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IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
BUILDING INFRASTRUCTURE
SYNERGIES THROUGH ICT
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
ICT and Disaster Risk Reduction Division
ESCAP
Subregional Inception Meeting
2 October 2018, Almaty
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
Outline
• Status of ICT connectivity
• Proposed support in this project: co-deployment
• Asia-Pacific Region
• Opportunities
• Challenges
• Conclusion
• Questions for group discussions and sharing
2
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
3
Broadband Divide
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
Challenges: Fixed Broadband Connectivity
4
Source: Produced by the authors, based on data from ITU World
Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database, available from
https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx
(accessed 16 September 2018)
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
Challenges: Broadband connectivity
5
Source: Produced by the authors, based on data from ITU World
Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database, available from
https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx
(accessed 16 September 2018)
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
Network quality and fixed-broadband adoption
6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50
25
6 K
bit
/s -
2 M
bit
/s s
ub
scri
pti
ons
per
10
0 f
ixed
-bro
adb
and
sub
scri
pti
ons
Fixed-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
Solomon Islands
Afghanistan
Myanmar
Iran (I.R.)
AzerbaijanUzbekistan
French Polynesia
Bhutan
Bangladesh
MalaysiaMongolia
Brunei Darussalam
Kyrgyzstan Kazakhstan
Russian FederationSingapore
Korea (Rep.)Sri Lanka
Cambodia ChinaHong Kong, China
New ZealandThailandGeorgiaTurkey
PakistanLao P.D.R.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50
10
+ M
bit
/s s
ub
scri
pti
ons
per
10
0 f
ixed
-bro
adb
and
sub
scri
pti
ons
Fixed-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
Turkey
Russian Federation
Georgia
Hong Kong,
China
New Zealand
Japan
Korea (Rep.)
Singapore
China
Kazakhstan
Malaysia
Bangladesh
Azerbaijan
Brunei Darussalam
Thailand
Uzbekistan
Iran (I.R.)French Polynesia
CambodiaKyrgyzstan
AfghanistanLao P.D.R.Solomon Isl.Mongolia
Source: Produced by ESCAP, based on data sourced from ITU World
Telecommunications/ICT Indicators Database (accessed July 2017).
256 Kbit/s – 2 Mbit/s 10+ Mbit/s
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
7
Armenia
Azerbaijan
China
Georgia
Hong Kong, China
Japan
Kazakhstan
Korea (Rep.)
Kyrgyzstan
Macao, China
Mongolia
Russian Federation
TajikistanTurkmenistan
Uzbekistan
0
10
20
30
40
AC
CE
SS
(Fix
ed
-bro
ad
ba
nd
su
bscri
ptio
ns p
er
10
0 in
ha
bita
nts
)
0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000
CAPACITY (Internet international bandwidth/user (bits/sec)
<2% (affordable) >2% (unaffordable)
AFFORDABILITY (Fixed-broadband monthly sub-basket as % of GNI/capita):
Note: Reference lines for x and y axis indicate weighted averages of the sample; Based on 2017 or earliest data available;Hong Kong, China's international Internet bandwidth has been scaled back for the graph, actual value is 5,936,926 per user
Fixed-broadband connectivity, NCA & ENEA
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
Challenges: Affordability (Fixed)
8
.1.5.6.6.6.611.11.11.11.21.41.51.71.81.92.12.42.63.23.23.33.53.53.83.93.94.24.44.85
7.18.38.4
10.310.611.111.812.613.5
16.518.6
25.729
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30Fixed broadband prices (% of GNI per capita)
Macao, ChinaSingapore
Brunei DarussalamJapan
KazakhstanRussian Federation
TurkeyAustraliaAzerbaijanMalaysiaIran (I.R.)Sri Lanka
Korea (Rep.)Viet Nam
New ZealandTonga
MongoliaChina
ArmeniaGeorgiaVanuatu
TurkmenistanMaldivesNauru
ThailandBhutan
FijiPapua New Guinea
BangladeshIndia
PakistanPhilippinesTajikistanKyrgyzstan
NepalIndonesiaMicronesia
SamoaMarshall Islands
CambodiaLao P.D.R.Myanmar
Timor-LesteAfghanistan
Source: ITU World Telecommunications/ICT Indicators Database (21th Edition/Dec 2017)
Fixed-broadband prices (% of GNI per capita)
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
ICT Development Index (i.e., sufficiency of
ICT infrastructure)
• Except Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Mongolia is slightly below the world average.
9
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
Fixed Broadband Subscriptions
• Kyrgyzstan and Mongolia is far below the world and region average.
10
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
Mobile Broadband Subscription
• Mobile broadband subscriptions are better compared to fixed broadband
11
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
International Bandwidth per Internet User
12
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
The Asia-Pacific Information
Superhighway initiative aims to increase
the availability and affordability of
broadband Internet across Asia and the
Pacific, by strengthening the underlying
Internet infrastructure in the region.
13
• Promote terrestrial and submarine fibre-optic connectivity
• Provide a regional intergovernmental platform focusing on the missing fibre-optic links between ESCAP countries
• ESCAP resolution 73/6 = mandate
Regional cooperation
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AP-IS PILLAR 1
Connectivity
AP-IS PILLAR 2
Internet Traffic & Network Mgmt.
AP-IS PILLAR 3
E-Resilience
AP-IS PILLAR 4
Broadband for All
INFO AND PUBLICATIONS ON WWW.UNESCAP.ORG/APIS
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY (AP-IS)
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AP-IS Initiatives
15
Identification, coordination, deployment, expansion and
integration of the regional backbone network
Establish a sufficient number of IXPs at the national and
subregional levels and set out common principles on
Internet traffic exchange
Regional social and economic studies
Enhancing ICT infrastructure resilience
Policy and regulations for leveraging existing
infrastructure, technology and inclusive broadband
initiatives
Capacity-building
AP-IS funding mechanism based on public-private
partnerships
Strategic Initiatives 2016-2018
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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ESCAP’s technical studies
To implement identified strategic initiatives in the AP-IS
Master Plan and support discussions on co-deployment
between ICT and other sectors, including transport and
electric power.
• Cost-benefit analysis
• Case studies
• Consultations and discussions at the AP-IS Steering
Committee meetings
16
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ESCAP’s analytical work
on ICT:
new technologies,
financing mechanism,
broadband infrastructure,
co-deployment,
international gateways,
university education
among others
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
AP-IS Transmission Map
Interactive Map, visit <http://www.itu.int/itu-d/tnd-map-public/>
18
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
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IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
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IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
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IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
Common Gaps and Challenges
• Need to enhance national ICT Infrastructure including domestic backbone networks, ICT usage, access and fiber density
• High broadband pricing
• Inadequate international bandwidth - causes negative impacts on high-bandwidth applications and services and for inclusion
• Often infrastructure projects are undertaken without considerations to co-deployment with other sectoral infrastructure.
• International cooperation or policy coordination among countries and in the region needed.
• Highly exposed and vulnerable to many disasters which caused frequent disruption and damage to ICT infrastructure and connectivity.
22
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
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Proposed activities specific to ICT• To strengthen ICT infrastructure which will improve international bandwidth and reduce capital and operating expenses to maintain ICT infrastructure-> co-deployment and financing mechanism
• To expand network coverage, especially under-served and un-served areas, increase affordability and expand access to all societal groups -> different and new design of ICT networks for rural connectivity
• To strengthen e-resilience and better network designs -> risk and vulnerability maps
• To enhance capacity of ICT ministries in coordinating with other countries, line ministries and SDG focal points, identifying gaps and solutions on the above matters and develop concrete policy and regulatory updates
23
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
Proposed activities to other sectors• To promote cross-sectoral infrastructure development synergies among countries through co-deployment with energy and transport
• To promote SDG-enabling financing mechanisms for infrastructure development with and across countries
• To promote social inclusion and set up sustainable coordination and consultation mechanisms with various social sector entities to ensure inclusive broadband access on a sustainable basis
• To link with disaster risk reduction efforts and ensure that disaster risks and vulnerabilities are well understood by ICT ministries and stakeholders for their action
24
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Co-deployment
Case studies in Asia and Pacific Region
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Scope and type of co-deployment
26
Co-deployment among telecom
operators
• Co-deployment of backbone cables for economies of scale
•Sharing of ducts, towers and landing stations
Co-deployment with transport
sector
• Co-deployment along railways and highways
Rights-of-way granted by railway and highway authorities
Co-deployment with energy sectors
• Co-deployment with energy sectors (power grid, gas pipelines etc.)
• Power lines carry broadband services
Benefits
� Dig once to reduce cost of investment,
� Decrease frequency of construction on major highways;
� Redundancy communication duct can improve coverage
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Co-deployment route type with road/railway
Aerial (using telegraph poles)Route 2
Duct/Conduit installationRoute 3
Direct Burial (using HDPE)Route 1
• cost effective
• difficulty in
maintenance and
expansion
• cost effective
• Spoils the
environment
• Cut off
• Safest and enables
further access and
reconfiguration
• Extra cost
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Republic of Korea (Highway)
• In 1992, Korea Expressway Corporation (KEC) authorized to install its own fiber optic
cables for use in traffic control and operation of expressways.
• The main reason of the KEC’s investment in fiber optic cables
1) To satisfy the demand for internal high-speed communication for intelligent
transportation system (ITS), i.e. traffic management system, toll collection system,
in-house communication system and emergency telephone, and
2) To diversify KEC’s business areas.
• Most of the fiber optic cables are implemented by the highway authorities, e.g. KEC while
the highway was constructed.
• Such co-deployments are established by law:
- Road Act & National Transport System Efficiency Act: put mandate for road
management authority to provide traffic information to the road users and establish
communication facilities along the roads.
- Telecommunications Business Act: provides a basis for the road authority to provide
communication facilities to telecommunication carriers.
- Korea Expressway Corporation Act: provides a basis for KEC to carry out the
business of leasing their telecommunications facilities
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Republic of Korea (Highway) (cont.)
• Benefits Assessment of Co-deployment: Out of 4,000km express
way, - Investment cost was about USD 370 million
- Estimated cost savings was about USD 1,770 million
- B/C ratio: 4.78
- This did not include an estimated reduction in traffic congestion by
25%, which saves USD 112 million annually.
• Lessons with Co-deployment: - Having an established laws to reduce coordination problem
- Providing specific/detailed principles for contract conditions and
pricing criteria, and with joint calculation of the costs between involved
parties
- This helps prevent dispute over calculation of the cost.
- Having long-term master plan or roadmap for building fiber optic cable
network and its utilization (e.g. ITS).
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Republic of Korea (Railway)
• Agreement signed with telecommunication operators, normally before construction of the
railways from 1986.
• To date, trackside fiber optic cables have been laid on 3 High Speed Rail(HSR)s
measuring total length of 824.2km
• Methods of burying fiber optic cables by using concrete troughs, utility conduits or cable
trays.
• Example (Gyeongbu Line’s 420km Anyang-Busan section co-deployment in 1986)
- One set of 36 core fiber optic cables co-deployed along railways with initial cost of
78,623 million Korean won (KT paid 70,053 million won)
- KT used 30 of the 36 cores for its commercial telecom services paying railway facility
usage fee and maintenance cost to Korean National Railroad.
- The remaining 6 cores were donated to the Korean National Railroad to be used for
operation and maintenance of railway communication network.
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Myanmar
- Cost analysis and comparison between co-deployment and separate
deployment of broadband network with Asian Highway
- Co-deployment has been estimated to save at least USD 7,379 per km
or 56.83% of the costs.
Result of comparative study case 1
Cost saved from co-deployment of ducts (two-way) = USD 7,379/km
Percentage of cost saving (two-way) = 56.83%
Result of comparative study case 2
Cost saved from co-deployment of ducts (four-way) = USD 10,047/km
Percentage of cost saving (four-way) = 54.05%
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Myanmar (cont.)
• Most of the cost savings are derived from eliminating overlapping civil
works: - Excavation, backfilling and reinstatement are the services with the greatest
cost saving, as the earthwork is the largest cost component of duct
deployment
- These works are already included in the construction cost of the highway.
• Considering Myanmar’s 3,009km Asian Highway, the total saving is
around USD 30 Million.
• Road sector just incur additional 0.87%-3.55% of the highway
construction cost to road construction, while they will have the
opportunity to generate new revenues.
• For developing countries, this significant cost savings can be
generalized, given the fact that civil work is a large portion of the total
costs.
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Bangladesh
• ICT and Road/Highway: Co-deployment have been limited.
- OFCs are installed along highways after their construction
- Complaints about frequent deviations of the telecom operators from the
permitted locations, conditions and damage done to the roads
• ICT and Railways: Bangladesh Railway had first launched an optical fibre-based
integrated telecom system back in 1992
- Out of the total 2877 km railway route, Bangladesh Railway has about 2300 km
co-deployed with optical fibre part of which have been leased out to Telecom
companies.
- OFC is laid in another stretch of 380 km new railway lines under different ongoing
projects
- The government has now started a move to withdraw the exclusivity agreement
between Grameenphone and Bangladesh Railway and offer the OFC as a public
resource open to other operators.
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Co-deployment with Power line : OPGW (Optical Ground Wire)
• In IEEE standard, Optical fiber composite overhead ground wire
• Type of cable that is used in the construction of electric power transmission line
and distribution line
• Combines the function of grounding and communication
• An OPGW cable contains a tubular structure with one or more optical fibers in it
(communication part), surrounded by layers of steel and aluminum wire
(conductive part)
• OPGW cable is run between the tops of high-voltage electricity pylon to protect
electric power line from lightning strikes.
OPGW
Power
Line
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OPGW cases
• Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) is replacing old ground wire to OPGW to
use internal communication such as asset monitoring, detecting
disconnection/malfunction of power lines and Smart Grid
• Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (PGCIL) uses OPGW not only for internal
use but also leasing business
- 85,500km of OFC network across the country
- Has acquired license for National Long distance (NLD) and Internet Service
Provider (ISP)
- Part of BharatNet project(Broadband project in India) for development and
maintenance of National Optical Fiber Network in 4 States covering about 35,791
GPs, 977 GPs have already been connected.
• Installed cross-border OPGW currently operational
- Bangladesh (Bheramara, Akhaura) – India(Berhampur, Agartala)
- Bhutan (Gelephu, Malabase)– India (Bongaigaon, Siliguri)
- Nepal (Dhalkebar, Mahendranagar) –India (Muzaffarpur, Ranakpur)
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OPGW cases
Agartala
Cox’s Bazar
Dhaka
Behrampur
Bheramara
To Mumbai &
Chennai
SEA-ME-WE4 to
Singapore
Comilla
Dhalkebar
Kathmandu
To Mumbai
To Chennai
Muzaffarpur
Sursand
Nepal Electricity
Authority OPGW
Tanakpur
Siliguri
Malabase
Thimphu
Gelephu
Bongaigaon
To Chennai &
Mumbai
To Singapore
via Agartala &
Cox Bazar
BPC OPGW
PGCB OPGW
India
India
Nepal
Bhutan
Bangladesh
Guwahati
POWERGRID’s Fully Protected
All OPGW Network Across India
on Extra High Voltage
Transmission Line
KolkataPOWERGRID OPGW
Inter Country OPGW link
Neighbour Country OPGW
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37
Co-deployment with Gas pipeline• The fibre network is deployed using a specially developed In/Out-port to guide the
cable into and out of the gas pipe so as to bypass the gas valves.
• The gas pipeline system provides good protection for the optical fibre cable, being
situated well below the street surface and other infrastructure.
• Gailtel is the Telecom and Telemetry services arm of Gas Authority of India Limited
(GAIL).
- Provides communication services for GAIL’s pipeline business and operate
Supervisory Control, and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) applications.
- Also provides collocation facilities and leased line bandwidth services.
- Had an OFC network of around 12,000km along GAIL’s cross-country pipelines
(around 7,200km) and highway routes (around 4,800km)
Source : FTTH infrastructure components and
deployment method. FTTH council Europe
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38
Opportunities and Challenges
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39
For dominant telecom operators:
- Reduce the cost and time to obtain permission for road RoW,
- Having additional routes available in emergencies
For new entrant operators
- Reducing the time to obtain duct construction permission;
- Reducing the cost of duct construction;
- Possibly reducing the time to enter the telecommunication
market; and
- Having guaranteed equal competition rights with incumbent
operators.
Opportunities for Co-deployment
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For the road sector
- Having infrastructure to accommodate intelligent transportation
systems,
- Monetizing the potential value of existing infrastructure by leasing
excess facilities; and
- Reducing internal telecommunication network cost.
For Government
- Expanding the broadband infrastructure in a cost-effective
manner; and
- Enhancing national ICT resources that could lead to economic
and social benefits.
Opportunities (cont.)
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41
Challenges of Co-deployment
- Major cross-sectoral coordination exercise among multiple government
authorities, regulators and the private sector
- Comprehensive domestic policy backed by law and a framework for
international cooperation
- Regulatory framework to support co-deployment and to streamline network
sharing practices
- Establishing cross-border links adds challenges and complications such as
revenue sharing/business models, different provision by laws and
regulations, and mechanisms to resolve cross-border issues.
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Conclusion
- Strengthening ICT infrastructure connectivity is critical for the subregion.
- Co-deployment have potentials to fast forward broadband development and
reduce the digital divide
- Strategic and schematic decision-making for co-deployment is crucial at the
early stage of highway planning and construction
- Having an established law and policy for infrastructure sharing/co-deployment
may help reduce the coordination issues.
- Having platforms for coordination and negotiation for regional infrastructure
initiatives
- Having inter-governmental agreement or amendment that clearly stipulates
the type of highways, installation specifications for the co-deployment,
revenue sharing/business models and regulatory mechanisms to resolve
cross-border issues.
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43
Source: Interactive Map, http://www.itu.int/itu-d/tnd-map-public/
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
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44
How about countries in this subregion?(Questions for discussion and sharing)
- Is co-deployment feasible?
- Is there any co-deployment projects (national and international)
ongoing or planned?
- Why is (not) it well-established/implemented? (challenges for co-
deployment)
- What are the conditions/criteria for cross-border co-deployment?
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
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45
Thank you for your attention!
Email: [email protected]
IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE
ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
Annex
46
Digital divide could be examined using a combination of
factors:
1) Access (fixed & mobile-broadband services per 100
inhabitants);
2) Speed (download speed for mobile-broadband service
(Mbps);
3) Network capacity (International Internet bandwidth per
Internet user (bit/sec);
4) Affordability (Mobile-cellular monthly sub-basket as % of
GNI/capita); and
5) Coverage (Percentage of the population covered by at
least a 3G mobile network).