.

The analysis is based on the examination of Feature 18, 22R4, thought to be

associated with the Phase II demolition, and two mortar samples, M1 and M45, from

Features 17A of 20R4-17A and Feature 12 of unit 16-17R4 respectively.

Phase Ill Printing press office within outbuildings Circa 1779-1810 (possible later alternative use)

The Government printing press was located in the outbuildings from 1795-

1805. In 1805 a separate brick printing office was built by Governor King on or near

Government House, and this could be the Phase Ill structure. The printing press

itself was moved to George Street in 1810.

Phase Ill construction and use as the printing office must date to circa 1795-

1810. It is possible that there could have been later reuse of the building, prior to the

construction of the Phase IV structure.

1 1

West of 20R4, an east-west brick barrel drain and trough, divided into a "T"

intersection and a continuation of this drain may be the one found in Raphael Place,

1 0-12RM2.

Analysis of the drain and its contents was done by examining a brick and

mortar sample (M 39) from Feature 22, 20R4, and tile, brick, mortar and slate

fragments from Feature 21, 20R4.

The foundation trenches and construction fill for the walls were investigated by

examining brick and mortar samples from Features 1 0 and 1 OB, 16-17R4. The

sample from the construction and occupation debris consisted of brick, tile, pipe

clay, mortar, shell and burnt coal fragments from Feature 15 of unit 16-17R4.

Material from the demolition debris featured brick, tile, pipe clay and mortar samples

from Feature 7 of 16-17R and brick, tile and mortar fragments from Features 18 and

19 of 20R4 and Feature 16 of 22R4.

Phase IV Before 1845. Bread oven to north-east

A bread oven was shown to have been located in the northwest part of the

outbuilding, above the Phase Ill structures. Because of the limited excavation in this

area, it is not known how much change to the South Outbuilding took place during

this phase.

Analysis included an examination of Features 20, 23, 15 and 14 of 20R4, and

Feature 16A of 22R4 which were thought to be deposits indicative of the foundation

trenches and construction fills for the bread oven.

Phase 1-111

Structures represented in 20R4 were thought to have had "U" shaped oven

footings of elected, undressed sandstone blocks, with no visible mortar, built directly

onto them. Only Feature 4, 20R4 was examined from this area.

Phases I-IV Features not able to be phased to structures

The only feature examined, Feature 14, 14R4 consists of possible postholes

and disturbed surfaces of natural soil brought about by construction and demolition

processes.

Phase V 1845-1847 Government House demolition

Feature 12, 20R4, which contained brick, tile, mortar, slate and bituminous

fragments; and Feature 16, 20R4, which contained tile and mortar fragments, were

the only features to be examined.

12

Phase VI Mining Museum layer

The Department of Mines was located on the abandoned Government House

site, between 1876 and 1884. The analysis of this area was based on the

examination of artefacts from Feature 11, 20R43; Feature 14, 25R4 and Feature 7,

25R6.

In this particular area deposits from circa 1845-1900 appeared, at times, to

have been mixed together. Artefacts that were interesting or had obviously been

redeposited were recorded as Special Finds.

Some features are thought to have originated from Phase V and to have been

redeposited during Phase VI, and up to 1900. Analysis of these features was based

on the examination of artefacts from Feature 4, 16-17R4m and Special Find no. 049,

Feature 5, 16-17R4, and Feature 7, 14R4.

Mortar analysis and Special Finds The remainder of the analysis of the building materials from the South

Outbuilding consisted of the analysis of a series of mortar samples, M2, M37, M44

and M45 from Feature 19, 22R4; Feature 15, 22R4; Feature 6, 17R4 and Feature 12,

16-17R4 respectively and the examination of Special Finds numbers 070, 023, 025,

0111, 0144 and 483, which were all features not associated with a collection of

general finds.

3.2 The Main Building Nineteen squares containing 50 features were examined during the analysis of

the structures and deposits that lay between 24R38 to 48R38 and 24R50 and

48R48, designated as the Main Building (Fig.1 ).

Phase I 1788-1794 Governor Phillip

During the construction of Phillip's original three roomed house, the structure

was extended southward so that a larger building was created. The old south wall

became a centre wall and the new south wall became a back wall. A large area

appeared to have been created in this location so that the back room wall and

surface packing fills were deposited in stages.

The new north-south wall footings are represented by artefacts from Feature 7

of 38R18; the interior packing and fill for the 1788-1789 house by Features 1 0, 12,

12A, 12C and 12G, 40-41 R20 and Feature 5 of 40R20; the 1788-1789 house's

exterior packing and fill by Feature 10 of 41 R18, Special Find no. 535, 40R18,

Features 18, 16, 14 and 7 and Special Find no. 506; a drain behind the house by

Feature 9C of 38R20 and Special Find no. 481, Features 20, 19 and 15 of 38R34

13

and Special Find no. 247. A construction "brick pit" just south of the wall and a drain

were represented by Feature 6 of 38R18.

Phase 1-111 Phillip 1788-1794. King and Bligh 1801-1810

The analysis of this phase was based on the examination of artefacts

associated with artefacts from Features 3, 4 and 5 that were associated with a pit cut

into the rocks, fill, and a posthole found in a north-south trench located at 34R31.50.

A north-south drain that was associated with materials from Features 10 and 11 of

30.5R36 may have been an extension of a drain associated with the North

Outbuilding, Phase II or the Main Building, Phase IV-VI.

Phase IV Macquarie first extension 1810-1818

Between 1810 and 1812 a salon and two other rooms were constructed at the

rear of the building. During this building activity the rear wall of the Phase I building

was demolished.

The only artefacts examined in the analysis of this phase were from Feature 33,

34R38, a north-south sleeper wall foundation trench and Feature 26 of 34R36, an

east-west drain.

Phase VI Darling 1826-1845

During 1826 and 1827, disturbance to the Phase I fill/packing and drain was

probably brought about as a result of repairs and building activity that saw the

addition of an extension behind the house and an upper storey, a wall erected in

front of ttie outbuilding and a southerly extension to the west verandah.

Material from Feature 13 of 41 R20, which was foundation trench fill/drain

packing; Features 17 and 18 of 41 R20, being silt from the drain and a mortar sample

( M19)and Feature 15 of 28R23 taken from wall construction trenches, were the only

features examined from this phase.

Unphased features IV-VI

This period represents the disuse/blocking of the Phase I drain. The analysis

was based on material from Feature CIS 6A of 38R20.

Unphased features IV-VII

Special Find number 28 from 38R30 Feature 13 from 40R30 and Features 7, 8

and 9 from 30.5R36 were the only features examined that were considered to be

associated with the demolition and robbing of the Phase I wall. It was thought that

Feature 9 of 30.5R36 may have been earlier than the other features.

14

Phase VII 1845-1847 Government House demolition

The artefacts examined from the demolition phase were from Feature 6 of

40R20, Features 5 and 6 of 38R20, Feature 31 of 34R38 and Special Find no. 176

from the same feature. Feature 35 of 38R36 and Special Find number 243, also

from this feature. Feature 4 of 38R24 was associated with a robbed Phase IV wall,

while Feature 51 of 32R26, Special Finds nos. 23 and 547 from the same feature

and Features 3 and 5 of 32R30 and Special Find no. 24 from Feature 5 of 32R30.5

were thought to be associated with the demolition of the Phase IV drain. Also

examined were Feature 23 of 34R36, Feature 38 of 40R30, Feature 12 of R30 and

Feature 11 of 38R34 which was to the east of the site and may have been a Phase VII feature.

Phase VII Site abandonment/hiatus circa 1845-1859

The features thought to be associated with this phase were Feature 22 of

34R36, Feature 7 of 40R34, Feature 4 of 38R20 and Special Find no. 021, Feature 5

of 30.5R36, Feature 11 of 38-40R30 and Special Finds nos. 3 and 12 from 36R30.

Special Finds

The remainder of the Main Building analysis involved the examination of a

number of artefacts designated as Special Finds, which were not associated with a

collection of general finds. The details of these finds are shown at the end of the

section dealing with the Main Building.

3.3 The Stables area

Only four units containing four features and four unassociated Special Finds

were examined from the location designated as the Stables area, which was

between M1 0 to M4 and M1 0 and M2 (Fig. 1 ).

Phase I circa 1788-1845 Construction of Stables

The artefacts from Feature 14, M2R32 were the only ones examined from the

area thought to be the floor of the stables. The area was indicated by stones set in

clay, including some that may have been ballast stones.

Phase I-IV

Feature 16 of M2R32 was the only material examined in what was thought to

be an area of disturbance.

1 5

Phase II 1845-1847 Government House Demolition

Two features were examined from what was considered to be the demolition of

the Stables. Feature 18 of M2R32 represents the robbed stable wall and Feature

11 A of M2R32 is from above the wall debris.

Special Finds

Details of the Special Finds from the Stables area are listed at the end of the

results for this location.

3.4 The North Outbuilding

A total of 21 units, containing 11 0 features together with 30 Special Finds, are

included in the analysis of the area defined as being the North Outbuilding. This was

an area between 20R4 to 20R16 and 20R4 to 42R16.

Phase II 1788-1789 Go vern or Phillip

The main structures excavated in this area were the lower parts of the walls, a

small east-west drain and a circular privy pit.

Feature 12 of 38R1 0 represented the fill for the construction of a small east­

west drain and Feature 27 of 38R6-9 the silt from the drain.

Fill for the foundation trench for the walls of the building was represented by

Feature 15 of 40R14 and Special Find no. 536 and the circular brick privy pit by a

mortar sample (M50) from Feature 53 of 38R6-9.

Phase II Possibly circa 1811 Governor Macquarie (or earlier 1797

Hunter)

Structures associated with this phase were to the north, a large unmortared

drain with eight course stretcher-band brick sides and capped by large sandstone

blocks some paving, an east-west brick wall and a second stage to the privy.

The artefacts examined came from what appears to be the original foundation

trench fill of the large drain. Of the features examined, Feature 18 of 40R14, Feature

15 of 40R16, Features 3, 10, 1 OA and 20 of 38R16 and Special Find no. 0210 and

Features 11 and 32 of 40R12, and all of the features from 40R14 with the exception

of Feature 18 were thought to have been disturbed.

The only other material analysed was contained in Feature 29 of R6-9, which

was thought to represent the fill on which the wall and paving rested.

16

Phase 11-111

A flat brick and mortar structure (thought to be either a tank stand or step), to

the west of, and abutting, the Phase I wall, was represented by a mortar sample,

M38, Feature 47 of 28R6.

Phase Ill ? circa Governor Darling

The major structural features that were thought to belong to this phase were a

square, brick sump that connected to a drain that was thought to be associated with

the verandah downpipe and a third stage privy. The drain, which came from the

north side, followed a north to northwest direction to join the east-west drain of the

Main Building.

The direct sump/connection was represented by material from Feature 8 of

41 R16 and Feature 13C (M35) of 41 R18 which were thought to have been disturbed

parts of the original fill over the Phase II drain. Features 8 and 9 of 40R8, and

Feature 14 of 40ROO were represented by silt sample 25 and mortar sample M36,

Features 13 and 15 of 40R1 0 being Spits 1 and 2, together with Special Finds 036

and 037 from Feature 15 of 40R1 0 and Features 19 and 18A of 40R12, and Special

Find 046 were thought to be associated with inspection cuts that were probably

made for repair and/or drain location purposes.

The Phase 3 privy was represented by Feature 47 of 38R6-9 and mortar

sample M41. Analysis of a new box drain was achieved by the examination of two

mortar samples (M4 and M5), from Feature 9 of 38R6-9. Stages 1-3 of the privy were

thought to be represented by Feature 43 of 38R6-9.

Phase III-IV?

The features associated with this period consisted of fill or packing from the

demolition of a robbed (possibly east-west oriented) wall located between the North

Outbuilding and the Main Building.

The silt from a new box drain, which is thought to belong to this phase, is

represented by Feature 39 of 38R6-9, Spits 1 to 5.

Analysis of a pit cut down through the Phase II fill and drain cover is based on

material from Features 11, 10 and 28 of 40R14 and Special Find no. 0146 from

Feature 11. The findings are compared with those from Feature 9 of 40R14, as it is

thought that the pit may have been later than the Government House Phi;ise IV.

A posthole that cut the Phase II drain fill was represented by Feature 18A of

40R14 and the fill or possible demolition debris of the robbed east-west wall that lay

between the North Outbuilding and the Main Building by Feature 14 of 40R14.

1 7

Disturbances to the large drain and its fill, that may have belonged to Phase II

features, were investigated by the examination of artefacts from Feature 16 of 40R14

and Special Find no. 0152 and Features 15 and 17 of 38R16.

Unphased features 1788-1845

Natural soil with treadage, building debris and holes that may have been from

scaffolding was investigated by the examination of artefacts from Feature 36 of

28R6. Charcoal patches were represented by Feature 14 of 24R6 while the

redeposited natural sand that may have belonged to Phase IV was assessed by the

examination of Feature 20 of 22R8 and Features 22 and 23 of 28R2.

Phase I-IV

This phase was characterised by possible topsoil/soil deposits that occurred

beside or even below the wall Feature 9, 28R6. This feature had numerous bones

associated with it.

Phase 11-V

The analysis of this phase was based on artefacts from Feature 22C of 22R8

and a possible posthole pit.

Phase IV Date? on 1845 Lewis Plan (possibly 1840 or earlier)

In this phase, the demolition of the Phase I-III structures were thought to be

represented by Features 7A, 78 and 7C, etc. of 35R14, the north wall by Feature 26

of 40R14, Features 8, 9 and 10 of 38R14 and Special Find no. 229, together with the

mortar samples M12 and M13 from Feature 12, 40R14.

Dating of the fill from the pit to the west of the Phase I wall that continued below

and beside the Phase IV wall was based on the examination of Feature 30, 28R6

which was then compared with Feature 40, 28R6.

The northern part of the foundation trench for the wall and the construction

sand were represented by Feature 23, 40R14 which was checked by comparison

with Feature 8, 40R14 and Feature 7, 35R14 and Feature 19, 38R14. The southern

part of this feature was thought to be associated with Feature 23A of 32R8.

The general construction packing from beside the walls, but above the

foundation trench, was analysed by the examination of the artefacts from Features

31, 33, 34, 35, 38 and 39 of 28R6.

A green, pebbly wash over a Phase II area of worn paving that may have had

something to do with disuse/construction of the Phase IV walls was associated with

Feature 28, 30R6-9 and Feature 12, 38R5-6 and Special Find number 830.

18

Feature 33, 38R6-9 and Feature 11, 38R5-6 which was bagged with Feature 7,

38R5-6, were thought to be garden soil associated with some wash and the Phase II

wall that abutted the new walls.

Occupation of the building, indicated by varves and water deposited sediments

that probably came from the washing of floorboards, is considered to be indicated by

Feature 1 0, 22R1 0.

Phase V Government House demolition 1845-1847

The specific demolition of the inside of the northern, Phase Ill direct connection,

was investigated by examination of Feature 6A, 40R16. The outside was

represented by Feature 10, 40R16. Demolition of the privy, Feature 47, 38R6-9, was

thought to be associated with Feature 41, 38R6-9, Feature 4, 38R9-1 0 and Special

Find no. 0238.

General northern demolition was represented by Feature 7, 38R16 and a

mortar sample, M3, from the same feature, as well as Features 4, 16, 18 and 13 from

the same excavation unit. The southern demolition was investigated by means of

examining Feature 25, 32R8, a mortar sample M25, Features 21, 28 and 37 of 28R6

and mortar samples M7, M8 and M9 from Feature 8 of 24R6-8.

Phase VI Site abandonment/hiatus, post demolition 1845-1860

Analysis of the southern area associated with this phase considered Special

Find number 0141 and material from Feature 8, 22R1 0 and Feature 11, 28R1 0.

In addition to the features mentioned above, there were 19 Special Finds that

were not associated with any general finds and four Special Finds that were either

from the east-west or north-south trenches, the Bike parking area or the surface of

the site. Details of these features will be represented at the end of the section dealing

with the North Outbuilding.

SECTION 4 THE FINDINGS OF THE ANALYSIS

4.1 The South Outbuilding

Phase 1 circa 1788

Examination of Feature 17 of 20R4, which contained brick, roof tile and mortar

fragments indicated that the bricks were typical of the period from 1788 to 1810. The

mortar was typical of the loam mortar used in the period prior to the one that saw the

use of shell lime in any quantities (circa 1800).

Mortar fragments from this feature indicated that the walls of the room located

in this area had, at some stage, been painted with a white limewash.

19

Phase II ? pre 1795

Examination of the materials contained in Feature 18, 22R4 confirmed the

presence of brick, tile and mortar fragments, together with what appeared to be

fragments of triangular, siliceous furnace cones, water worn pebbles and fragments

of pigmented plaster or pipe clay.

Although the brick fragments were typical of the period up to the 1830s, they

were thought to relate specifically to the early part of this period, from 1788-1810.

Mortar analysis produced results typical of the period up to circa 1830.

Phase Ill Printing press office within outbuildings on site circa 1795-

1810

The brick fragment from Feature 22, 20R4 yielded measurements that are

typical of the period up to 1820. However, the mortar sample (M39) appeared to

contain lime, loam and a fine sand. This combination of components is somewhat

contradictory as the presence of loam is indicative of the period up to the 1830s,

while the presence of the fine sand is most typical of the period after 1830. As it is

possible that fine river sand could be mistaken for fine sand when using visual

methods of analysis, the period up to 1820 would be acceptable as a date for the

east-west drain and trough.

The tile and brick debris from within the drain provided dates no later than

1810. The mortar, which was typical of the period up to the 1830s, although covering

a wider period, can be considered to have fitted into the date range of the other

artefacts.

With the exception of the mortar, which is typical of the period up to the 1830s,

the materials analysed from Feature 10 and 108, 16-17R4 proved to be inadequate

for dating purposes.

The artefacts from the debris contained in 16-17R15 were typical of the period

upto1810. Feature 7, 16-17R4 provided insufficient information for dating purposes.

However, the wide range of dates obtained from Features 18 and 19 of 20R4, and in

particular Feature 16 of 22R4 which contained numerous underburnt, porous

fragments of samel brick between 6.1 and 6.8cm in diameter, was typical of

demolition rubble. Mortar fragments from Feature 18, 20R4 indicated that the walls,

at some stage, had been finished with mortar and painted with pure white pipe clay.

20

Phase IV Before 1845. Bread oven to north-east

Feature 15,. 20R4 and Feature 16A, 22R4 provided insufficient data for

accurate dating purposes, however, Features 14, 20 and 23 provided dates typical

of the periods up to 1815, 1840 and after 1818 respectively.

Phase 1-111

The materials from Feature 4 of 20R4 consisted of fragments of fire brick

variously branded with parts of the word "TAMAR". No information has been

obtained, to date, about the "TAMAR" bricks other than the fact that they were

probably imported. If this is the case, they would probably have been brought into

the country between 1845 and 1900. If they prove to have been locally made, they

would be typical of the period after 1865, when the first branded fire bricks are

thought to have been manufactured (Gemmell 1986: 56).

Phases I-IV Features not able to be phased to structures

The artefacts from Feature 14, 14R4 were made up of fragments of tile and

mortar which provided insufficient data for dating purposes. The mortar, however,

indicated that the walls represented in this feature had, at some stage, been dressed

and painted with white limewash.

Phase V 1845-1847 Government House demolition

Feature 16, 20R4 provided insufficient data for dating purposes, but the mortar

samples did indicate that the wall has been finished with loam mortar and painted

with a white limewash.

One brick fragment from Feature 12, 20R4 was impressed with what appeared

to be a "V" (perhaps an arrow) identification mark. Unfortunately, no information has,

as yet, been found concerning this mark. Other brick fragments provided

measurements and colour ranges that are typical of the period up to 1820 and mid

1830s, while the mortar types were consistent with those in use up to the 1830s. The

presence of tile fragments indicated a date of 1788+ and/or possible reuse.

In general, the range of materials and the varying dates for the materials tend

to indicate demolition debris.

21

Phase VI Mining museum layer The artefacts from Feature 7, 25R6 provided insufficient data for dating

purposes, however a brick fragment from Feature 11, 20R4 had dimensions that

were unusual before 1834. This, coupled with early roof tile fragments and a

ceramic strike plate from a door, produce a pattern that was suggestive of demolition

debris. It is possible that the pattern may have been produced as a result of

redeposition, however, on the evidence examined, it is impossible to establish

which alternative is correct.

Unit 25R4, Feature 14 contained brick, tile, slate and mortar fragments that

produced no firm dates, but which were similar to the pattern previously described.

The main area of difference between the two features consisted of mortar fragments

with both white and very pale brown limewash surfaces in Feature 14, 25R4 and

mortar fragments with pinkish white and pale yellow limewash surfaces in Feature

11, 20R4.

Special find number 049 and the artefacts from Feature 5, 16-17R4 did not

provide any significant dates either, but the general mix of brick, tile, mortar, stone

and drainage ceramic pipe from this feature is typical of either demolition debris or

redeposition. Some of the mortar fragments from this feature have either white or

pinkish grey limewash surfaces.

Feature 7, 14R4 had brick fragments typical of the mid 1830s and mortar

fragments with white limewash surfaces.

Mortar samples and Special Finds The four mortar samples, M2, M37, M44 and M45 were typical of the period up

to the 1830s. More accurate dating than this was not possible as there were no other

datable artefacts with which the mortars could be correlated.

22

Special Finds

Spec. Unit/ Material/Item Function Typical period Find Feature No.

070 14R8/4 Tile fragment Roof tile Tile typical of period up with mortar to 1794. Shell mortar

indicates possible reuse up to 1830s

023 16R8/4 Tile fragment Roof tile 1788+

025 16R4/2 Mortar fragments Probably excess To 1830s left after mixing

0111 22R14/3 Whole brick General purpose To 1820

0144 22R14/3 Dressed, carved Decoration ? to 1818 sandstone block and fragment

483 14R1 0/8 ? plaster with ? internal lining Not established newspaper/printed paper surface

Figure 7. Special Finds from the South Outbuilding not associated with General finds.

Dating of Special Find 0144 was achieved by comparing the motif on the

sandstone block with those on the corners of the Macquarie Place obelisk which

was designed by Francis Greenway and built in 1818. This was about the same time

as the northeastern wing of Government House was built. The stonemason, Edward

Cureton, built the obelisk" ... and it was probably he who carved the architectural

ornament found in the excavation" (Bickford 1983: 14).

Further substantiation of this date was obtained by comparing the motif with

those shown in a series of photographs taken by Robyn Stocks. These photographs

were taken in St. Johns cemetery, Parramatta, and showed the evolution of the use

of a motif over a number of years. The first photograph was of a motif on the tomb of

Joseph Ward who died in 1812. It was identical to the motif used on the Government

House sandstone block and the obelisk. This motif, with a very slight variation, was

then shown on the tomb of A.T.H. Alt who died in 1815. From this point the motif

changed and became more pronounced, so that between 1820 and 1832 there

were fewer internal divisions in the pattern on the tombs of Robert Kable and " .... er

James" respectively. By 1864, the internal division had increased in number so that

the motif had become far more complex. This increase in number was exemplified

23

on the tomb of Margaret Watkins dating to 1864. The early motifs, because of their

very close similarity to the Government House block and the obelisk, suggested that

the one hand was responsible for the execution, and therefore, it is reasonable to

assume that the Government House block was carved some time between 1812 and

1818, with the later date being more likely.

24

4.2 The Main Building

Phase I 1788-1794 Governor Phillip

The only information from Feature 7, 38R18, which related to the new north­

south wall footings was a date obtained from the mortar that was typical of the period

up to the 1830s.

Brick fragments from Features 10 and 12C, 40-41 R20, Feature AS of 40R20

and Feature 18 of 40R18 and Special Finds numbers 481 and 535, a sandstone

fragment and block provide insufficient data for analysis purposes.

Feature 12, 40-41 R20 which contained brick, sandstone and granite fragments,

provided insufficient date for dating purposes, but the brick fragments, all of which

were under 3.5cm in diameter were typical of either construction or demolition

debris.

The mortar from Feature 12A, 40-41 R20 appeared to be typical of the 1788

period, while the depth of a brick fragment from Feature 12G, 40-41 R20 indicates a

period that was no later than the mid 1830s.

Brick and mortar samples from Features 10, 14 and 16 of 41 R18 were typical of

the early part of Phase I, i.e. after 1788. The brick samples from Features 14 and 16,

40R18 also had pink pigmented surfaces, indicating that the wall located in this area

had at some stage been painted pink, but had not been dressed and/or plastered

first.

Feature C/W7, 40R18 contained brick fragments that were typical of the period

1788-1810, while Special Find number 506, which is a broken brick from Feature

5E, 40R18, was less diagnostic and could only be dated to the period 1788-1845.

The dating of the 1788 east-west drain located behind the house w~s based on

brick fragments from Feature 20, 38R34 that were typical of the period after 1788.

Brick and brick and mortar fragments from Feature 9C, 38R20, Feature 19, 38R34

Special Find number 245 and Feature 15, 38R34 respectively, were more typical of

the period up to 1810.

There was only a single brick fragment from Feature 6, 38R18. This feature was

designated as being a construction "bric~ pit". Although there was not a lot of data

that could be obtained from this fragment, it did appear to be typical of the period

after 1880.

Phase 1-111

The only significant information obtained about this phase came from a brick

fragment from Feature 3, 34R31.50 and a brick and a mortar fragment finished with

lime plaster from Feature 5 of 34R31.50, all of which were typical of 1788-1810.

26

The evidence from Features 1 0 and 11 of 30.5R36, consisting of brick, lime and

burnt shell fragments, together with tile, brick, mortar and granite fragments

respectively, was consistent with the early part of the period 1788-1830.

Phase IV Macquarie first extension 1810-1818

Feature 9, 34R24 and Feature 33, 34R38 provided insufficient data for analysis

purposes.

Phase VI Darling 1826-1845

The silt from the small north-south then east-west drain which was represented

by Features 17 and 18 of 41 R20 provided insufficient data for analysis purposes.

The foundation trench fill/drain packing from Feature 13, 41 R20, that consists of

brick, mortar and lime fragments was typical of a mixture of early 1788+ bricks and

slightly later 181 0+ cinder bricks.

The brick fragments from Feature 15, 28R23 and the mortar sample M29 from

the same feature were typical of the period 1818-1832 and up to circa 1830

respectively.

Phase IV-VI

Feature 6A, 38R20 provided two brick fragments for the analysis of this phase,

which was considered to be related to the period associated with the

disuse/blocking of the Phase I drain. From their dimensions and other

characteristics, both fragments appeared to be typical of the period up to 1818.

Phase IV-VII

The material examined from Feature 13, 38R30-40R30 was a mortar fragment

designated as Special Find number 28. The mortar which was dressed with pink

painted plaster was typical of the period up to the 1830s.

Features 7, 8 and 9 of 30.5R36 provided data that was respectively insufficient

for dating purposes, typical of the period 1788+ and a mixture of artefacts that were

typical of demolition debris.

Phase VII 1845-1847 Government House demolition

With the exception of Feature 5, 38R20; Feature 6, 40R20 and Feature 3,

32R30 that provided insufficient data for analysis purposes, all the features from this

phase were consistent with demolition debris and had a range of dates estimates to

be 1788+, 1788-1810, 1820s to 1830s and up to 1830s.

27

In the area that was characterised by pink and white clay, Feature 23, 34R36

contained brick, mortar with dressed gypsum plaster surfaces and a tile fragment

with part of a peg hole present. Included in the brick fragments was a piece of dry

pressed brick that was typical of the period 1818+, while the presence of the gypsum

plaster indicated a date of 1880+ (Gibbons 1980 [3]:44). Both these periods contrast

with the tile fragment that was more typical of the period 1788+. Feature 12 of

40R30-38R30 provided insufficient data for analysis.

The Feature 11, 38R34 from the area to the east of the site contained brick,

mortar with gypsum plaster, mortar, slate and tile fragments. In general, the bricks

were typical of the period up to the 1830s while the tile fragments and the gypsum

plaster were indicative of the periods 1788+ and 1880+ (Gibbons 1980 [3]:44).

Phase VIII Site abandonment/hiatus circa 1845-1859 This phase was represented by Features 22m 34R36; Feature 7, 40R34;

Feature CIS 4, 38R20, and Special Find number 021 from the same feature . Feature

5, 30.5R36 and Feature 11, 40-38R30.

Feature 5, 30.5R36 and Feature 11, 38-40R30 provided insufficient data for

dating purposes, however, the mortar fragments did indicate that the walls had been

dressed and finished with lime plaster.

The only date obtained from the artefacts in Feature 4, 38R20 was from Special

Find number 021 which was a fragment of lipped roof tile that was typical of the

period 1788+.

Two brick fragments from Feature 7, 40R34 had concave frogs, while two other

fragments had sides variously finished with light grey and light brown limewash. An

additional fragment had an end that had been stuccoed. The artefacts, which also

included two roof tile fragments, were typical of the period 1788-1830s, although

1788-1815 is more likely. This period was also indicated by the data obtained from

Feature 22 of 34R36. Mortar fragments from this feature were finished with white to

pinkish white lime plaster.

28

no. Unlt/Fea Material/Item Function Typical Period

3 36R32/1 Tile fragment Roof tile 1788+

6 38R28/2 Wood or bark ? Shingle

7 38R28/4 Metal sheet with ? Metal work ceiling 1880S+ embedded copper and areas of zinc

10 32R36 Tile fragment Roof tile 1788+

11 32R36 Brick fragments with Cinder brick 1810+ mortar

12 36R30 Tile fragment Roof tile 1788+

15 34R30 Brick fragment Sandstock 1788-1808

16 34R30 Brick fragment Sandstock Up to 1810

17 34R30 Brick fragments 1860-1880

18 30.5R32/1 Tile fragments Roof tile 1788+

22 32R26 Metal sheet with copper ? Metal work 1880S+ and areas of zinc ceiling

27 30.5R36/11 ? Tile ? Ridge tile Not known

01 40R18/5 Tile fragment with lip Roof tile 1788+

02 40R18/5 Tile fragment with grass Roof tile 1788+ or reed impression

0149 38R34/2 Brick fragments edging ? Are or Not known brick

0150 38R34/2 Mortar fragments with Internal Up to lining pinkish white to 1830s pink pigmented surface

232 38R36/23 Metal sheet with copper ? Metalwork 1880S+ and areas of zinc

458 38R23/1 Drainage pipe fragment Drainage Not known

Figure 9. Special Finds not associated with general finds.

4.3 The Stables area

Phase I circa 1788-1845 Construction of Stables

One of the fragments of brick from Feature 14, M2R32 that is thought to have

been the floor of the stable, had a depth of 6.1 em. This, together with the colour

range, is typical of both the Hunter, 1800, and Macquarie, 1815 U.K. standard,

periods.

29

Phase I-IV The artefacts from Feature 16, M2R32, had a general uniformity of brick

fragments with characteristics typical of the period up to 1820 coupled with

fragments of roof tile (1788+) and conglomerate fragments of plaster, mortar and

brick that were typical of construction rubble.

Phase II 1845-1847 demolition Feature 18, M2R32 that was thought to represent the robbed stable wall,

contained brick, mortar and shell fragments that were typical of the period 181 0+ to

circa 1830, while Feature 11 A, M2R32 contained brick fragments only. These

fragments were typical of a period no earlier than 1810.

Special Unit/ Material/Item no. Feature

296

520

548

549

M6R16/4

M2R32/7

Broken brick with rectangular frog impressed "G & T"

Broken brick impressed "P.S." in frog

M4R16/9 Sandstone block

M4R16/15 Sandstone block

Function

Not known

Not known

Figure 10. Special Finds with no associated general finds.

4.4 The North Outbuilding

Phase I 1788-1789 Governor Phillip

Typical Period

1860+

1891-1897 Manufactured by Peter Speare, Newtown

Not known

Not known

Feature 12, 38R1 0 provided insufficient data for dating purposes, but the

presence of a drainage pipe fragment in what should be a very early feature

indicated that the feature had been disturbed.

Both Feature 14, 38R16 and Feature 27, 38R6, being respectively the fill for the

construction of the small east-west drain and silt from the same drain contained brick,

tile and in the case of Feature 14, mortar, that was typical of the period up ~o 1810.

The foundation trench fill for the walls of the building that were over the drain

(Feature 15, 40R14) was typical of the period up to 1810 while Special Find number

536 from the same feature could not be dated.

The mortar sample, MSO, from Feature 53 of unit 38R6, that represents the fill

from the original (Stage 1) circular brick privy pit, contained no lime and was

composed of sand and charcoal that was typical of the matrix of the site.

30

Phase II Possibly circa1811 Governor Macquarie (or earlier Hunter)

The Features 8 and 1 OA of 38R16, Features 11 and 32 of 40R12 and Feature

15 of 40R16 were non diagnostic as the bulk of the material was roof tile fragments

that could not be accurately dated. Features 10 and 20 of unit 38R16 contained,

together with tile, mortar, lime and sandstone fragments, brick fragments that were

circa 1800, Feature 17 of 40R14 and Special Find number 0210 from Feature 20,

40R14 were typical of the period 181 0+.

Feature 29, 38R6-9 that represented fill on which a wall and some paving

rested, contained a brick fragment that was typical of the period circa 1790.

Phase 11-111

This phase was represented by a mortar sample, M38, from Feature 47, 28R6-9

which proved to be non-diagnostic. The only information that could be obtained from

the sample was that it was typical of the period up to the 1830s.

Phase Ill Possibly circa 1827 Governor Darling

All the features, with the exception of Special Find no. 036 from Feature 15 of

40R1 0, Feature 10 of 40R12 and Special Find no. 046 from the same feature, and

Feature 19A, 40R12, provided insufficient data for analysis purposes. Special Find

number 036 from Feature 15, 40R1 0 and Feature 19, 40R12 were typical of the

periods 1788+ and up to 1810 respectively, while Special Find number 046 which

was a mortar sample also from Feature 19, 40R12 could only be dated up to the

1830s. Feature 19A, 40R12 appeared to have dune sand present in the mortar

fragments which means that it was typical of the 1830s period.

Feature 8, 40R8-8 and Features 19 and 19A of 40R12, contained mortar

fragments with pink pigmented surfaces, while Feature 19, 40R12 had mortar with

white limewash surfaces.

All the features examined in relation to the Stage 3 privy, with the exception of

Feature 47, 38R6-9, were non-diagnostic as they consist of uncorrelated mortar

samples. Feature 47, 38R6-9 contained a brick that was consistent with the 1815

United Kingdom standard. Stage 1-3 of the privy had dates typical of the period

1810-1834.

Phase III-IV

Six of the features examined, Feature 39, 38R6-9 Spits 1-5 which represented

the silt in the new box drain associated with the privy and Feature 28, 40R14, proved

to be non diagnostic. Mortar from both Spit 5 and Feature 28, 40R14 did, however,

have surfaces finished with white limewash and lime plaster respectively.

31

Feature 11, 40R14 contained artefacts that included brick, roof tile, mortar

fragments with limewash surfaces, mortar and slate fragments that were typical of

demolition debris. Features 9 and 1 0 of 40R14 contained datable material that was

typical of the periods to 1834 and 1800 respectively.

The features associated with the posthole, fill and possible demolition of the

robbed east-west wall and disturbances to the large drain were inconclusive as they

provide dates of 1788+, or in the case of Feature 14, 40R14, up to 1820 or later.

Unphased features Government House 1788-1845

Only two features, Feature 14 of 24R6 and Feature 22 of 28R8 were able to be

dated. Feature 14 was typical of the period 1788-1810 while Feature 22 could not be

dated any more accurately than 1788+.

Phase I-IV

The evidence from this feature could not be dated.

Phase 11-V

Evidence from this feature consisted of brick and mortar fragments. The brick

fragments which were very porous, ranged between being poorly pugged and well

pugged with a high laterite content. They provided dates that were typical of 1800, up

to 1834 and 181 0+. The bricks gave the impression of having been exposed to very

wet conditions for some length of time, while the mix of dates and the size and shape

of the fragments appeared to be typical of demolition rubble.

Phase IV Date ? on 1845 Lewis Plan (possibly 1840 or earlier)

Features 35R14, Feature 7C and 40R14, Feature 26, thought to be associated

with the demolition of the Phase I walls and the northern part of the same structure

respectively, indicated dates that were typical of the period up to 1810. Material from

38R14, Feature 8 displayed a range of dates that were typical of the periods 181 0+,

1815 to 1820, to 1830s, and 1788+. This mix of dates and the quantity of artefacts

gave this feature a character consistent with a demolition layer. The associated

Special Find number 229 was typical of the period about 1810.

Of the two features contained in 28R6, Feature 30 could not be accurately

dated, while Feature 40 indicated a possible date of 181 0+ from the dimensions of

the brick fragments. Also comparison of the two features could only be made on the

basis of brick colour, no conclusions could be reached about the two features.

32

Feature 23, Unit 40R14 and Feature 8, 35R14, Feature 7 and the south-west of

Feature 7, Unit 40R14 were typical of the period up to 1820. Unit 38R14 Feature 7

(south-west 7orner) was most typical of demolition debris while the remaining two

features were non diagnostic. Feature 19, 38R14 was probably most typical of fill

material of the period about 1820, or possibly 1815. Feature 23A, 32R8 and the

mortar samples M26 and M27 from the southern area of the F trench were non

diagnostic.

The features representing the packing beside the walls and above the F

trenches were non diagnostic except for Feature 12, 38R5 and Special feature 830

which were typical of the period 1810-1834 and up to circa 1830 respectively.

Features 9-33 of unit 38R6 and 38R5, Features 6-11, and Features 7-11 and

22R1 0 Feature 1 0 were also non diagnostic.

Phase V Government House 1845-1847 Of the features associated with the specific demolition of structures 40R16,

Feature 6A was typical of demolition debris and provided dates of the period up to

the 1830s. Unit 38R6-9 Feature 41, representing the demolition of the privy were

typical of the periods about 1820 and 1830s plus. The northern, general demolition

area represented by Features 7, 4, 16, 18 and 13 of unit 38R17 were respectively

representative of a demolition layer, the period 1810-1830s, the Phillip era, up to

1810 and a demolition layer, while Feature 28 of 28R6 from the southern area was

typical of demolition debris with dates of 1788-1810, 181 0+ and up to 1830. All other

features were non diagnostic.

Phase VI Site abandonment/hiatus. Post demolition circa 1845-1860 The only date obtained for this phase was 1788+ from Special Find number

0141. The data from the other two features were inconclusive.

33

SPECIAL FINDS

No Unit/ Material/Item Function Period

0113 38R6-9/20 Tile fragment Roof tile 1788-1794

0116 40R8/6 Painted mortar fragment Interior lining to 1830s

0178 25R4/12 Brick Fire brick Imported Not known

0180 32R8/14 Terra cotta ochre fragment Unknown Not known

0181 25R6/17 Brick fragment Sand stock 1814-1832

0184 32R8/14B Tile fragment with mortar Roof tile 1788-1794

194 35R1413 Fragment glazed ceramic ?Light switch 1878+ light fitting

0195 22R1413 Tile fragment with peg hole Roof tile 1788+

200 32R8/5 Drainage pipe fragment Drainage Unknown

222 32R8/19 Sandstone fragment Unknown Unknown

230 38R14/13A Brick fragment Fire brick Unknown

233 28R6/12 Brick Fire brick Unknown

235 40R16/6A Brick fragment with stucco 1818+ . 241 28R23/17 Tile fragment Roof tile 1788+

242 40R5/5 Brick fragment 1850+

244 32R8/21 Brick fragments Unknown

249 22R14/4 Brick fragment ?paving tile to 1810

537 40R12/33 Brick fragment part of drain to 1830s

539 40R10/16 Brick drain wall 1788-1840s

340 32R24/1 Broken irregular tile frag- ?For testing of con- May be associated ment stamped W17 crete tensile strength with Harbour

Bridge construction.

428 Bike Parking Drainage pipe fragments Drainage Unknown area

478 Surface Brick fragment Up 101810

829 32R30/1 Irregular tile stamped 21 ?For testing tensile May be associated strength of concrete with Harbour Bridge

construction

Figure 11. Special Finds not associated with general finds. The last four items were from areas not included in the analysis.

34

SECTION 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 5.1 The South Outbuilding

The dates obtained from the artefacts contained in the features were consistent

with those suggested by the phases with which they were thought to be associated.

Artefacts from Phase II and Phase VI, which was a layer thought to be

associated with the Mining Museum were respectively typical of demolition and

demolition or redeposition layers.

5.2 The Main Building The Phase I "brick pit" construction had artefacts associated with it that were

typical of the period circa 1880+. While Features 10 and 11 of unit 30.5R36, had

materials that resembled the North Outbuilding Phase II artefacts that were typical of

the period up to the 1830s. Phases IV-VI had dates that were representative of the

period up to 1818.

In Phase IV, which represents the first Macquarie Extension (181 0-1818),

Feature 9 of unit 34R24 did not provide sufficient data for analysis purposes and

therefore it could not be determined if the drain contained in this feature joined the

North Outbuilding feature in Phase Ill or if it was the same as the Main Building,

Phase VI feature.

The foundation trench fill for the small north-south then east-west drain

contained materials typical of the periods 1788+ and 1810 which indicated that this

feature probably belonged to the Macquarie period.

5.3 The Stables Area

Phase I-IV had features that were typical of construction rubble dated to 1820

which was consistent with the Macquarie period.

5.4 The North Outbuilding In Phase I, Feature 12 of 38R10 Feature 14 of 38R16, Feature 27 of 38R6-9 and

Feature 15 of 40R14 were all typical of a disturbed layer and were able to be dated to

the period up to 1810. No dates were obtained from the brick privy pit.

The Phase II Features 1 0 and 20 of 38R16 were characteristic of the Hunter

period, with dates of 1810, however, a Special Find from Feature 20 of 38R16, which

was typical of the period 181 0+, suggested that this feature had probably been

disturbed.

The wall and paving represented by Feature 29 of 38R6-9 was found to have a

date of 1790, which placed it in the Phillip period.

35

In Phase Ill, the Stage 3 privy, represented by Feature 47 of 38R6-9 was shown

to have materials dated to 1815 indicating that it belonged to the Macquarie era.

Stage 1-3 of the privy, as represented by Feature 43 of 38R6-9 was dated to 181 o-1834,and therefore it would appear that it was earlier than assumed.

Comparison of Features 9 and 10 of 40R14 indicated that Features 9 was

typical of the period 1800 (Hunter) while 10 was dated to the mid 1830s and

therefore much older.

In the Unphased section, the charcoal patches had a date typical of the period

1788-1810, while the redeposited sand was assigned a date of 1788+.

The posthole pit, Phase 11-V, contained material typical of demolition rubble

dated to the mid 1830s.

Feature 8 of 38R14, in Phase IV, confirmed that the feature represented the

demolition of the northern part of the Phase I walls. The F trench fill forth~ northern

part of the walls, Feature 232 of 40R14 was typical of the period up to 1820. This date

was similar to the date for Feature 19 of 38R14 which represented the packing

beside the wall and above the F trench.

In Phase V, the privy was dated between 1810 and 1830s. Features indicating

the northern, general demolition in unit 38R16, Feature 7 were characteristic of a

demolition layer, confirming that this was indeed related to the demolition period.

Feature 4 has a date of 181 0-1830s; Feature 16 was typical of the Phillip era;

Feature 18 was dated to 1810 while Feature 13 represented another demolition

layer. Feature 28 of 28R6 which represented the southern general demolition area

was shown to be a typical demolition layer.

The only date obtained from the features that represent the

abandonment/hiatus phase was 1788+, which indicated that the feature had

probably been disturbed.

5.5 General comments Two methods of fixing the roof tiles were revealed during the course of the

analysis. The first method relied on the presence of a centrally placed hole at one

end of the tiles so that it could be fixed to the roof by a wooden peg. The second

method was characterised by a centrally placed lip at one end. These lips, which

resembled the shallow spout that is often found on jugs, were probably used to hook

the tile onto the roof batten. It was not possible to determine if the two methods were

used at the same time or if the lip method succeeded the peg hole method of fixation.

36

Because so little information was obtained from the tiles that were examined,

and there was a distinct possibility of reuse that may not have been apparent, it was

decided that in order to avoid any possible confusion a date of 1788+ would be

attributed to the tile fragments. This was in contrast to the period 1788-1794

suggested by Gibbons (pers. comm.) and Freeland (1985: 21 ).

Figure 12 iindicates the surface treatment of the walls in some of the rooms.

These colour schemes were suggested by the various pigments found on fragments

of brick, mortar and plaster during the analysis.

A number of mortar samples were analysed that could not be effectively used

as there was no other evidence associated with them. Because of the possibility of a

more recent mortar being added to older bricks during periods of repair and

maintenance, it was only possible to assign a broad range of dates to these samples,

i.e. up to 1830s or 1830+. This situation did mean that what could have been useful

dating material was wasted to some extent for want of a bit of additional information,

for example, the size of the bricks with which the mortar was associated. It is possible

that heavy emphasis should not be placed on mortar alone for dating purposes

because of the pitfalls mentioned earlier and the possible variations that could occur,

not only from period to period, but from batch to batch.

37

Very pale brown then pink cream white limewash

* White lime plaster

,a I 20

0

Pink ish grey & pale yellow lime plaster, then white limewash, then red lime­wash

II

White limewash / White lime plaster

* r *

Reddish brown pigment

* *''-------

Figure 12. Possible finish of rooms as suggested by the analysis of the mortar

component of the artefacts

38

50

R4

R6 R8

R10

R12

J:: . R18

JR20

+2 -R24

JR26 JR28 JR30 I

---! R32 I

JR34

I _JR36

JR38

I

J::: JR44

APPENDIX 1 BRICK CHARACTERISTICS

ABBREVIATIONS BA - Broad arrow

SIS -Biscuit

DP - Double Press

FB - Fire Brick

FR -Frog

GSF -Glazed strike face

H -Holes

HF - Hackle fracture

HL - High laterite

IM - Identification mark

L - Laterite

LL - Low laterite

LWS - Limewash surface

POR -Porous

PPI - Post pug mill introduction

PS - Pigmented surface

SAM - Samel

RB - Rubbing brick

RF - Rough fracture

SP - Special purpose

ss - Sandstock

us - Underburnt

UPC - Unpugged clay

WPC - Well pugged clay

39

Appendix 1.1 The South Outbuilding

Unit Munsell Colour Dimensions Type Inclusions/ Feature Code LxWxD Marks

14R4/7 2.5 YR 6/6 Light Red 7.2 ss 2.5 YR 6/4 Light reddish 6.8 ss 5 YR 8/3 pink brown 6.4 ss

16-17 5 y 8/3 Pale yellow FB R4/4 RB

16-17 10 YR 82 White ss LL, UPC, UB R4/10 7.5 YR 8/4 Pink ss LL, UPC

2.5 YR 6/2 Pale red ss LL 10 A 6/8 Light red ss 5 YR 8/3 Pink ss 5 YR 8/4 Pink ss 5 YR 8/2 White ss UB

16-17 10 YR 8/3 Very pale brown ss LL, UPC, UB R4/10 5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white ss LL, UPC, UB

5 YR 8/4 Pink ss LL, UPC 7.5 YR 6/4 Light brown

16-17 10YR8/2 White ss LL, UPC, UB R4/15 7.5 YR 8/4 Pink ss LL, UPC

2.5 YR 6/4 Light reddish brown ss 5 YR 8/3 Pink ss

20R4/4 2.5 y 8/2 White 10.7 FB IM"TA .. " 11.4 FB IM"TA..'

5 y 8/1 White 11.7 FB IM"TA..'' 10YR8/1 White 11.6 FB IM"TAM .. " 10 YR 7/1 White 11.2 FB IM"TAM .. "

White 11 .6 FB IM" .. MAR" 5 y 8/1 White 11.4 FB IM" .. AR"

White 11 .7 FB IM" .. AR" 5 y 8/1 White 10.8 FB 5 y 8/1 White 11.4 FB

White 11 .5 FB

20R4/11 5 YR 8/3 Pink 11 .3x6.6 ss FA egg shape 5 YR 7/6 Reddish yellow ss

10 YR 8/3 Very pale brown ss 7.5 YR 8/0 White ss LL, UB 7.5 YR 7/4 Pink ss With LWS 10 YR 8/2 White ss LL, UB

20R4/12 7.5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white 1 0.8x6.3 ss IM?"V" 7.5 YR 8/6 Reddish yellow 6.5 ss

5 YR 7/6 Reddish yellow 6.5 ss 5 YR 7/6 Reddish yellow ss

2.5 YR 6/8 Light red ss 5 YR 7/4 Pink ss

7.5 YR 7/4 Pink ss 7.5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white ss

5 YR 6/4 Light reddish brown ss 10 A 6/6 Light red ss 5 YR 6/6 Reddish yellow ss 5YR8/4 Pink ss

40

20R4/14 5 YR 8/3 Pink 6.4 ss LL, UPC 7.5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white 6.3 ss LL, UPC 7.5 YR 8/4 Pink 6.2 ss LL, UPC 10 YR 8/2 White ss LL, UPC, UB

7.5 YR 8/4 Pink ss LL, UPC 7.5 YR 7/4 Pink ss LL, UPC 10 R 6/6 Light red ss 5 YR 7/6 Reddish yellow ss 5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white ss LL, UPC 5 YR 8/3 Pink ss 5 YR 8/4 Pink ss 5 YR 7/6 Reddish yellow ss

20R4/17 5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white 6.5 ss LL, UPC, UB 5 YR 8/4 Pink 6.5 ss LL, UPC 5 YR 7/4 Pink ss LL, UPC 5 YR 7/6 Reddish yellow ss LL, UPC

7.5 YR 8/4 Pink ss LL, UPC 7.5 YR 8/6 Reddish yellow ss LL, UPC 10 YR 8/2 White ss LL, UPC, UB

20R4/18 10 YR 8/4 Very pale brown 6.8 ss LL, UB 10 YR 7/4 Very pale brown 6.6 ss LL, UB 10 YR 8/2 White 6.3 ss LL, UB

7.5 YR 7/2 Pinkish grey 10.4x6.4 ss LL, UB 10YR7/3 Very pale brown 6.4 ss LL, UB

7.5 YR 7/4 Pink ss LL, UB 2.5 y 6/5 Light reddish brown RB

?SP LL, soft 7.5 R 4/4 Weak red ss 08

5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white ss LL, UB

20R4/19 5 YR 6/4 Light reddish brown 6.8 ss LL 2.5 YR 6/6 Light red 6.8 ss LL 2.5 y 8/2 White 6.8 ss LL, UB

5 YR 6/6 Reddish yellow 6.7 ss LL 7.5 YR 8/4 Pink 6.6 ss LL, UB

5 YR 6/4 • Light reddish brown 6.6 ss LL 7.5 YR 8/4 Pink 6.5 ss LL

5 Y7/4 Pale yellow 6.5 ss LL 10 YR 8/1 White 6.4 ss LL

7.5 YR 7/2 Pinkish grey 6.4 ss LL 10 YR 6/4 Light 6.4 ss LL

yellowish brown 2.5 YR 6/6 Light red 6.4 ss 10 YR 7/2 Light grey 6.3 ss LL 5 YR 7/6 Reddish yellow 6.3 ss LL

7.5 YR 7/4 Pink 6.3 ss LL 5 YR 6/6 Reddish yellow 6.3 ss BA(broken) 5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white 6.2 ss ? part BA 5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white 6.2 ss LL, UB

7.5 YR 7/4 Pink 6.2 ss LL, UB 10 YR 7/4 Very pale brown 6.2 ss LL 5 YR 6/4 Light reddish brown 6.2 ss LL 5 YR 7/4 Pink 6.1 ss LL

7.5 YR 6/4 Light brown 6.0 ss LL 2.5 YR 6/4 Light reddish brown 7.2 ss 10 YR 7/3 Very pale brown 11.0x6.6 ss

7.5 YR 6/4 Light brown 11.0x6.3 ss 5YR 6/4 Light reddish brown 11.0x6.3 ss

7.5 YR 8/4 Pink 11.3x6.0 ss 5YR8/4 Pink 10.7x6.6 ss 5YR 7/4 Pink 10.7x6.4 ss

41

10 YR 814 Very pale brown 1 0.6x7.0 ss 5YR7/4 Pink 1 0.6x6.3 ss

10 YR 813 Very pale brown 1 0.2x6.5 ss 5YR814 Pink 9.9x6.5 ss

10 YR 8/2 White 9.8x6.3 ss 7.5 YR 8/4 Pink ss

5 YR 7/4 Pink ss 5 YR8/2 Pinkish white ss 5YR 7/6 Reddish yellow ss

7.5 YR 8/4 Pink ss 7.5 YR 7/4 Pink ss GSF 10 YR 8/3 Very pale brown ss 10 YR 8/4 Very pale brown ss

7.5 YR 7/4 Pink ss 10 R 6/4 Pale red ss 10 YR 8/2 White 7.0 ss 10 YR 8/2 White 6.1 ss UB

7.5 YR 6/4 Light brown ss 10 YR 8/2 White ss With brown

pigment 2.5 YR 6/4 Light reddish brown ss With part BA

5 YR 6/4 Light reddish brown ss 2.5 YR 6/6 Light red ss

20R4/20 5 YR 8/3 Pink 6.8 5 YR 6/4 Light reddish brown 6.6 5 YR 7/6 Reddish yellow 6.4

7.5 YR 8/6 Reddish yellow 7.5 YR 7/4 Pink 10 YR 8/3 Very pale brown 5 YR 8/4 Pink 5 YR 6/3 Light reddish brown

20R4/21 7.5 YR 8/4 Pink ss LL, UPC 7.5 YR 7/6 Reddish yellow ss

5 YR 8/3 Pink ss 5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white ss

20R4/22 2.5 YR 6/4 Light reddish brown 6.5 ss 20R4/23 5YR 7/4 Pink ss

7.5 YR 8/0 White ss UB

22R4/16 Many fragments 6.1 to 6.8cm diameter UB, POR

22R4/16A 10 YR 8/1 White 7.0 ss LL, UPC 7.5 YR 6/4 Light brown 6.7 ss LL, UPC

5 YR 7/4 Pink 6.5 ss 7.5 YR 6/4 Light brown 6.5 ss

5 YR 8/3 Pink 6.4 ss 7.5 YR 8/4 Pink 6.3 ss

5 YR 7/4 Pink 6.2 ss 10 YR 7/4 Very pale brown 6.1 ss

7.5 YR 7/2 Pinkish grey 5.7 ss LL, UPC, UB 7.5 YR 8/4 Pink 6.4 ss

5YR6/4 Light reddish brown ss 5 YR8/4 Pink ss 5 YR 7/4 Pink ss

10 YR 8/3 Very pale ss 7.5 YR 7/2 Pinkish grey brown ss 10 YR 7/4 Very pale brown ss

7.5 YR 8/4 Pink ss

42

22R4/18 5 YR 813 Pink 10.4 ss LL, UPC 5 YR 8/4 Pink 6.6 ss LL, UPC

7.5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white 6.7 ss LL, UPC, UB 7.5 YR 8/4 Pink ss LL, UPC 7.5 YR 7/2 Pinkish grey ss LL, UPC, UB 2.5 YR 6/4 Light reddish brown ss L

5 YR 713 Pink ss LL, UPC

25R4/14 7.5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white ss 7.5 YR 8/4 Pink ss

5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white ss 5 YR 7/6 Reddish yellow ss 5 YR 8/1 White ss LL, UB

25R6/7 5 YR 6/4 Light reddish brown ss 5 YR 5/1 Grey ss LL, UB 5YR 7/4 Pink ss

10 YR 8/1 White ss LL, UB

43

Appendix 1.2 The Main Building

UniV Munsell Dimensions Inclusions/ Feature Code Colour LxWxD Type Marks

28R23/ 5 YR 7/4 Pink ss PPI 15 M29

30.5R36/5 5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white 5 YR 7/4 Pink 5 YR 8/3 Pink

30.5R36/7 5 YR 8/4 Pink 5 YR 7/3 Pink

30.5R36/8 10 YR 8/3 Very pale brown 7.5 YR 7/4 Pink 2.5 YR 6/8 Light red

30.5R36/9 5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white 10.4x6.4 ss 5 YR 7/4 Pink 6.9 ss LL 5 YR 7/3 Pink 5 YR 8/4 Pink ss

10 YR 8/2 White ?FB

30.5R36 5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white /10 5 YR 8/4 Pink

2.5 YR 8/2 White

30.5R36 5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white /11 5 YR 7/3 Pink ss 32R26/5 5 YR 7/6 Reddish yellow 1 0.9x6.8 ss

7.5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white 1 0.9x6.0 ss 5 YR 8/4 Pink 6.4 ss

7.5 YR 8/6 Reddish yellow 6.3 ss 5 YR 8/3 Pink 6.0 ss 5 YR 7/3 Pink 5.8 ss 5 YR 8/4 Pink 5 YR 7/4 Pink

7.5 YR 8/6 Reddish yellow

32R30/5 5YR 8/2 Pinkish white L, hard, dense

34R24/9 5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white 6.2 ss LL, soft

34R31. 5 YR 8/4 Pink 50/3 n/s tr

34R31.50/4 5 YR 8/3 Pink 10 YR 8/4 Very pale brown

34R31.50/5 2.5 Y 8/2 White UB

34R36/22 5 YR 7/4 Pink ss 5 YR 6/2 Pinkish grey CB PPI

34R36/23 5YR8/4 Pink 5 YR 7/4 Pink

2.5 YR 6/2 Pale red DP Fine cinder

44

34R38/31 5 YR 8/4 Pink 1 0.6x6 .2 ss 5 YR 8/3 Pink 1 0 .6x6.2 ss

10 YR 8/4 Very pale brown 1 0.5x6.4 ss UPC, L 5 YR 7/6 Reddish yellow 1 0.8x6.5 ss

?CB 10YR8/3 Very pale brown 1 0.5x6.4 ?CB 10 YR 8/3 Very pale brown 6.5 ss 5 YR 7/6 Reddish yellow 6.4 ss 5 YR 8/3 Pink 6.4 ss

7.5 YR 8/6 Reddish yellow 6.3 ss 7.5 YR 8/4 Pink 6.0 ss

5 YR 7/4 Pink 6 .0 ss 7.5 YR 8/6 Reddish yellow 5 .9 ss

5 YR 7/4 Pink 5.9 ss 5 YR 7/6 Reddish yellow 5 .8 ss 5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white

34R38/33 5 YR 7/6 Reddish yellow ss WP 5 YR 8/3 Pink ss

38R18 2.5 YR 6/4 Light reddish CB HF, L, H 16 2.5 YR 6/4 Light reddish brown CB HF, L, H,

GSF 2.5 YR 3/4 dark redd-

ish brown

38R20/ 5 YR 7/4 Pink 1 0.4x6.3 ss UPC, soft C/S6A dense

5 YR 7/4 Pink 10.5x6.3 ss 38R20/ 7.5 YR 7/4 Pink ss B/S6B 5 YR 8/4 Pink ss

2.5 YR 6/8 Light red 7.5 ZYR 8/0 White

38R20/9C 5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white ss LL, UPC

38R30 5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white 40R30/11

38R34/11 5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white 6 .5 ss 7.5 YR 7/4 Pink 6 .3 ss

5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white 6 .3 ss 5 YR 8/4 Pink 5 YR 8/3 Pink 5 YR 8/1 White 5 YR 7/4 Pink 5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white

7.5 YR 8/6 Reddish yellow

38R34/15 2.5 YR 6/4 Light reddish brown 5 YR 8/3 Pink

7.5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white 5 YR 8/4 Pink

38R34/19 7.5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white 9.9x6.2 SS 5 YR 7/3 6.4 ss UPC 5 YR 8/4 Pink 5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white

38R34/20 5 YR 7/4 Pink 5 YR 8/4 Pink

45

38R36/35 5YR8/2 Pinkish white 6.1 ss 5YR8/2 Pinkish white ss 5YR 7/4 Pink ss 5 YR 8/3 Pink ss

2.5 YR 6/4 Light reddish brown ss 5 YR 7/6 Reddish yellow ss

40R18 5 YR 8/4 Pink C/W7 5YR 7/4 Pink

5 YR 8/1 White

40R18/1 0 7.5 YR 7/4 Pink

40R18/14 5 YR 8/3 Pink PS 5YR 7/4 Pink 5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white Fragments 5 YR 8/4 Pink all less

7.5 YR 7/4 Pink than Scm diameter

40R18/16 5 YR 7/4 Pink HF, hard PS

5 YR 7/4 Pink 5 YR 8/3 Pink HF, hard

5 YR 7/4 Pink

40R18/18 5 YR 7/4 Pink ss 40R20/A5 7.5 YR 7/4 Pink

40R34/7 10 YR 7/2 Light grey 11.0x6.2 CB With limewash

7.5 YR 6/4 Light brown 11.0x6.3 CB 7.5 YR 7/4 Pink ss LL, PPI

very soft stucco end

10 YR 8/4 Very pale brown 11.1 x6.9 ss 10 YR 6/2 Pale red 10.9x7.1 CB UPC

40-41 R 2.5 YR 6/6 Light red ss 20/10 2.5 YR 5/8 Red ss Very hard

5 YR 8/3 Pink ss 7.5 YR 7/4 Pink

40-41 R 5 YR 8/3 Pink 20/12 5 YR 7/3 Pink

5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white

40-41 R 5 YR 7/3 Pink ss 20/12A

40-41 R 5 YR 7/4 Pink 20/12C 5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white

40-41 R 5 YR 8/3 Pink 5.6 ss 20/12G 5 YR 8/4 Pink ss

5 YR 7/3 Pinkish grey ss UB

41 R30/13 10 YR 5/4 Weak red CB 5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white 5YR 7/4 Pink 5 YR8/4 Pink 5YR8/2 Pinkish white 5.8 ss LL, BIS

46

41 R20/17 2.5 YR 5/8 Red 2.5 YR 6/8 Light red 7.5 YR 7/4 Pink 7.5 YR 8/4 Pink

41 R20/18 2.5 YR 6/8 Light red

47

APPENDIX 2 MORTAR CHARACTERISTICS

Appendix 2.1 The South Outbuilding

Unit/ Munsell Feature Code Colour/Type Phase

14R4/7 10 YR 8/1 White -lime Phase VI Mining Museum ? Redeposition during Phase VI up to c. 1900

14R14 5 Y8/1 White - loam and Phase I-IV Features burnt shell unable to be phased to

structures 5 Y7/3 Pale yellow - loam

16-17R4/5 10 YR 8/1 White -lime Phase VI Mining Museum

16-17R4/7 2.5 y 8/2 White - loam burnt Phase Ill Demolition shell c. 1795-181 0

16-17R4/10 5 YR 8/3 Pale yellow - loam Phase Ill Printing Press burnt shell Office c. 1795-1810

16-17R4/12 10 YR 8/3 Very pale brown - Phase II Pre 1795 (cut irne by 17R4-6 wall)

16-17R4/15 2.5 y 7/4 Pale yellow - loam Construction and occu-pation debris c.

1795-1810 2.5 y 8/2 White -loam

17R4/6 2.5 y 7/2 Light grey - loam and Phase Ill Wall irne (Printing Press)

5 Y8/3 Pale yellow - lime

20R4/12 5 Y8/3 Pale yellow - loam Phase V 1845-184 7 and shell Demolition

20R4/14 10 YR 8/1 White - loam and shell

20R4/15 7.5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white - loam Phase IV Pre 1845 fill and shell for Bread Oven

2.5 y 8/2 White - loam and shell

20R4/16 2.5 y 8/2 White - loam and shell Phase V 1845-1847 Demolition

20R4/17 5 Y8/3 Pale yellow - loam Phase I c. 1788 found-ation trench and wall

7.5 YR 8/0 White -loam

20R4/17A 2.5 y 8/4 Pale yellow - loam Phase II ? Pre 1795 north-south small sleeper wall

20R4/18 5 Y7/3 Pale yellow - loam Phase Ill Demolition c. 1 795-181 0

10 YR 7/1 Light grey - loam

49

20 R4/19 5YR8/2 Pinkish white - loam Phase Ill Demolition c. 1795-1810

10 YR 8/1 White -loam 2.5 y 8/0 White - burnt shell

20R4/20 2.5 y 8/2 White -loam Phase IV Pre ·1845 Bread Oven fill

10 YR 8/1 White- shell

20R4/21 2.5 y 8/0 White- shell lime Phase Ill Printing Press Office c. 1795-1810 Debris from drain-inside

20R4/22 2.5 y 8/2 White -loam, lime Phase Ill Drain (Printing Press)

20R4/23 10 YR 8/1 White - loam, shell, Phase IV Pre 1845 fill sand for Bread Oven

7.5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white -shell lime

22R4/15 5 Y8/2 White - loam and Phase IV Wall burnt shell

22R4/18 10 YR 8/1 White - loam and Phase II ? Pre 1795 burnt shell Demolition

22R4/19 5 Y7/3 Light grey - loam, Phase II ? Pre 1795 shell, ~me

25R6/7 7.5 Yr 8/4 Pink -lime Phase VI 1876-1884 Mining Museum

25R4/14 2.5 y 8/2 White -lime Phase VI 1876-1884 Mining Museum

5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white -loam and lime

50

South Outbuilding - Mortar with plaster and/or pigment

Unit/ Munsell Feature Code Colour Surface Pigment Colour

14R4/7 10 YR 8/1 White Limewash White

14R4/14 5 YR 8/1 White Limewash White

16-17R4/4 5 Y8/1 White Limewash White

5 YR 8/1 White Limewash White 7.5 YR 8/0 White Limewash 7.5 YR 7/2

Pinkish grey

16-17R4/5 10 YR 8/1 White Limewash White

20R4/11 2.5 y 8/0 White Limewash 7.5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white

20R4/16 2.5 y 8/2 White Limewash White

20R4/17 7.5 YR 8/0 White Limewash White

20R4/18 5 Y7/3 Pale yellow Pipe clay Pure white

20R4/19 10 YR 8/1 White Cream

5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white Pink 10YR8/1 White Limewash White

20R4/20 10 YR 8/1 White 10 YR 7/4 Very pale brown

25R4/14 2.5 y 8/2 White Limewash White

5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white Limewash 10 YR Very pale brown

51

Appendix 2.2 The Main Building . UniV Munsell

Feature Code Colour/Type Phase

28R23/15 5 YR 7/2 Pinkish grey - lime Ph~se VI Darling 1826-1845 south-west corner

30.5R36/5 2.5 y 8/2 White -lime Phase VII Site abandon-ment/hiatus c. 1845-59

30.5R36/7 2.5 y 8/4 Pale yellow - lime Phase IV-VII Unphased east-west trench

30.5R36/8 2.5 y 7/2 Light grey - lime Phase IV-VII Unphased east-west trench

30.5R36/9 2.5 y 8/4 Pale yellow - loam, Phase IV-VII Unphased lime east-west trench

5 YR 7/2 Pinkish grey - lime

30.5R36/11 5 YR 7/1 Light grey - lime Phase 1-111 Pre Phase IV

34R24/9 2.5 y 8/2 White- lime Phase IV Macquarie 1st extension 1810-1818 east-west drain

32R26/5 10 YR 7/1 Light grey - lime Phase VII 1845-1847 Demolition east-west trench

10 YR 8/3 Very pale brown- lime

32R30/3 7.5 YR 8/0 White- lime Phase VII 1845-1847 Demolition east-west trench

32R30/5 7.5 YR 7/1 Light grey - lime Phase VII 1845-1847 Demolition east-west trench

34R36/22 10 YR 8/1 White - lime, ? loam Phase VIII Site abandon-ment/hiatus c. 1845-59

34R36/23 10 YR 8/1 White - ? cement Phase VII 1845-1847 Demolition

34R38/31 10YR8/1 White - loam, lime Phase VII 1845-1847 Demolition

5 YR 7/4 Pink 10 YR 7/1 Light grey- lime 10 YR 7/2 Light grey 2.5 y 8/2 White 2.5 y 8/0 White -lime

38R18/7 2.5 y 7/0 Light grey - lime Phase I New north-south wall footings - s-w corner of house

38R20/4 White- lime Phase VIII Site abandon-ment/hiatus c. 1845-59

52

38R34/11 10 YR 8/3 Very pale brown ? Phase VII to east of site "Plum pudding layer"

10YR8/1 White -lime

38R34/15 7.5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white - loam Phase I east-west drain ardlime behind house 1788

38R34/19 7.5 YR 8/0 White - pipe clay Phase I east-west drain behind house 1788

40R18/16 7.5 YR 8/0 White - pipe clay Phase I Exterior packing/ fill of house 1788-1789

40R20/6 White Phase VII 1845-1847 Demolition

40-41 R20 Grey -lime Phase I Interior packing/ /10 10YR8/1 White- lime fill of house 1788-1789

40-41 R20 2.5 y 8/0 White - pipe clay Phase I Interior packing/ /12A fi II of house 1 788-1789

41/R18/1 0 7.5 YR 8/0 White -lime Phase I Exterior packing/ fill of house 1788-1789

5 YR 7/6 Reddish yellow -pipe clay

41R20/13 2.5 y 8/2 White Phase VI Darling 1826-45 foundation packing/fill for small drain

2.5 y 8/0 White

53

Main House - mortar with plaster and or pigment

30.5R36/5 2.5 y 8/2 White Fine, smooth 10 YR 8/1 dressed mortar White

30.5R36/7 10 YR 8/3 Very pale Smooth, dressed 10 YR 8/4 brown mortar very pale brown

30.5R36/8 5 YR 8/1 White Dressed mortar 5 YR 8/1 white 2.5 y 8/2 White Smooth, hard 2.5 y 8/2

dressed mortar White

32R26/5 2.5 y 8/0 White Dressed mortar White 2.5 y 8/2 White Lime plaster White

32R30/3 7.5 YR 8/0 White Lime plaster White

34R31.50/5 2.5 y 7/2 Light grey Lime plaster White

34R36/22 10 YR 8/1 White Lime plaster 7.5 YR 8/2 pinkish white

10 YR 8/1 White Lime plaster 7.5 YR 8/0 white

34R36/23 10 YR 8/1 White Gypsum plaster White

34R38/31 5 y 8/1 White Limewash 2.5 YR 5/6 red over 2.5 Y 8/2 white

2.5 y 8/2 White Limewash over White over 2.5 Y lime plaster 8/2 to 2.5 Y 8/4

pale yellow 2.5 y 8/2 White Limewash over 2.5 Y 8/2 white

lime plaster over 7.5 YR 7/2 pinkish grey

2.5 y 8/2 White Fine, smooth 10YR8/1 hard dressed white mortar

2.5 y 8/2 White Limewash over White smooth fine mortar

10 YR 8/1 White Dressed mortar 10 YR 8/3 very pale brown

2.5 y 8/2 White Fine, dressed 10 YR 8/3 mortar very pale brown

10 YR 8/1 White Lime plaster White 5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white Lime plaster White

38R34/11 10YR8/1 White Gypsum plaster White

38R34/19 10 YR 7/2 Light grey Lime plaster White

40R30/11- 2.5 y 8/2 White Lime plaster White 38R30/11

40R30/12- 2.5 y 8/2 White Lime plaster White 38R30/12

40R34/7 Grey Dressed mortar

54

Appendix 2.3 The Stables Area

UniV M1.msell Feature Code Colour Phase

M2R32/18 2.5 y 8/2 White -lime Phase II 1845-1847 Demolition, robbed stable wall

Appendix 2.4 The North Outbuilding

UniV Munsell Feature Code Colour/Type Phase

22R8/20 10 YR 8/2 White -lime Unphased ? Phase IV Redeposited natural sand

7.5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white - lime

22R1 0/8 10YR8/1 White - loam and lime Phase VI Abandonment/hiatus

24R6/8(M7) 10 YR 8/3 Very pale brown- Phase V 1845-1847 loam and ~me Demolition

24R6/8 7.5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white - loam Phase V 1845-1847 andime Demolition

24R6/8(M9) 5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white - lime Phase V 1845-1847 Demolition

28R6/21 10 YR 8/2 White - loam and lime Phase V 1845-1847 Demolition south

28R6/28 7.5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white - loam Phase V 1845-1847 and ime Demolition south

10YR8/1 White - lime 10 YR 8/2 White - lime

28R6/30 10 YR 7/3 Very pale brown- Phase IV date ? on ime Lewis Plan 1845 fill of

pit west of Phase I wall 10 YR 8/2 White -lime 5 YR 8/1 White - loam and lime

28R6/33 10 YR 8/3 Very pale brown Phase IV date ? on Lewis Plan 1845 packing beside wall

28R6/34 10 YR 8/3 Very pale brown- Phase IV date ? on Lewis time Plan 1845 packing beside

wall

28R6/35 10 YR 8/2 White- lime Phase IV date ? on Lewis Plan 1845 packing beside wall

28R6/36 7.5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white Unphased features 1788-1845

28R6/37 5 YR 6/2 Pinkish grey - Phase V 1845-1847 loam and lime Demolition south

55

28R6/39 2.5 y 8/0 White -lime Phase IV date ? on Lewis Plan 1845 packing beside wall

28R6/47 7.5 YR 7/2 Pinkish grey - lime Phase 11-111 Structure abUts west Phase I walt

28R8/23 5 YR 7/2 Pinkish grey - lime Unphased ? Phase IV Redeposited natural sand

28R1 0/11 5 YR 7/3 Pink -lime Phase IV AbandonmenU hiatus post demolition 1845-1860

32R8/23A 7.5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white - lime Phase IV date ? on 1845 Lewis Plan F trench fill for walls and construction sand

32R8/25 10 YR 8/1 White -loam and lime Phase V 1845-1847 (M25) Demolition

32R8/26 5 YR 7/2 Pinkish grey - lime Phase IV ?=Phase Ill pre 1845? post 1840 fire

32R8/34 10 YR 7/2 Light grey - lime Phase IV ?=Phase Ill pre 1845? post 1840 fire

35R14/7 2.5 y 8/2 White -lime Phase IV date ? on 1845 Lewis Plan F trench fill for walls and construct-ion sand

35R14/7 10 YR 8/1 White -loam and lime Phase IV date ? on 1845 s-w corner Lewis Plan F trench fill

for walls and construction sand

35R14/7A 2.5 y 8/0 White -lime Phase IV date ? on 1845 Lewis Plan Demolition Phase 1-111 structures Phase I walls

35R14/7B 7.5 y 8/2 Pale yellow- lime Phase IV date ? on 1845 Lewis Plan F trench fill for walls and construct-ion sand

35R14/7B 2.5 y 8/4 Pale yellow - loam Phase IV date ? on 1845 /2 and irne Lewis Plan F trench fill

for walls and construct-ion sand

38R5-6/ 5 YR 8/4 Pink -loam and lime Phase IV date ? on 1845 7 and 11 Lewis Plan garden soil

above wash and Phase II wall

5 YR 8/3 Pink -loam and lime

38R5-6/12 5 YR 7/2 Pinkish grey Phase IV date ? on 1845 Lewis Plan wash over Phase II worn paving

10 YR 8/1 White

56

38R6-9/28 10YR8/2 White - loam and lime Phase IV date ? on 1845 Lewis Plan was over Phase II worn paving

38R6-9/32 10 YR 7/1 Light grey - lime Phase IV ?=Phase Ill pre 1845? post 1840 fire

38R6-9/33 10YR8/1 White Phase IV date ? on 1845 Lewis Plan garden soil above was and Phase II wall

38R6-9/37 10YR8/1 White -loam and lime Unphased ? Phase IV redeposited natural sand

38R6-9/39 10 YR 8/3 Very pale brown- Phase Ill Stage Ill privy (M4) ime 1827 Darling

38R6-9/39 10YR8/3 Very pale brown- Phase Ill Stage Ill privy (M5) ime 1827 Darling new box

drain

38R6-9/39 10YR8/2 White -loam and lime Phase Ill Stage Ill privy /1 ? C. 1827 Darling

38R6-9/39 2.5 y 8/2 White Phase Ill Stage Ill privy /2 ? c. 1827 Darling

38R6-9/39 5 YR 7/3 Pink -loam and lime Phase Ill Stage Ill privy /3 ? c. 1827 Darling

5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white -loam and lime

38R6-9/39 7.5 YR 8/0 White Phase II Stage Ill privy /4 ? c. 1827 Darling

38R6-9/41 7.5 YR 8/0 White -lime Phase V 1845-1847 Demolition privy

7.5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white - lime 10YR8/3 Pinkish white - loam

ard ~me 10YR8/0 White -lime

38R6-9/43 5 y 8/1 White -loam and lime Phase Ill. Stage 1-111 privy

38R6-9/47 10 YR 8/1 White - lime Phase Ill brick shute Stage Ill privy

38R6-9/47 10 YR 7/1 Light grey - lime Phase Ill and between Stage Ill privy 51/54

38R14/8 10 YR 7/1 Light grey - loam, Phase IV ? date of 1845 burnt shell Lewis Plan demolition

Phase 1-111 features Phase I north walls

2.5 y 8/0 White -loam 2.5 y 8/2 White- lime 10YR8/1 White -lime 10YR7/2 Light grey - lime 5 y 8/1 White

57

5 YR 7/3 Pink

38R14/9 2.5 y 8/2 White- lime Phase IV date ? on 1845 Lewis Plan demolition Phase I walls south

38R14/19 7.5 YR 8/0 White -lime Phase IV ? date of 1845 Lewis Plan F trench fill for walls and construct-ion sand

38R16/4 2.5 y 8/0 White- lime Phase V 1845-1847 demolition north

2.5 y 8/2 White -lime 10YR8/2 White -lime

38R16/7 5 y 8/1 White Phase V 1845-1847 demolition north

38R16/13 10 YR 8/1 White- lime Phase V 1845-1847 demolition north

38R16/14 7.5 YR 8/0 White -lime Phase I 1788-1789 east-west drain cons-!ruction fill north only

38R16/16 10 YR 8/3 Very pale brown- Phase V 1845-1847 loam and lime demolition north

38R16/20 2.5 y 8/2 White -lime Phase II ?c. 1811 Macquarie or 1797 Hunter drain foundation trench fill , disturbed

7.5 YR 8/0 White- lime 5 YR 7/3 Pink -loam

40R00/14 5 y 8/1 White- lime Phase Ill ?c. 1827 Darling sump and drain verandah

40R00/14 10 YR 8/3 Very pale brown- Phase Ill ? 1827 (M36) ~me Darling. Direct connection

/sump inspection cuts 2.5 y 8/2 White - loam and lime

40R10/15 5 YR 8/1 White -lime Phase Ill ?c. 1827 Darling. Spit 2

40R12/19 2.5 y 8/2 White- lime Phase Ill ?c. 1827 Darling

10 YR 7/1 Light grey

40R14/11 5 YR 7/1 Light grey - lime Phase III-IV pit cut through Phase II fill and drain cover

5 YR 8/1 White- lime 2.5 y 8/2 White -lime 7.5 YR 8/0 White- lime 10YR8/1 White- lime 10YR8/3 Very pale brown - loam and lime 10 YR 7/1 Light grey - loam and lime

7.5 YR 7/2 Pinkish grey - lime 5 YR 8/4 Pink 5 YR 8/3 Pink 5 YR 8/2 Pinkish white - lime

58

10 YR 8/2 White - loam and lime

40R14/17 10 YR 7/1 Light grey- lime Phase II ?c. 1811 Macquarie or ? 1797 Hunter - disturbed

40R14/28 2.5 y 8/2 White Phase III-IV pit through Phase II fill and drain

10 YR 8/3 Very pale brown

40R16/6A 2.5 y 8/2 White -loam and lime Phase V specific demol-ition of structures Phase Ill direct connection inside

40R16/15 10 YR 7/1 Light grey - lime Phase II ?c. 1811 Macquarie or 1797 Hunter drain foundation trench fill - disturbed

41R18/13C 10YR8/1 White- lime Phase Ill ?c. 1827 (M35) Darling drain Main

Building

59

The North Outbuilding-mortar with plaster and/or pigment

Unit/ Munsell Feature Code Colour Surface Pigment Colour

22R8/20 10 YR 8/2 White Lime plaster White

22R1 0/8 10 YR 8/1 White Lime plaster White

24R6-8(M7) 10 YR 8/3 Very pale Lime plaster White brown

28R6/21 10 YR 8/2 White Lime plaster White

28R6/28 10 YR 8/1 White Lime plaster White 10 YR 8/2 White Lime plaster White

28R6/33 10 YR 8/2 White Lime plaster White

28R6/34 10 YR 8/2 White Lime plaster White

28R6/35 Lime plaster White

28R8/22 10 YR 8/2 White Lime plaster White

28R8/23 10YR8/3 Very pale Lime plaster White brown

28R10/9 Lime plaster White

28R10/10 2.5 y 8/2 White Lime plaster White

35 R14/7 2.5 y 8/2 White Lime plaster

35R14/7 Lime plaster White s-w corner

35R14/7A 2.5 y 8/2 White Lime plaster White

35R 14/7 A/2 2.5 y 8/4 Pale yellow Lime plaster White

35R14/78 2.5 Y 82 to White to very Lime plaster Very pale 10 YR 8/3 pale brown yellow white

35R14/7B/2 2.5 y 8/2 White Lime plaster White

38R6-9/37 10YR8/2 White Lime plaster White

38R6-9/39 2.5 y 8/2 White Dressed 5 YR 8/1 white Spit 5 pigmented

7.5 YR 8/0 White Dressed 2.5 y 8/0 limewash white

38R6-9/41 7.5 YR 8/0 White Lime plaster White

38R14/8 10YR8/1 White Pigmented White 2.5 y 8/0 White Pigmented 5 YR 8/3 pink

5 YR 8/3 Pink Lime plaster White

38R14/9 2.5 y 8/2 White Lime plaster White

60

38R14/10 5 YR 7/4 Pink Pigmented 5 YR 4/3 reddish brown

38R16/18 Lime plaster White

38R16/20 2.5 y 8/0 White Dressed mortar

40R8/8 2.5 y 8/0 White Pigmented 5 YR 7/3 pink

40R12/19 2.5 y 8/0 White Pigmented 5 YR 7/3 pink 2.5 y 8/2 White Limewash White

40R12/19A 5 YR 8/1 White Dressed pig- 5 YR 7/3 pink mented mortar

40R14/11 5 YR 8/1 White Pigmented 7.5 YR 8/2 limewash pinkish white

2.5 y 8/0 White Limewash White 7.5 YR 8/0 White Limewash White

40R14/11 10 YR 8/1 White Thin lime White plaster

40R14/12 2.5 y 8/2 White Lime plaster 2.5 y 8/0 (M12) White

40R14/12 2.5 y 8/0 White Pigmented 5 YR white (M13) over pink

40R14/15 7.5 YR 8/0 White Limewash 10 YR 8/4 very pale brown

40R14/18 Dressed mortar

40R14/28 2.5 y 8/2 White Lime plaster White 10 YR 8/3 Very pale Lime wash White

brown

40R16/6A 2.5 y 8/2 White Pigmented 1 0 YR 6/1 grey 7.5 YR 8/0 White Pigmented 1 0 YR 8/3 very

pale brown 2.5 y 8/0 White Pigmented 1 OYR 8/4 very

pale brown 40R16/15 Dressed lime White

61

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63