Building Information Modeling (BIM) application framework: The process of expanding from 3D to computable nD

Automation in Construction xxx (2014) xxx–xxx

AUTCON-01758; No of Pages 12

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Automation in Construction

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Building Information Modeling (BIM) application framework: Theprocess of expanding from 3D to computable nD

Lieyun Ding a, Ying Zhou a,b,⁎, Burcu Akinci b

a School of Civil Engineering & Mechanics, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, Chinab Civil & Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh 15213, USA

⁎ Corresponding author at: Huazhong University of Sc430074, China; visiting scholar at Carnegie Mellon Univer

E-mail addresses: [email protected], yingzh

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2014.04.0090926-5805/© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article as: L. Ding, et al., Buicomputable nD, Automation in Construction

a b s t r a c t
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:Received 20 September 2013Received in revised form 19 March 2014Accepted 14 April 2014Available online xxxx

Keywords:BIM3DnDComputableModeling

The utilization of Building Information Modeling (BIM) has been growing significantly and translating into thesupport of various tasks within the construction industry. In relation to such a growth, many approaches thatleverage dimensions of information stored in BIM model are being developed. Through this, it is possible toallow all stakeholders to retrieve and generate information from the same model, enabling them to workcohesively. To identify gaps of existing work and evaluate new studies in this area, a BIM application frameworkis developed and discussed in this paper. Such a framework gives an overview of BIM applications in theconstruction industry. A literature review,within this framework, has been conducted and the result reveals a re-search gap for BIM applications in the project domains of quality, safety and environmentalmanagement. A com-putablemulti-dimensional (nD)model is difficult to establish in these areas becausewith continuously changingconditions, the decision making rules for evaluating whether an individual component is considered goodquality, or whether a construction site is safe, also vary as the construction progresses. A process of expandingfrom 3D to computable nD models, specifically, a possible way to integrate safety, quality and carbon emissionvariables into BIM during the construction phase of a project is explained in this paper. As examples, the process-es of utilizing nDmodels on real construction sites are described. It is believed to benefit the industry by provid-ing a computable BIM and enabling all project participants to extract any information required for decisionmaking. Finally, the framework is used to identify areas to extend BIM research.

© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

Many researchers have evaluated the effectiveness of Building Infor-mation Modeling (BIM) applications within different educational or in-dustrial settings [1]. In addition,many practitioners have acknowledgedthe potential benefits of this new technology, such as Sacks et al. [2],Chen et al. [3] and others [4,5]. To date, BIM is accepted as a processand corresponding technology to improve the efficiency and effective-ness of delivering a project from inception to operation/maintenance[6]. In the last decade, BIM has received a considerable amount of atten-tion by researchers. A number of case studies have been published thatshow useful BIM implementations on actual construction projects. InThe BIM Handbook, 10 case studies have been thoroughly explained[7]. In addition, Hartmann and Fischer proposed to use 3D/4D modelsfor design review from the perspective of constructability [8]. Rüppeland Schatz designed a BIM-based game for fire evacuation simulations[9]. Zhou and Ding presented a 4D visualization technology for safetymanagement [10]. Case studies such as these have served as a starting

ience and Technology, Wuhansity, Pittsburgh 15213, [email protected] (Y. Zhou).

lding Information Modeling(2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.

point for practitioners to better understand how BIM can be appliedon their projects.

From a previous research review, it is seen that utilization of BIM inthe construction industry can help practitioners by improving visualiza-tion, communication and integration in construction operations [11].However, some practitioners still hesitate to adopt these innovativetools [12]. Some surveys have been conducted to evaluate the extentand benefits of applying BIM in the construction industry in differentcountries [13–16]. According to the survey conducted by Young, archi-tectural/engineering/construction (A/E/C) participants did not identifymuch value in using BIM [12]. Therefore, a framework is needed to un-derstand the clusters of work and less focused areas to push the re-search on and utilization of BIM throughout the life-cycle of facilitiesfor multiple stakeholders. A well-rounded BIM application frameworkmight give the practitioners a broader view of the use of BIM applica-tions to support construction project management and help them tobetter understand the benefits of implementing BIM on their projects.

Formulating a comprehensive framework provides an opportunityfor the researchers to identify future BIM research and implementationdirections and it would enable application of these sophisticatedtechnologies in the whole life-cycle of projects [17,18]. This paperoffers a starting point for the development of such a framework. It

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2 L. Ding et al. / Automation in Construction xxx (2014) xxx–xxx

presents a framework of BIM applications generated from past projectimplementations of BIM. The framework would guide research efforts,which will enhance communications, share understanding and knowl-edge growth among all the academic researchers and industry practi-tioners, and integrate relevant concepts into a descriptive or predictivemodel. A thorough literature review has been conducted to validatethe framework and identify the current research gap. The process ofhow BIM applications expand from 3D to nD, specifically referringto quality, safety and environmental management in this paper, isdescribed.

Such a framework would guide practitioners to applications of thisnew technology and show researchers where the development ofdeeper knowledge andbetter tools is needed. In addition, themain chal-lenges of implementing BIM applications with potential solutions areexplained. The authors hope that this paperwill inspire further develop-ment of the research framework and guide future research into BIMapplications.

2. Terms and definitions

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is defined as “a digital repre-sentation of the physical and functional characteristics of a facility. ABIM is a shared knowledge resource for information about a facilityforming a reliable basis for decisions during its life-cycle; defined asexisting from earliest conception to demolition [19].”

Many terms related to BIM have been adopted by researchers, suchas virtual design and construction (VDC) and multi-dimensional (nD)modeling. Table 1 lists some of the widely used terms in both researchand industry studies and shows a summary of them by applicationdomain.

A BIM model is different from traditional 3D CAD models in which3D CAD only describes a facility with independent 3D views, such asplans, sections and elevations. If one of those views is modified, theothers must be updated accordingly. Further, data in 3D CAD drawingsare only graphical entities, such as lines, arcs and circles. On thecontrary, a BIM integrates semantically rich information related to thefacility, including all geometric and functional properties during thewhole life cycle in a collection of “smart objects” [20]. For example, avalve or tube module within a BIM would also include its functionaland performance properties, such as material, supplier, maintenancerequirements, cost and delivery time, in a semantically rich way. Eachcomponent is a “smart object” with all associated parameters stored init. The information of the properties can be accessed when needed byany stakeholder. This important feature of BIM allows stakeholderaccess to information and combinations of information to which theyhave never before easy access.

As for other terms, virtual reality (VR) provides a tool which allows auser to experience a computer-generated simulation of a real or imag-ined environment [21–23]. 4D modeling utilizes BIM for project timeallocation and construction sequence scheduling simulations whileVDC is becoming a more accepted industry term to explain the use ofBIM to design and construct a project [37].

In terms of nD modeling, some researchers use nD to describe thedifferent maturity levels of BIM [38]. Some researchers define nD as an

Table 1Differences between widely used terms and BIM.

Sample terms Information can be retrievedfrom 3D building elements

Design review Performance simul

3D CAD √Virtual reality (VR)4D modeling √VDC √ √ √nD modeling √ √ √BIM √ √ √

Other related terms: Integrated project delivery [34], computer integrated construction [35], b

Please cite this article as: L. Ding, et al., Building Information Modelingcomputable nD, Automation in Construction (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.

extension of BIM [32,39]. Although some have tried to differentiate nDfromBIM [40], most research has agreed that BIM represents the utiliza-tion of nD models to simulate the planning, design, construction andoperation of a facility [39,41].

Application of BIM can be described as a process that expands 3Ddata into an nD information model, which allows dynamic and virtualanalysis of scheduling [42–45], costing [46,47], stability [48,49], sustain-ability [50,51], maintainability [52], evacuation simulation [9,53] andsafety [54] to name a few. This nD model provides a database allowingall stakeholders to retrieve needed information through the same sys-tem, which allows them to work cohesively and efficiently during thewhole project life-cycle. Therefore, to be useful to academic researchersand industry practitioners, a BIM application framework must containthree parts: all project management domains (examples are listedabove in italics), all stakeholders, and across the whole project life-cycle. The three parts of the framework are defined in the followingsections (Sections 3 and 4).

3. BIM application framework

3.1. Overview

This section introduces the proposed BIM application framework, aresearch and delivery map of existing research and implementationprojects which identify interrelationships between project domainsand requirements for further knowledge acquisition. This proposedBIM application framework targets stakeholders to better understandthe current state of BIM applications and future BIM implementationrequirements.

A BIM frameworkmust be comprehensive enough to address all rel-evant BIMdomains and implementation challenges aswell as to presentkey issues of project management in a systematic manner. On the basisof the definition of BIM, this application framework consists of threeparts: 1) project domains listed, 2) stakeholders and 3) phases of theproject life-cycle. These are shown as the three axes in Fig. 1.

A particular research can be put in this framework using one of thesesix options: 1) single BIM application within a single organizationthrough a single project phase; 2) single applicationwithinmultiple or-ganizations through a single phase; 3) single application within multi-ple organizations through multiple phases; 4) multiple applicationswithin a single organization through a single project phase; 5) multipleapplications within a single organization through multiple projectphases and 6) multiple applications within multiple organizationsthrough multiple phases.

For example, as shown in Fig. 2, “a1a2a3a4” represents the utilizationof BIM for safety management from the owner's perspective, while“b1b2b3b4” represents the utilization of BIM for cost management fromthe perspective of different stakeholders, which are, in this case, theowner, the contractors and the supervisors, also known as owner'srepresentatives. The “c1c2c3c4, d1d2d3d4” area represents the utilizationof BIM for design review during the planning and design phases bydifferent stakeholders. In this framework, application of BIM in theconstruction industry can have 6 different levels based on the project

ation Virtual simulation ofconstruction process

Management of siteconstraints

Maintain facilityoperations

Reference

[20,21]√ √ [21–24]√ √ [25–28]√ √ [29–31]√ √ √ [32,33,39]√ √ √ [7,97]

uilding product models [36].



Fig. 1. BIM application framework.

3L. Ding et al. / Automation in Construction xxx (2014) xxx–xxx

management tasks that are aimed for, the project stakeholders that areinvolved in and the different phases that BIM is used in.

3.2. Current research within BIM framework

Recently, there has been a large quantity of work in BIM. It isnecessary to comprehensively review recent significant BIM work inits application. The main objectives of this review are to: 1) validatethe framework proposed in Section 3.1; 2) reveal research gaps; and3) try to evaluate future research and development trends.

The selected papers are from leading built environment journals inthe information technology research area. The searched journals areAutomation in Construction, ASCE Journal of Computing in Civil Engineer-ing, Advanced Engineering Informatics and Journal of Information Technol-ogy in Construction. The articles, published from 2006 to as current as

Fig. 2. Geometric interpretation o


May 2013, are considered as recent work. In total, there are 135 papers.This time-frame does not cover the early stages of BIM research in thebuilt environment, but is extensive enough to identify the emergingresearch and development for BIM. The key words for searching are“Building information modeling”, “Building information model” and“BIM”. As the purpose of this paper is to focus on the implementationof BIM, those articles that concentrated solely on BIM concepts or ITtechniques rather than BIM applications in the built environment arenot included.

Within the 135 papers, the current research can be categorized intothe following groups: 1) some explained and advanced the industryfoundation class (IFC) data schema [55–57]; 2) some explored how in-formation is exchanged among different environments [58,59]; 3) someproposed approaches to extract information from complex BIMmodels[60–62]; 4) some tried to evaluate the benefits [4,30,63] and identify the

f BIM application framework.



Fig. 3. (a) Percentage of BIM publications from the viewpoint of project management domain; (b) percentage of BIM publications from the viewpoint of project life cycle.


challenges [64] of BIM; and 5) some started to establish a BIM frame-work for different purposes [97,40,65,66]. In terms of the BIM imple-mentation studies, Fig. 3 depicts the percentages of BIM researcharticles within the framework presented in the above sections. Insome research, other techniques such as Augmented Reality (AR)[67–69], Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) [70,71], Laser Scanning[72,73] and Geographic Information System (GIS) [74–76] are proposedto be combinedwith BIM to assist in quality inspection, data acquisitionand other functions.

The percentages of different research articles from the viewpoint ofthe project management domain and project life cycle are shown inFig. 3. Papers that focus on multiple domains for multiple phases arecounted under each relevant category. From the literature study, fewauthors mentioned for whom their system/products were designed orwhat stakeholders would benefit from the research [77,78,88]. As therequirements for different stakeholders are not the same, it might beeasier to get the industry to implement the research products on realconstruction sites if the authors addressed the benefits to specific users.

It is not surprising that design review has the highest percentage ofresearch articles published. The reason might be because design is thelongest-standing application of BIM and feedback of design-relatedBIM activities is in relatively high frequency [79]. However, BIM re-search articles for the construction phase are rapidly catching up tothe pace for the design phase. Also, schedule management articles aretied for second place for specific domain articles. At least partially,these results are because the benefits of BIM applications in the designphase have captured so much attention from researchers and practi-tioners in the built environment, that many of them have begun to ex-tend the application area of BIM to the construction phase [77].Table 2 lists all the references to papers that belong in this category.Within the articles focused on the construction phase, safety manage-ment, quality management and low carbon emission research are arelatively low percentage in research literature.

Based on the review of the literature, BIM applications can beclassified into two categories which are listed in Table 3: 1) 3D basedapplications and 2) 4D (3D models plus schedule) based applications.

Table 2Papers on the BIM for schedule management during construction phase.

Classification criteria (from the viewpoint of BIMapplication framework)

References

Construction phase Schedule management Designer [80,81]Supervisor [81–87]Contractor [70,76,78,81–83,85–88]Owner [70,81–88]Operator


Since performance and functionality of a facility can be analyzedbased on 3Dmodels, 3D based applications can be applied in the designphase and operations phase. For example, energy consumption, facilityperformance and evacuation procedures can be simulated and evaluat-ed before the facility is constructed. The results of these assessments canhelp architects improve design proposals. In addition, after the facilityhas been constructed, the information stored within 3D models can beused for operations management, and maintenance plans can be auto-matically generated from the previously entered “smart objects” in theshop instructions for each component. From the previous research re-view, it is known that 3D based applications such as design review arethe most common studies in this early stage of nD application research[91].Much research has been conducted into 3D applications, specifical-ly in the design review, evacuation simulation, energy performance andfacility management domains.

However, 4Dmodels are needed to depict, visualize and analyze theconstantly changing variables that occur as the construction phase pro-ceeds. As 4D models provide virtual visualization of the constructionprocess, BIM applications for the constructionmanagement, specificallythe schedule, cost, quality, and safety control, should be based on 4Dmodels.

Time, cost and quality have been the basic criteria for project success[92] while safety and environmental impact gained a lot of concerns inrecent years [93]. In some research, quality, safety and environmentalimpact are proposed to be important aspects in construction manage-ment as establishing a risk free work place and reducing environmentalpollution are vital for a successful project [94]. It can be seen from Fig. 3that there is a BIM related research gap for the project domains of qual-ity, safety and carbon emissions. In comparison to other domains, fewresearch studies have has been conducted so far in these domains. Thereason might be that these project domains are more complicated toquantify than cost management and schedule control. For the schedul-ing and cost management domains, it is easy to retrieve and comparethe actual data to the planned schedule and project budget, and man-agers are constantly updated with this information. However, becauseof continuously changing conditions, the standards or decision makingrules, for evaluating whether an individual component is consideredgood quality or whether a construction site is safe, vary as the construc-tion progresses. In addition, another reasonmight be that themain pur-pose, for the stakeholders of a construction project, is to gain economicprofits. Speeding up the progress and saving costs are the most impor-tant issues for them. Therefore, establishing the 4D/5D models to man-age scheduling and costswas thefirst developmental priority. However,with economic and cultural progress, “people-first value” is gainingpublicity. Gaining economic profits is no longer the only goal of projectmanagement, asmuchpublic attention is being paid to the environmentand to safety/security.



Table 3Example categories of prior work on BIM applications.

Project domain Related literature Information integratedenvironment

Required information

Design review [87,89,90] 3D Geometric data, spatial features, component type, specificationsEvacuation simulation [9,53] 3D Geometric data, spatial features, component type, specifications, social psychological and social

organizational characteristics of the occupantsEnergy performance [50,51] 3D Geometric data, spatial features, component type, material information, geographical coordinatesFacility management [52] 3D Geometric data, spatial features, component type, operation specificationsSchedule management [42–45] 4D Geometric data, spatial features, construction schedule planCost management [46,47] 4D Geometric data, spatial features, component type specifications, construction schedule plan,

quantities of component, unit price information


BIMapplications have just begun to quantify and objectively analyzethe quality and safety control project domains. A time-space collisiondetection model was proposed to optimize a construction plan [95,96]. The structural health of construction components was analyzedby integrating a 3D BIM model with engineering simulation software[49]. Previous research provided a qualitative method to combine aBIM model with safety or quality information. Limited research hasbeen conducted to establish a computable safety/quality BIM modelfrom the perspective of using mathematics to work out the degree ofsafety or quality status as is possible with cost management and sched-uling. As the degree of safety or quality status varies with the construc-tion moving forward, a computable BIM-based safety or quality controlmodel is difficult to establish.

It has been acknowledged that BIMwas used for its 3D visual data atfirst, and was then expanded to nD applications [97]. The key challengeof this expansion is the method to establish the nD model and identifythe types of information that need to be integrated into the 3D modelto accomplish different purposes. The following sections discuss theprocess of developing computable and 4D based BIM applications forthe quality, safety and carbon emission project management domainsas a start point.

Fig. 4. A hierarchical structure of the prod


4. BIM application examples

4.1. Quality management based on 4D

Quality management plays a crucial role in the construction indus-try. Difficulties in quality management are primarily caused by the fol-lowing: 1) Quality inspection items for individual components arescattered in different national, industrial and urban code guidelines[98]. Site workers are not usually well-educated people [99]. The neces-sity of referring to a series of different code books leads to on-sitemisunderstanding of quality control standards; 2) Ignorance of the im-portance of tracking the behavior of on-site personnel making it is diffi-cult to determine who is responsible for quality accidents; and 3) Mostof the existing methods of quality control focus on the completed com-ponents, but quality failures occur due to the process of construction[100].

The key process of building a 4Dbased qualitymanagementmodel isto establish the POP (product–organization–process) model based onBIM. This is totally different from the cost management model. Forcost management, once the unit price is linked with the correspondingcomponents and activities, the actual cost andplanned cost can be easily

uct information in a bridge project.



Fig. 5. Inspection items for “monolithic cast-in-place reinforced concrete beam”.


calculated. However, in quality management, such a calculated modelcannot be directly established. A POPmodel including the quality statusof individual components, the responsible organization, and the qualityinspection process should be built into a quality management model inthe construction industry.

The POPmodel is proposed to complement 3D product models withprocess and organization models to support both design and construc-tion [101]. This idea is suitable to solve the quality managementproblem in the construction industry because it integrates the product

Fig. 6. An example of the relationships be

3D Module Activities

Fig. 7. 4D-based quality model


information, organization information and process information withinone model, specifically referring to a BIM model in this research.

Product information is defined in this research as a hierarchical struc-ture of the products/elements for different kinds of construction projects.For example, this hierarchical structure has been established for a bridgeproject in this research. Themonolithic cast-in-place reinforced concretebeam can be subdivided into individual elements, see Fig. 4.

As discussed before, for each element, the inspection items arescattered in different national, industrial and urban code guidelines.

tween “product” and “organization”.

Quality Checklist

Inspection results

Quality status

4D-based Quality model

responsible personconcerned

Guidelines

of a construction project.



QualityInspection Items

BIM component

Fig. 8.An example of a BIM component and its related quality inspection items. (For inter-pretation of the references to color in this figure, the reader is referred to the web versionof this article.)

Table 5Value of severity of consequences Cf.

Level Guess value Description

The first level 0.0–0.2 The risk severity is extremely smallThe second level 0.2–0.4 The risk severity is littleThe third level 0.4–0.6 The risk severity is mediumThe fourth level 0.6–0.8 The risk severity is highThe fifth level 0.8–1.0 The risk severity is extremely high


Therefore, the inspection items must be evaluated/confirmed bymeasurement against all related codes/guidelines. An example is givenin Fig. 5.

For organization information, all stakeholders are responsible for thequality of construction. For example, in Fig. 6, the responsibilities ofdifferent participants with regard to the inspection items of a bridgeproduct are shown. In Fig. 6, if a block is shaded, it means that thecorresponding stakeholder has responsibilities for the relevant inspec-tion item. Relationships between “product” and “organization” can beestablished by collating the scattered codes/guidelines.

The process of 4D quality information modeling is shown in Fig. 7.The 4D-based application is the information carrier for both scheduleand quality information. All national, industrial and urban code guide-lines regarding one inspection item are integrated as text-basedthrough the BIM application. Then, real-time quality status informationcan be continuously displayed within a 4D BIM application. A qualitychecklist for each activity can be provided during the 4D simulation.For each component, its related activities and quality checklist can be re-trieved at just the right time during construction, see Fig. 8. Therefore,the official construction codes/standards can be populated in a BIM forreference data. Once the inspection data is retrieved, the status of eachcomponent can be generated by comparing actual quality inspectiondata with the standards. The color of a component reflects the statusof this quality inspection item: Unconstructed (gray), under construc-tion (purple), constructed, but not yet inspected (green), inspectionfailed (red), and inspection passed (blue). Because a POP model hasbeen established, not only the quality status of each element can becontinuously retrieved from the model, but also, the responsible stake-holders can instantly know when quality standards are not met, andtherefore, they have the opportunity to take immediate correctiveaction. The results of this corrective action can be traced through themodel as well.

4.2. Safety management based on 4D

The risk level on construction projects rises and falls continuouslyduring thewhole construction process. For example, the safety risk dur-ing excavation of the foundation pit is always high, but drops dramati-cally after base plate construction is completed. In other words, the

Table 4Value of risk probability Pf.

Level Guess value Description

The first level 0.0–0.2 The risk possibility is extremely smallThe second level 0.2–0.4 The risk possibility is littleThe third level 0.4–0.6 The risk possibility is mediumThe fourth level 0.6–0.8 The risk possibility is highThe fifth level 0.8–1.0 The risk possibility is extremely high


risk and the affected area shift frequently as activities get executed.Therefore, safety needs to be controlled from the perspective of bothtime and space and, therefore, on the basis of a 4D management tool.The principle of safety management based on a 4D BIM application isillustrated below.

The construction sequence of foundation pit construction using theopen cut method includes: 1) Constructing the earth-retaining struc-ture; 2) dewatering; 3) excavation of the 1st layer; 4) steel bracing ofthe 1st layer; 5) excavation of the 2nd layer; 6) steel bracing of the2nd layer; 7) excavation of the 3rd layer; 8) steel bracing of the 3rdlayer; 9) base plate dredging; 10) base plate setting; 11) steel bracingstripping of the 3rd layer; 12) median plate; 13) stripping of the 2ndlayer; 14) loft plate setting; and 15) stripping of the 1st layer.

The main safety risks existing in this construction process can beclassified into the following types: 1) retaining pile collapse; 2) land-slide hazard in excavation procedures; 3) bracing structure deformationin excavation procedures; 4) water inrushing; 5) damage to adjacentbuildings; 6) seepage caused by fractured retaining piles; 7) bottomheave caused by artesian water; and 8) crane operation failures.

Usually, different types of safety risks exist at the same time duringthe construction process. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze howdifferent risks combine in foundation pit excavation procedures.

According to the Guideline of Risk Management for Construction ofSubway and Underground Works, published by Ministry of Constructionof the People's Republic of China, risk analysis should be evaluated fortwo issues: the probability of occurrence and severity of consequences[102]. Therefore, in this research, a method based on dependability isused to evaluate different types of risks.

Risk degree r is defined to represent the risk level. Pf stands forthe probability of consequences and Cf stands for the severity ofconsequences.

Therefore; r ¼ 1− 1−P fð Þ 1−C fð Þ ¼ P f þ C f−P fC f : ð1Þ

The value of Pf and Cf can be retrieved and calculated by the expertinvestigation method. According to the rules established in Tables 4 to6, an example of the risk level of each activity in foundation pit excava-tion using the open cut method is detailed in Table 7. The initial datawas retrieved by expert investigation. Furthermore, the relationshipamong an activity, its main risks, and the affected components/areacan be established, which is shown in Table 8. Therefore, the safetyrisk evolvement pattern can be displayed based on a 4D model, seeFig. 9. It can be used as a dashboard to assist site workers in decidingwhich structural elements are unstable and what behaviors should be

Table 6Value of risk level r.

Level Estimatedvalue

Color-coded Description

The first level 0-0.2 The risk can be ignored

The second level 0.2-0.25 The risk level is low, but needs some attention

The third level 0.25-0.3The risk level is acceptable, but needs to bemonitored

The fourth level 0.3-0.35The risk level is not acceptable, and some actionshould be taken to prevent accidents

The fifth level 0.35-1The risk level is not acceptable, and constructionwork should be suspended



Table 7Risk level of each activity in foundation pit construction using open cut method.

Constructionsequences

Main risks

Risklevel r

Earth-retainingstructure

Dewatering Excavationof the 1st

layer

Steelbracing

of the 1stlayer

Excavationof the 2nd

layer

Steelbracing

of the 2ndlayer

Excavationof the 3rd

layer

Steelbracing

of the 3rdlayer

Base platedredging

Baseplate

Steelbracing

strippingof the 3rd

layer

Medianplate

Strippingof the 2nd

layer

Loftplate

Strippingof the 1st

layer

Retaining pilecollapse 0.492 0.019 0.074 0.056 0.056 0.074 0.074 0.093 0.093 0.093 0.093 0.074 0.074 0.056 0.056 0.019

Landslidehazard inexcavationprocedures

0.479 0.025 0.100 0.075 0.075 0.100 0.100 0.125 0.125 0.125 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025

Bracingstructuredeformation inthe excavationprocedures

0.472 0.020 0.039 0.039 0.078 0.078 0.078 0.098 0.078 0.098 0.098 0.078 0.078 0.059 0.059 0.020

Waterin rushing 0.531 0.026 0.051 0.077 0.077 0.103 0.103 0.128 0.128 0.128 0.051 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026

Damage toadjacentbuildings

0.525 0.054 0.071 0.054 0.054 0.071 0.071 0.089 0.089 0.089 0.089 0.071 0.071 0.054 0.054 0.018

Seepagecaused byfracturedretaining piles

0.571 0.263 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.053

Bottom heavecaused byartesian water

0.637 0.026 0.053 0.079 0.079 0.105 0.105 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026

Craneoperationfailures

0.439 0.094 0.038 0.057 0.075 0.057 0.075 0.057 0.075 0.057 0.075 0.075 0.057 0.075 0.057 0.075

Risk level of eachactivity 0.281 0.248 0.256 0.283 0.335 0.344 0.405 0.404 0.405 0.258 0.216 0.208 0.189 0.180 0.133

Corresponding color Yellow Blue Yellow Yellow Orange Orange Red Red Red Yellow Blue Blue Green Green Green


avoided in the current state. Site workers have previously had little in-formation to improve their real-time, on-the-spot decision making,but now, it is possible to have continuous, real-time visual warnings ofdanger to consider.

4.3. 4D computational model for carbon emissions

In the global context of climate change, facility construction causesa large amount of energy consumption [103]. Carbon emissions have

Table 8Main risks and affected components/areas with the construction sequences.

Activities Main risks Affected components/areas

Earth-retaining structure ⑥, ⑧ Retaining piles, areas aroundDewatering ②, ⑤ Retaining piles, neighboring aExcavation of the 1st layer All risks at this stage

are extremely lowRefer to the adjacent activitie

Steel bracing of the 1st layer ⑧ Steel bracing structures, areaExcavation of the 2nd layer ②, ③, ④, ⑤, ⑦ Retaining piles, longitudinal sSteel bracing of the 2nd layer ②, ③, ④, ⑤, ⑦, ⑧ Retaining piles, longitudinal s

areas around the hoisting equExcavation of the 3rd layer ②, ③, ④, ⑤, ⑦ Retaining piles, longitudinal sSteel bracing of the 3rd layer ②, ③, ④, ⑤, ⑦, ⑧ Retaining piles, longitudinal s

areas around the hoisting equBase plate dredging ①, ②, ③, ④, ⑤, ⑦ Retaining piles, longitudinal sBase plate ①, ③, ⑤, ⑧ Retaining piles, steel bracingSteel bracing stripping of the3rd layer

①, ③, ⑤, ⑧ Retaining piles, steel bracing

Median plate ①, ③, ⑤ Retaining piles, steel bracingStripping of the 2nd layer ⑧ areas around the hoisting equLoft plate All risks at this stage

are extremely lowRefer to the adjacent activitie

Stripping of the 1st layer ⑧ areas around the hoisting equ

① retaining pile collapse; ② landslide hazard in excavation procedures; ③ bracing structurebuildings;⑥ seepage caused by fractured retaining piles;⑦ bottom heave caused by artesian


caused great concern. Dynamic calculation of carbon emissions dur-ing the construction process can be realized based with a 4D BIMapplication.

Carbon sources during the construction process can be classified intothree categories: 1) Caused by building materials and constructionwaste, 2) directly caused by the fuel consumed by constructionmachin-ery and equipment, such as diesel and gasoline; and 3) caused by elec-tricity, referring to the power consumed by constructionmachinery andequipment. Carbon emissions of various building materials contribute

the hoisting equipmentrea and buildingss

s around the hoisting equipmentlope, steel bracing structures, bottom of the foundation, neighboring area and buildingslope, steel bracing structures, bottom of the foundation, neighboring area and buildings,ipmentlope, steel bracing structures, bottom of the foundation, neighboring area and buildingslope, steel bracing structures, bottom of the foundation, neighboring area and buildings,ipmentlope, steel bracing structures, bottom of the foundation, neighboring area and buildingsstructures, neighboring area and buildings, areas around the hoisting equipmentstructures, neighboring area and buildings, areas around the hoisting equipment

structures, neighboring area and buildingsipments

ipment

deformation in the excavation procedures; ④ water inrushing; ⑤ damage to adjacentwater;⑧ crane operation failures.



Fig. 9. Dashboard for safety control during foundation pit excavation processes.


the most to total carbon emissions in the construction stage [104].Formula (2) provides an approach to calculate the total carbon emis-sions of building materials [105].

E ¼ Ep þ Et þ Ec þ Eo þ ErEp ¼

XQmiαi; carbonemissionsof thecomsumedbuildingmaterials

attherawmaterialproductionstageEt ¼

XQmiLtiεi; carbonemissionsof thecomsumedbuilding

materialsatthematerial transportationstageEc ¼

XQmiηi; carbonemissionsof thecomsumedbuildingmaterials

attheconstructionstageof buildingsEo ¼

XQmiYiμ i; carbonemissionsof thecomsumedbuilding

materialsattheoperationstageof buildingsEr ¼

XQmiωiλi; carbonemissionsof thecomsumedbuilding

materialsatthewasterecyclingstageQmi ¼ theconsumptionamountof material iαi ¼ theunitemissioncoefficientof material iLti ¼ thetransportationdistancetotheconstructionsiteof material iεi ¼ theunitcarbonemissioncoefficientof unitdistanceof the

correspondingtransportationmeansηi ¼ theunitcarbonemissioncoefficientof material iatthe

constructionstageYi ¼ theservicelifeof material iμ i ¼ theannualunitcoefficientof carbonemissionsof material iωi ¼ therecyclingratioof material iλi ¼ theunitcarbonemissioncoefficientof differentrecycling

methods:

8>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>><>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>:

ð2Þ

This method of building a 4D computational model for carbon emis-sions is illustrated in Fig. 10. When using this method, the required 4DBIM application can be produced with the existing design drawings


and construction plan. Consumed material information can then be re-trieved from the construction site as used. Meanwhile, the data sourcefor carbon emissions per one unit of building material can be acquiredfrom International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) or local standardssuch as Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability(BEES) developed by theNational Institute of Standards and Technologyin the USA. Therefore, the carbon emission curve can be generated asthe construction process moves forward. In addition, this method canbe used to evaluate and optimize different construction methods bycomparing the total carbon emissions of current and alternatemethods.

5. Conclusion and future work

This paper proposes a framework for BIM applications in theconstruction industry. Using this framework, it is possible to classifyexisting research projects into to six categories based on the projectmanagement tasks that are aimed for, the project stakeholders thatare involved in and the different phases that BIM is used in. Such aframework could possibly help in understanding the landscape of theexisting work and identifying gaps in the prior research. Classifyingexisting research studies using this framework, we have identifiedthat relatively few research projects have been conducted for theproject domains of quality, safety and carbon emissions. The paper hasdescribed approaches to quantify and analyze quality, safety, andcarbon emissions using BIM on real construction projects.

Inmost past projects, fundswere invested into the creation of 3D/4Dmodels for only one application in one domain or one phase. Furtherresearch is needed to explore how the same or upgraded 3D/4Dmodelscan be easily upgraded tomanagemultiple domains. Additionally, fromthe literature review, some of the main challenges for implementingBIM applications are generating the 3D models, retrieving the job siteenvironmental information and updating actual data from the job site,within the 3D models, as the construction process moves forward



3D Module Activities Consumed materials

The amount of carbon emissions of a specific material

Ground Foundation

Major Structure

roofworks

decorations

Carbon emission - time curve during the construction process

+ +

1 2

1

3

2 3

Fig. 10. Computational model for carbon emissions based on 4D.


[106]. Integration of BIM applicationswith other techniques is regardedas an effective way to address some of these problems.

Laser scanning and image processing might be used to generate 3Dmodels [107–109] while augmented reality could be used to retrieveactual environmental information from the job site [84,110-111]. Asfor collecting job site data, one approach is to use RFID. The data ac-quired by RFID could be quickly transferred into the 4D BIM applicationwhich changes the display appearance of the corresponding module[70]. Also, integration of RFID andBIMcan beutilized for safetymonitor-ing during construction, which is another method of using a BIMapplication for safety management.

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