Building information modeling.doc

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Building information modeling(BIM) is a process involving the generation and managementof digital representations of physical and functional characteristics of a facility. The resultingbuilding information models become shared knowledge resources to support decision-making about a facility from earliest conceptual stages through design and constructionthrough its operational life and eventual demolition.

Origins of BIM

!hil Bernstein an "merican architect industry strategist and later "utodesk vice-president first used the acronym BIM for #building information modeling.# $citation needed%

&erry 'aiserin then helped popularie and standardie the term $%as a common name forthe digital representation of the building process as then offered under differingterminology by *raphisoftas #+irtual Building# Bentley ,ystemsas #Integrated !roectModels# and by "utodesk or +ectorworks as #Building Information Modeling# tofacilitate echange and interoperability of information in digital format. "ccording to'aiserin$/%and others$0%the first implementation of BIM was under the Virtual Buildingconcept by *raphisoft1s"rchi2"3 in its debut in 456.

Definition

7on-vendor definitions include8

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a digital representation of physical andfunctional characteristics of a facility. A BIM is a shared knowledge resource for

information about a facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life-cycle; defined as eisting from earliest conception to demolition. (7ational BIM,tandard - 9nited ,tates)$:%

Traditional building design was largely reliant upon two-dimensional drawings (planselevations sections etc.). Building information modeling etends this beyond 0-3augmenting the three primary spatial dimensions (width height and depth - ; < and =)with time as the fourth dimension and cost as the fifth. $citation needed%BIM therefore coversmore than ust geometry. It also covers spatial relationships light analysis geographicinformation and >uantities and properties of building components (for eamplemanufacturers1 details).

BIM involves representing a design as combinations of 1obects1 ? vague and undefinedgeneric or product-specific solid shapes or void-space oriented (like the shape of aroom) that carry their geometry relations and attributes. BIM design tools allowetraction of different views from a building model for drawing production and otheruses. These different views are automatically consistent being based on a singledefinition of each obect instance. $@%BIM software also defines obects parametricallyAthat is the obects are defined as parameters and relations to other obects so that if a
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related obect is amended dependent ones will automatically also change.$@% achmodel element can carry attributes for selecting and ordering them automaticallyproviding cost estimates and well as material tracking and ordering. $@%

Cor the professionals involved in a proect BIM enables a virtual information model to

be handed from the design team (architects surveyors civil structural and buildingservicesengineers etc.) to the main contractor and subcontractors and then on to theownerDoperatorA each professional adds discipline-specific data to the single sharedmodel. This reduces information losses that traditionally occurred when a new teamtakes 1ownership1 of the proect and provides more etensive information to owners ofcomple structures.

BIM throughout the project life-cycle

9se of BIM goes beyond the planning and design phase of the proect etendingthroughout the building life cycle supporting processes including cost management

construction management proect managementand facility operation.

Management of Building Information Models

Building Information Models span the whole concept-to-occupation time-span. Toensure efficient management of information processes throughout this span a BIMmanager (also sometimes defined as a virtual design-to-construction +32 proectmanager - +32!M) might be appointed. The BIM manager is retained by a design buildteam on the client1s behalf from the pre-design phase onwards to develop and to trackthe obect-oriented BIM against predicted and measured performance obectivessupporting multi-disciplinary building information models that drive analysis schedules

take-off and logistics.$E%$6%

BIM in construction management

!articipants in the building process are constantly challenged to deliver successfulproects despite tight budgets limited manpower accelerated schedules and limited orconflicting information. The BIM concept envisages virtual construction of a facility priorto its actual physical construction in order to reduce uncertainty improve safety workout problems and simulate and analye potential impacts. $5%,ub-contractors from everytrade can input critical information into the model before beginning construction withopportunities to pre-fabricate or pre-assemble some systems off-site. Faste can be

minimised on-site and products delivered on a ust-in-time basis rather than being stock-piled on-site.$5%

Guantities and shared properties of materials can be etracted easily. ,copes of workcan be isolated and defined. ,ystems assemblies and se>uences can be shown in arelative scale with the entire facility or group of facilities. BIM also prevents errors byenabling conflict or 1clash detection1 whereby the computer model visually highlights to
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the team where parts of the building (e.g.8 structural frame and building services pipesor ducts) may wrongly intersect.

BIM in facility operation

BIM can bridge the information loss associated with handing a proect from designteam to construction team and to building ownerDoperator by allowing each group toadd to and reference back to all information they ac>uire during their period ofcontribution to the BIM model. This can yield benefits to the facility owner or operator.

Cor eample a building owner may find evidence of a leak in his building. Hather thaneploring the physical building he may turn to the model and see that a water valveislocated in the suspect location. e could also have in the model the specific valve siemanufacturer part number and any other information ever researched in the pastpending ade>uate computing power. ,uch problems were initially addressed by 'eite etal. when developing a vulnerability representation of facility contents and threats for

supporting the identification of vulnerabilities in building emergencies.$4%

3ynamic information about the building such as sensor measurements and controlsignals from the building systems can also be incorporated within BIM to supportanalysis of building operation and maintenance. $J%

International BIM developments

Asia

India

In India BIM is also known as +328 virtual design and construction (+32). India is anemerging market with an epanding construction market and huge potential for largescale residential and commercial development (because of population and economicalgrowth). It has many >ualified trained and eperienced BIM professionals who areimplementing this technology in Indian construction proects and also assisting teams inthe 9," "ustralia 9K Middle ast ,ingapore and 7orth "frica to design and deliverconstruction proects using BIM.

Europe

In a number of uropean countries several bodies are pushing for a more integratedadoption of BIM standards in order to improve software interoperability and cooperationamong actors of the building industry.
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France

In Crance eamples include the CCB (CLdLration franaise du bNtiment) and theCrench arm of building,M"HT.

The etherlands

On 7ovember /J the Hiksgebouwendienst the agency within the 3utch Ministry ofousing ,patial !lanning and the nvironment that manages government buildingsintroduced the H*3 BIMnorm$%which it updated on &uly /J/.

!nited "ingdom

In the 9K the 2onstruction !roect Information 2ommittee (2!I2) responsible forproviding best practice guidance on construction production information and formed byrepresentatives of maor 9K industry institutions has produced a similar definition $/%to

that produced by the 9, 7ational BIM ,tandard !roect 2ommittee. This was proposedto ensure an agreed starting point as different interpretations of the term werehampering adoption.

In May /J 9K *overnment 2hief 2onstruction "dviser !aul Morrellcalled for BIMadoption on 9K government construction proects of P@million and over. $0%Morrell alsotold construction professionals to adopt BIM or be #Betamaed out#. $:%In &une /J the9K government published its BIM strategy$@% announcing its intention to re>uirecollaborative 03 BIM (with all proect and asset information documentation and databeing electronic) on its proects by /JE. Initially compliance will re>uire building data tobe delivered in a vendor-neutral 12OBie1 format thus overcoming the limited

interoperability of BIM software suites available on the market. The 9K *overnmentBIM Task *roup website gives a clear message to the whole supply chain about thegovernment1s BIM programme and re>uirements. $E%

7ational Building ,pecification(7B,) owned by the Hoyal Institute of British "rchitects(HIB") published research into BIM adoption in the 9K in March /J $6%and a furtherreport in Cebruary /J/.$5% This published a survey of JJJ 9K constructionprofessionals revealing among other findings that almost a third (0Q) of constructionprofessionals were using BIM on at least some proects ? up from 0Q in /J.

In March /J/ 7B, launched the 7ational BIM 'ibrary featuring a range of generic

and proprietary construction elements suitable for BIM.

$4%
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proprietary data structures have been developed by 2"3 vendors incorporating BIMinto their software).

!oor software interoperability has long been regarded as an obstacle to industryefficiency in general and to BIM adoption in particular. In "ugust /JJ: the 9, 7ational

Institute of ,tandards and Technology (7I,T) issued a report$//%

which conservativelyestimated that [email protected] billion was lost annually by the 9.,. capital facilities industry due toinade>uate interoperability arising from #the highly fragmented nature of the industrythe industryRs continued paperbased business practices a lack of standardiation andinconsistent technology adoption among stakeholders#.

"n early eample of a nationally approved BIM standard is the "I,2 ("merican Instituteof ,teel 2onstruction)-approved 2I,D/ standard a non-proprietary standard with itsroots in the 9K.

There have been attempts at creating a BIM for older pre-eisting facilities. They

generally reference key metrics such as the Cacility 2ondition Inde(C2I). The validityof these models will need to be monitored over time because trying to model a buildingconstructed in say 4/6 re>uires numerous assumptions about design standardsbuilding codes construction methods materials etc. and therefore is far more complethan building a BIMat time of initial design.

Anticipated future potential

BIM is a relatively new technology in an industry typically slow to adopt change. uantities re>uired for estimation and tendering

@. Increased speed of delivery

E. Heduced costs

*reen Building ;M' (gb;M') is an emerging schema a subset of the BuildingInformation Modeling efforts focused on green building design and operation. gb;M' isused as input in several energy simulation engines. But with the development of moderncomputer technology a large number of building energy simulation tools are availableon the market. Fhen choosing which simulation tool to use in a proect the user must
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consider the tool1s accuracy and reliability considering the building information theyhave at hand which will serve as input for the tool.


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Minimie building lifecycle to increase interaction between "rchitects ngineersand 2ontractors

nables pre-fabrication of different components of the construction to minimiedesign lifecycle

2utting proect cost my eliminating waste of construction material.

Improved construction management.

!roduces accurate >uantity take-offs.

BIM ,ervices provide a platform for a simultaneous design process and a uni>ue workenvironment structure that fosters collaborative proect development and a highlydetailed design process leading to a more cost-effective proect.

%hy BIM is Important

"s because 03 obects are machine readable spatial conflicts in a building model canbe checked automatically. Because of this capability at both the design and shopdrawing levels errors and change orders due to internal errors are greatly reduced.Thus as a building representation BIM technology is far superior to drawings. But thelarger implications are not ust consistent drawings and clash detection. Becausebuilding models are machine readable it becomes practical to use that data in manyother ways8 to generate bills of material - that can be used for cost estimation orautomatic ordering and tracking for energy lighting acoustic or other analyes - not aspost facto checking if an almost finished design is #OK# but rather to provide feedbackwhile designing informing the designer of the effects of changes. Thus building models

allow for better integration of many processes allowing the kind of tracking and controlthat computers allow in manufacturing and your local grocery or department storetracking every item from creation to delivery. Many of the uses of BIM data are waitingto be discovered and developed.

%ill it Become $tandard&

BIM tools are as different from 2"33 tools as are a slide rule from a computer asdifferent from a set of toy soldiers to a battle-oriented computer game. BIM supports on-line simulation of a design on-line simulation of construction - called :3 2"3. The BIMprocesses provide better building products at lower costs to the owner. arly case

studies have shown these benefits by users who have applied BIM well. It will certainlybecome the standard for construction within most of our lifetimes.

"rticle ,ource8 http8DDine"rticles.comDJ/444:


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Building information modeling.doc