BUILDING HON G KON G ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

Edited by WONG Wah Sang and Edwin Hon-wan CHAN

# 5 * * * A t B R * t H O N G KON G U N I V E R S I T Y PRES S

Hong Kon g Universit y Pres s 14/F Hing Wai Centr e 7 Tin Wan Praya Road Aberdeen Hong Kong

© Hong Kong University Press 200 0

ISBN 962 20 9 50 2 X

All rights reserved . No portion o f this publicatio n may be reproduced o r transmitted i n any form o r by any means, electronic o r mechanical, includin g photocopy, recording , o r any information storag e or retrieval system , without permission i n writing from th e Publisher .

Printed i n Hong Kong by United League Graphic 8 t Printing Co . Ltd.

Contents

Foreword vi i

Preface i x

Contributors x i

Introduction Livin g With The Environment I n An Urban Contex t 1 Wong Wah Sang

PART A Broa d Issue s O n Th e Environmen t 1 5

Chapter 1 Sustainabilit y And Urban Design 1 7 Peter Cookson Smith

Chapter 2 Tow n Planning And The Environment: Role And Tools 4 3 Of Private Consultin g Planner s Bo-sin Tang and Andrew Siu-lo Lam

vi I Content s

Chapter 3 Wha t Kind O f Harbour Cit y Do We Want? 6 1 Ted Pryor and Peter Cookson Smith

PART B Environmenta l Desig n Strategie s 8 1

Chapter 4 Buildin g Into The Environment 8 3 Architectural Services Department

Chapter 5 Us e Of Technology To Assist Environmental Design : 11 1 A Case Study Of Verbena Heights In Hong Kong Kam-sing Wong

A Public Housing Experience 12 3 Ada Yin-suen Fung

Passive Environmental Strategie s For Architectural Desig n 13 5 Bernard Vincent Lim and Man-kit Leung

Environmental Factor s 14 9

Design For Building Environmental Performanc e 15 1 Daniel Wai-tin Chan, John Burnett and Phillip Jones

Noise And Design O f Buildings In Hong Kong 18 3 Stephen Siu-yu Lau and Dariusz Sadowski

An Investigation O n Overall Thermal Transfer Value 21 5 Wong Wah Sang

Environmental Legislatio n 25 3

Environmental Plannin g And Impact Assessment 25 7 Of Major Developmen t Project s In Hong Kong Elvis Wai-kwong Au

Chapter 1 2 Impac t O f Major Environmenta l Legislatio n 27 3 On Property Development In Hong Kong Edwin Hon-wan Chan

Chapter 1 3 Environmenta l Impac t Assessment Ordinanc e - 29 7 An Introductio n Chi-sun Poon and Xiang-dong Li

Chapter 1 4 Buildin g Contro l To Enhance The Environment 31 1 Wong Wah Sang

Index 35 3

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

PART C

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 1 0

PART D

Chapter 1 1

Contributors

Architectural Service s Departmen t The Hong Kong Specia l Administrative Regio n

Elvis Wai-kwong Au Assistant Directo r Environmental Protectio n Departmen t The Hong Kong Specia l Administrative Regio n

Professor Joh n Burnet t Head an d Chai r Department o f Building Service s Engineering Faculty o f Construction an d Land Use The Hong Kong Polytechnic Universit y

xii I Contributor s

Daniel Wai-tin Cha n Associate Professo r Department o f Building Service s Engineerin g Faculty o f Construction an d Land Use The Hong Kong Polytechnic Universit y

Edwin Hon-wan Cha n Associate Professo r Department o f Building and Rea l Estate Faculty o f Construction an d Land Use The Hong Kong Polytechnic Universit y

Ada Yin-suen Fun g Project Manage r Hong Kong Housing Authorit y The Hong Kong Specia l Administrative Regio n

Professor Philli p Jone s Professor Welsh Schoo l o f Architecture University o f Wales in Cardiff , UK

Andrew Siu-l o Lam Director City Planning Consultant s Limite d

Stephen Siu-y u Lau Associate Professo r Department o f Architecture The University o f Hong Kong

Man-kit Leun g Senior Architect P ft T Architects an d Engineers Ltd.

Xiang-dong Li Assistant Professo r Department o f Civi l and Structura l Engineerin g Faculty o f Construction an d Land Use The Hong Kong Polytechnic Universit y

Contributors I xii i

Bernard Vincent Lim Associate Professo r Department o f Architecture The Chinese University o f Hong Kong

Chi-sun Poo n Associate Professo r Department o f Civi l and Structura l Engineerin g Faculty o f Construction an d Land Use The Hong Kong Polytechnic Universit y

Ted Pryor Chairman Hong Kong Civi c Design Associatio n

Dariusz Sadowsk i Architectural studen t fo r AA Dipl Architectural Associatio n UK

Peter Cookson Smit h Director Urbis Limited

Bo-sin Tang Assistant Professo r Department o f Building an d Real Estate Faculty o f Construction an d Land Use The Hong Kong Polytechnic Universit y

Kam-sing Wong Project Directo r Anthony Ng Architects Ltd .

Wong Wah San g Associate Professo r Department o f Architecture The University o f Hong Kong

Introduction: Living With The Environment In An Urban Context

Wong Wah Sang

I INTRODUCTIO N

Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution assumed nature' s developmen t throug h a process o f natural selection , whereby stronger animal s ea t weaker animal s and onl y the fittest coul d survive . A modern societ y like Hong Kong woul d agree to this principle a s we witness people supplanting eac h other . There is keen competition al l around. And the reward is materialistic wealth for a few successful people .

However, a society does not belong to a few people but to all who live in it and contribute to it. The Theory of Evolution ignore d the aspect o f mutual cooperation amon g livin g things to maintain a liveable Earth in equilibrium and harmony . Fo r instance, th e composition o f air in the atmosphere has remained constan t throughou t hundred s o f years despit e the Earth being an open system. At every moment, energy enters and leaves the Earth. To insulate

2 I W.S . Wong

Earth's mas s i s no t a n eas y job fo r th e atmosphere . Livin g thing s al l wor k together to create a balance in the environment . The stable salt content i n the composition o f sea water i s yet anothe r example . A stable conditio n impart s comfort an d health for living things. Any deviation will lead to instability and eventually the extinction o f certain species .

Now, the importanc e o f biodiversity i s recognized a s performing a vita l role in the functioning o f ecosystems. To allow for biodiversity, the strategy of shielding al l genes , specie s an d ecosystem s fro m huma n influenc e i s no t practical. Instead, an approach is required to look at the planning o f the entir e ecosystem fo r controlled , environmentall y dynami c policie s s o a s to affor d positive adaptation with minimum adverse impacts on biodiversity. This method of maintainin g harmon y betwee n huma n being s an d th e environmen t ca n also be applied i n the urban context .

I PROBLEM S O F THE URBAN ENVIRONMEN T

More tha n hal f o f th e world' s populatio n no w liv e i n urba n areas , an d b y 2020, the projected leve l i s 60°/o . This implies tha t th e urban environmen t i s becoming increasingl y importan t i n a global context . To generate economi c activities, cities consume a lot of natural resources while creating and leavin g behind a lo t o f wast e an d pollution . Citie s hav e becom e a majo r caus e o f degradation of the environment. Urban dwellers are living in generally healthier spaces wit h highe r incomes , bu t a t th e expens e o f th e rura l environment . Human pursuits and efforts i n certain economic and social developments have upset the balance o f the natura l ecology .

Cities consum e natura l resource s an d produc e wast e insid e an d outsid e the cit y boundaries . The environmenta l problem s generate d b y citie s rang e from thos e o n a household level , a building level , a city level to thos e o n a global level . The impact o f these problems produces effect s o n human health , economies an d ecosystems .

Specific urba n problem s var y an d depen d o n a city' s size , population , growth, topography, climate and government. Threats to human health include those fro m drinkin g wate r an d sanitation , wast e water disposal , indoo r an d urban ai r pollution , a s well a s soli d an d hazardou s wastes . For large cities , environmental managemen t i s often complicated . Income level is also a facto r in the creation of environmental problems. Combined with the natural feature s of a cit y an d it s surroundings , th e typ e o f environmenta l problem s ca n b e

Introduction: Livin g With The Environment I n An Urban Contex t I 3

predicted. Fo r example , ai r pollutio n increase s wit h a n increas e i n incom e level due to higher levels of car use, industrial production and fuel consumptio n associated wit h wealthier cities .

High energy consumption i s a common phenomenon associate d with cities. Studies have revealed tha t globa l energ y use will rise considerably i n comin g years. Increases ar e in the range o f 34% to 44% by 2010, and 54 % to 98% by 2020. Most o f these energ y source s stil l depen d o n traditiona l coal , oi l an d natural gases . Renewable energy sources such a s solar, wind an d farm-grow n energy crop s ar e predicted t o supply onl y 2 % to 4 % of the globa l energ y fo r the coming decade .

Environmental problem s bea r bot h direc t an d indirec t economi c costs . Direct cost s include medica l cost s for treatment o f pollution-related diseases . Indirect cost s coul d be reduction o f productivity throug h los t workdays , los s of educationa l opportunitie s an d shorte r workin g lives . Afte r citie s hav e exhausted th e natura l resource s i n their surroundings , resource s fro m furthe r afield hav e to be brought i n a t greater costs . However, human healt h an d lif e affected b y environmental problems cannot be compensated purely by monetary means.

Creating one's own environmen t i n the high-densit y urba n fabri c o f Hon g Kong ,

4 I W.S . Wong

I URBA N IMPACT S O N NATURAL RESOURCE S I N HONG KONG

With 1 1 600 persons pe r km 2 i n it s mos t dens e area , Hong Kong i s the mos t densely populated urban centr e in the world. To gain flat land from the original hilly topography , reclamatio n i s necessary an d ha s buil t u p ove r 25 % of the total urba n lan d area . Extensive reclamatio n i s still ongoing . And combine d with densel y populate d shorelin e habitat s an d heav y fishing pressures , th e shoreline ecolog y i s being continuousl y threatene d an d altered .

Raw sewage flows into the Victoria Harbour together with toxic industria l wastes. Animal waste s an d agricultura l chemical s ad d t o th e pollution . Th e heavy shipping traffic cause s hydrocarbon pollution . To improve the situation , an integrated coasta l zone management i s required. Laws have been passed t o restrict effluen t discharge s fro m industr y an d ships . An urba n sewe r wit h treatment facilit y i s under construction .

Other environmental problems in Hong Kong are associated with air, noise and energy . The source o f ai r pollution come s mainly fro m vehicula r traffic , especially diese l engines, construction site s and open quarries . Noise pollution is a result o f the high-density urban way of life, which i s a complex situatio n of activities , material s an d traffic . A s a compact city , Hong Kong ha s fewe r energy problems. The main consideration fo r energy lies in the ventilation an d lighting of buildings by artificial mean s and the use of the building enclosur e to separat e the natura l externa l climat e fro m th e controlled interior .

The high densit y also induces an overlapping o f environmental problems , as the populace is normally subjected to more than one form of pollution. Noise, air and energy problems occur together in many cases. So these environmenta l problems cannot be dealt with in isolation. An example is infrastructure failur e causing traffi c congestion . No t onl y i s the efficienc y o f work decrease d b y unproductive waiting , but inefficien t fue l us e and worsened ai r pollution als o result. Besides, workers' stress and aggravation are increased. So an overall view should b e held to confron t th e urban environmenta l challenge .

I T O LIVE WITH THE ENVIRONMEN T

In ancien t times , people respecte d th e climat e an d thei r surrounding s whe n designing thei r first shelters . Fo r instance , i n 500 0 BC , around th e Yello w River in China [-&£.&& Mr), people dug a hole in the ground an d the ground was burnt t o harden th e earth , formin g a better enclosur e agains t wate r an d the cold . The timber fo r the roo f cove r was covered with cla y to achiev e fire

Introduction: Livin g With The Environment I n An Urban Contex t I 5

Reclamation as an intrusion int o one of the best natural resources in Hong Kong — the Harbour .

protection. Suc h wa s th e adaptatio n t o respec t an d liv e wit h th e natura l elements.

Modern environmental challenges are vast in scale, affecting huma n health, resources o f nature an d economi c productivity. O n a global scale , people now are concerned fo r th e poor, especiall y the urban poo r who ar e suffering fro m a degradin g urba n environment . Th e poo r shoul d b e allowe d t o recogniz e their environmenta l risk s and to determin e their priorities an d need s throug h community initiatives . Jo b opportunitie s ma y als o b e create d fro m environmental challenges , such a s in waste recycling .

Another challenge for cities is to develop strategies for economic activitie s with concer n fo r environmenta l protection . Rapidl y industrializin g citie s i n developing countries are creating most of the worst environmental degradation . Demand o n natura l resource s ha s t o b e worke d ou t i n ecologicall y soun d methods withou t long-ter m harmfu l effects . Strategie s shoul d ai m fo r sustainability.

Environmental management for cities is often complicated by governmental issues. National and local governments have to work together to achieve multi-goal successes. However, an informed citizenr y is as important as a determined top-level managemen t o r government . Indeed , man y innovativ e approache s

6 I W.S . Wong

to improvin g th e environmen t ar e emergin g fro m th e botto m u p — from individuals to neighbourhoods to communities — to create more human, liveable and ecologicall y soun d cities .

In Hong Kong, the Environmental Protectio n Uni t was established i n 197 7 to formulate environmenta l protection policy and to coordinate environmentally related activitie s o f other government departments . This Unit was replaced i n 1981 b y th e Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , whic h ha d develope d comprehensive programme s o f environmental protectio n measures , geared t o local conditions . I n 1986 , th e Environmenta l Protectio n Departmen t wa s established in its present form with a more powerful an d more resourceful set -up. The government' s effort s i n environmenta l protectio n ar e summarized i n Table 1 .

The balance of issue s with opposing values i n the city — th e poor versus the rich , the disorde r versus the discipline, the identit y versu s the non-identity.. .

I PLANNIN G CITIE S WITH URBA N ECOLOGY

Town planning deal s with the layout of districts on a large scale. Land use and resource managemen t ar e planned t o ai m fo r sustainabl e utilizatio n fo r th e economic an d socia l well-being o f the present a s well a s future generations .

8 I W.S . Wong

To allo w environmenta l planning , strategie s an d policie s ar e se t an d implemented to provide a satisfactory an d balanced environment with minima l adverse impact s o n nature .

The basi s o f environmenta l plannin g fo r citie s i s urban ecolog y - th e recognition of the dependence of one life process on another, the interconnected development o f living and physica l processes , and the recycling o f living an d non-living material s as a self-perpetuating biosphere . The environment i s best served when town planning i s perceived to cope with natural processe s rathe r than Utopia n ideals . Environmenta l cost s ar e als o considere d rathe r tha n considering just 'functional ' desig n o r good aesthetics . Cities are recognized a s centres with highl y concentrate d nutrien t energy . Biologica l solution s rathe r than just engineerin g solution s ca n be used fo r solvin g cities ' infrastructur e problems. Humanity an d natur e ar e considered a s integrated issues .

Confucius Ul-f- ) interprete d the Book of Changes (J? M) a s a sequence of changes with nature a t work. Natural processes are dynamic. No one stage can persist fo r ever . Citie s hav e th e sam e analogy . Urba n for m i s a resul t o f a n evolutionary process driven by physical, social, economic and political changes. Modern building s replac e ol d ones . Urban deca y an d renewa l ar e constantl y witnessed i n cities .

When human beings are considered a s part of the natural process, changes can be fine-tuned to afford constructiv e opportunities. Even destructive changes can produce benefits t o the environment. Land is constantly being changed by artificial o r natura l processes . Planning ca n thu s b e considere d a s initiatin g purposeful an d positive changes . Humankind an d urban ecolog y are the basi s for planning .

Besides th e concep t o f chang e o r processes , th e principl e o f 'th e leas t effort fo r the maximum gain ' ca n be applied t o urban ecology . Spendin g th e least amount o f resources and energy to achieve the best results is the principle of economics applying to cities. A city can be both the supplier and the consumer of products, like a recycling procedure . An exampl e o f a constantly recycle d city is Rome, where many of its buildings are constructed ou t o f materials an d components fro m previous , old buildings .

Another principle for designing cities is diversity. From an ecological point of view, diversit y implie s health . In a n urba n context , diversit y give s socia l order. Through diversity, choice is offered t o meet the requirements of a diverse urban society and its lifestyles. In a larger context, diversity is related to culture and identity .

On th e othe r hand , th e differen t urba n element s an d system s ar e interconnected an d interdependent . An y piec e o f lan d i s affecte d b y it s

Introduction: Livin g With The Environment I n An Urba n Contex t I 9

hinterland an d bio-region. So a local area has to be related to its larger contex t for a balanced ecologica l planning. Recognizing the interdependence of people and natur e wil l creat e new landscapes and urbanscapes tha t ar e a mixture of the natural an d the artificial, possessing ecological , economic and social values that are more adaptabl e to changes which occu r in life.

In Hong Kong, high density is a unique facto r in planning considerations . Handled positively , th e urbanscape woul d b e compact an d efficient; bu t if mishandled, overcrowdin g can result, with damage to the environment. In the land use planning process , environmenta l impac t assessmen t (EIA ) is used as an analytica l too l to allow a more dynami c approac h to planning by taking account o f changes in and interrelationships amon g differen t systems .

The coexistence of different function s — residential , shopping and leisur e — may not strike a balance of harmony i n the urban environment .

I DESIGNIN G TH E BUILDING ENCLOSUR E WITH ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATION S

Buildings form the major part of the urbanscape, and the enclosures of buildings act as the interphase between natural and artificial environments . In this respect, the fundamenta l function s o f a building enclosur e includ e ventilation , daylighting, noise control , heat transfer a s well as visual contact . The internal

10 I W.S . Wong

environment i s controlled b y artificia l mean s to achieve a constant conditio n regardless o f the externa l environments . Architectural desig n ca n respon d t o various needs , but prope r building managemen t i s as important a s the initia l provisions.

Energy enter s an d discharge s fro m a building throug h th e enclosur e i n various forms , som e o f which ar e interchangeable . Sola r heat , light , soun d and win d ar e environmenta l factor s t o b e tackled . Desig n strategie s rang e from massin g with favoure d orientation , choice of materials, detailing , to th e provision o f special feature s t o self-regulating 'intelligent ' facades .

The impac t o f sola r radiatio n i s affecte d b y th e sunpat h an d als o th e location o f the building. In Hong Kong, the problem i s with solar heat gain i n summer, especiall y wit h tal l buildings . Arranging building s wit h th e wide r facades facin g nort h o r sout h ca n reduc e sola r energ y absorption . Servic e cores, includin g lif t lobbies , stairways an d toilets , ar e a good devic e to fac e other orientation s tha t hav e mor e hea t gain . Shadin g device s suc h a s fins, overhangs, balconies o r projecting eave s ar e effective i n cutting of f sunlight . Various types of glass can be used for solar control. More sophisticated method s include a double buildin g ski n an d mechanicall y ventilate d cavit y facades . Vegetation can also help to cool down buildings. Alternatively, a photovoltaic envelope can be installed o n the fagade o r roof to conver t solar radiation int o electricity to supply par t o f the energ y used by the building .

Planning with environmenta l consideration s ca n impar t mor e varied urba n forms ,

Introduction: Livin g With The Environment I n An Urban Contex t I 1 1

Wind can be harnessed in different way s to benefit a building. The simplest way is to allow natural ventilation. Cross-ventilation o r stack effect ar e possible means tha t ca n be introduced t o the architectura l design . Another possibilit y is to absor b the energ y fro m th e wind through turbine s an d conver t thi s int o other usable forms o f energy .

Noise i n Hon g Kon g i s a problem associate d wit h it s hig h density , an d especially with traffic. To deal with the noise problem, different desig n strategies involving a n energ y aspec t ca n be used bu t wil l produce differen t outcomes .

Environmental problem s can be interrelated, s o an overal l view has to be held durin g th e architectura l desig n stage . Integration wit h building service s can als o introduc e a goo d solutio n t o th e buildin g enclosur e t o mak e th e internal an d externa l environment s harmonious .

I ENVIRONMENTA L EFFECT S O F BUILDING MATERIAL S

Cities are built up of urbanscapes that are composed of mainly buildings which are constructe d fro m component s an d buildin g materials . The extractio n o f materials, fo r buildin g an d construction , ca n creat e damag e t o th e natura l landscape, whic h i s ofte n difficul t t o recove r fro m ecologically . Beside s extraction, energ y i s also require d fo r the transport o f raw materials , with i t also come pollution problems. Production can involve a lot of energy and ma y generate by-product s o r unusabl e waste . Som e buildin g material s allo w recycling o r adaptation t o othe r use.

Materials ar e used with th e ai m to integrat e thei r lif e cycle s a s much a s possible with the building to achieve sustainability. This means a minimum o f waste an d a n efficien t us e o f materials , lengthening th e lif e spa n o f building components. Material s an d product s ar e encouraged t o be recycled afte r th e demolition o f a building, s o that natura l resource s ca n b e conserved . I n thi s respect, buildings designe d fo r futur e dismantlin g hav e obviou s advantages .

During the life cycle of building materials, environmental impacts in various forms and magnitudes are produced. Issues in considering the choice of materials include extraction o f the raw materials, consumed energy , by-products, waste, renewability, maintenance , an d lifespan .

Concrete a s a common buildin g materia l ha s low energ y content , bu t i t can be increased b y the additio n o f steel reinforcement . An d muc h energ y i s used durin g transpor t an d construction . Demolitio n wil l creat e rubbl e tha t occupies spac e bu t ca n b e reuse d a s filler. Stonewor k an d brickwor k hav e similar environmenta l impacts .

12 I W.S . Wong

Glass need s a large amoun t o f energ y fo r processin g th e ra w material s required. Som e pollution arise s durin g the manufacturin g process . Glass ca n be recycled throug h remelting , so the problem i s that o f contamination .

Ceramic is made from clay . A high energy content is involved in firing th e clay and glazing . The energy conten t fo r the layer of adhesive o r cement ha s to be taken int o accoun t too . Ceramic waste is mostly used as a filler material.

Metals ar e extracted an d transforme d int o buildin g product s b y using a lot o f energy . Harmfu l by-product s ma y b e produce d durin g manufacture . Reusability o f metals i s an environmenta l benefi t an d i s often economicall y feasible.

Synthetics lik e polyethylene , PVC , bitumen, rubber , polyurethan e an d polystyrene hav e petroleu m a s th e basi c ra w material . Durin g extraction , harmful emission s and waste could be introduced t o the environment . Durin g the lif e cycle , contamination ofte n lead s to problems i n recycling .

Wood is a very important renewable raw material. Little energy is involved during it s production. Sustainabl e forestr y managemen t allow s a sustainabl e supply o f wood. Preservatives ar e often required . The transport o f wood als o requires energy . Plywood , fibreboard an d chipboard , etc. , are als o produce d mainly fro m renewabl e raw materials an d offe r a good choice and variety fo r use.

Correct choices of materials and detailing for a building are positive attributes for environmenta l improvement.

Introduction: Livin g With The Environment I n An Urban Contex t I 1 3

There are numerous paints with various compositions. Many paints release organic hydrocarbons durin g application an d may harm the health of painters and occupants . Additive s ar e usuall y als o harmful . Durin g th e dumpin g o f painted materials , harmfu l element s may be released .

I CONCLUSION: AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH

From the broad perspective s o f building product s an d o f town plannin g an d urbanscapes to the selection o f building products an d materials , we learn tha t modern technology develope d t o shelter human beings can be unfriendly an d polluting - a hard an d forcefu l gestur e i n the process o f civilization . Du e to human activities , the recent increased carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere has increased the insulation value and hence the temperature of the atmosphere. A glazier tha t i s formed o f hard ic e crushes int o th e other s an d cut s int o th e surrounding land , bu t onl y move s slowl y a t on e metr e pe r day . However , a river i s smooth an d meandering , flowin g dow n cliff s an d nourishin g a vas t landscape. And most importantly, i t contains life. A considerate, lively response is much more rewarding than a forceful, unfriendl y act . Environmental strategies vary b y respondin g t o differen t contexts , an d approache s ca n b e throug h legislation, th e econom y o r technology . Environmentall y responsiv e us e o f artificial creation s ca n produc e livel y buildings an d creat e citie s o f the bes t architectural an d urba n quality .

To conclude this introduction , I believe a broader approac h i s essential to cultivate environmenta l consciousness . When we choose to be friendly t o the environment, th e environmen t wil l be friendl y t o us . We can b e par t o f th e natural environmen t an d vic e versa . Throug h education , architectur e an d everyday lif e with th e appreciatio n o f changes imparte d b y the environment , we can learn t o live harmoniously wit h the environment .

14 I W.S . Wong

The correc t positionin g o f development wit h environmenta l awarenes s can lea d Hon g Kon g into a truly sustainabl e future .

I REFERENCE S

Anink, David, Chiel Boonstra an d John Mark . 1996 . Handbook of sustainable building. London: James 8 t James (Scienc e Publishers) Limited .

Environmental Protectio n Department , Hon g Kong. Environment Hong Kong 1996. Hough, Michael . 1995 . Cities and natural process. London: Routledge. Wong, David O.Y . 1996 . Environmental conservation and planning: Hong Kong and

overseas encounters. Hong Kong: Woods Age Publishers. Wong, Wah Sang . 1998 . Building enclosure in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kon g

University Press . . 1998 . Building materials and technology in Hong Kong (thir d edition) . Hon g Kong: All Arts Limited .

The World Resources Institute, The United Nations Environment Programme, The United Nations Developmen t Programm e an d Th e World Bank . 1996 . World resources 1996-97. Oxfor d Universit y Press.

1

absorptive 20 9 absorptivity 21 6 acoustical shado w 19 3 aesthetics 159 , 202 , 34 6 Agenda 21 ' 18 , 3 2 Agricultural an d Fisherie s Departmen t

284, 28 5 air 186 , 30 8 air cavit y 14 6 air-conditioning 95 , 97 , 102 , 127 , 162 ,

164, 170 , 188 , 189 , 198 , 321 , 330 , 337

air distributio n 17 0 air pollutio n 4 , 162 , 30 7 Air Pollution Contro l Ordinanc e 131 , 288 Air Pollution Contro l (Constructio n Dust )

Regulations 29 0 Air Pollutio n Contro l (Dus t an d Gri t

Emission) Regulatio n 28 8 air qualit y 125 , 126 , 158 , 161 , 30 6

aircraft nois e 18 7 Airport Cor e Programm e 26 2 amenity 327 , 330 , 343 , 347 , 35 0 A m e r i c a n Soc ie t y o f H e a t i n g ,

Refrigerating an d Air-conditionin g Engineers Inc . 15 5

anti-pollution 2 8 Appeal Boar d 30 3 Architectural Services Department 83 , 84,

85, 87 , 93 , 94, 95, 99, 101 , 102, 103 , 106, 108 , 109 , 30 5

asbestos 130 , 131 , 289, 29 0

balconies 118 , 169 , 318 , 319 , 324 , 330 , 332, 334 , 340 , 34 3

barriers 20 9 bathrooms 32 7 bay window s 3 2 0 , 3 2 8 , 3 3 0 , 3 4 3 bioclimatic 2 6 biodiversity 2

354 I Inde x

biological 12 1 biological contaminatio n 17 9 biowall 20 9 breezeways 118 , 119 , 34 9 bridges 32 8 British Broadcastin g Corporatio n 15 6 buffer 279 , 28 1 buffering 5 6 building

Authority 211 , 313 codes 311 , 312, 35 0 control 312 , 31 3 enclosure 146 , 21 5 envelope 144 , 145 , 168 , 21 5 fabric 18 3 intelligence 15 9 length/width rati o 14 3 materials 11 , 176 , 21 6 Owners an d Manage r Associatio n 157 Research Establishmen t 17 7 services 17 7 services enginee r 17 9 standards 6 9 technology 17 5

building regulation s 67 , 312 , 315 , 346 , 348, 35 0 Demolition Work s 29 0 Energy Efficiency 88 , 215, 238, 244, 291, 32 5 Planning 69,211,314,317,323,326 , 330, 331 , 332, 343 , 34 4

Buildings Departmen t 283 , 290 , 35 0 Buildings Ordinanc e 283 , 287, 290 , 314 ,

316 built for m 35 , 50 , 56 , 5 9 bypass facto r 17 0

canyon effec t 20 4 carbon dioxid e 13 , 152 , 172 , 17 8 ceiling heigh t 319 , 34 9 central managemen t 34 7

Cent re o f U r b a n P l a n n i n g a n d Environmental Managemen t 3 2

cessation orde r 26 5 Changes 8 Chemical Wast e Treatmen t Centr e 2 2 chiller 96 , 98 , 105 , 127 , 164 , 16 6 chlorine 103 , 10 4 chlorofluorocarbons 105 , 127 , 152 , 17 4 city 8 , 11 , 17 , 18 , 1 9 cladding 31 4 climb forms 13 2 clothing 13 6 coated glas s 23 7 codes 17 7 collaboration 1 8 comfort 138 , 16 2 comfort zone s 13 7 commissioning 17 4 common area s 319 , 34 7 community 70 , 71 , 84, 11 2 compact 21 , 22, 5 4 compensation 5 7 comprehensive developmen t 28 0 computer modellin g 11 7 conservation 17 , 24 , 53 , 95 , 113 , 179 ,

279, 28 3 constraint 17 5 construction 29 2

floor are a 332 , 337 , 34 4 noise 18 7 Noise Permi t 28 7 waste 29 0

control 19 , 44 , 53 , 77 , 174 , 175 , 28 3 cooling 116 , 172 , 17 9 cooling loa d 16 6 Country Park s Ordinanc e 28 4 Court o f Appeal 28 1 cross ventilatio n 11 , 143 , 322, 323 , 34 8 cultural heritag e 5 2 curtain wal l 231 , 32 8

dampers 17 2

Index 135 5

daylighting 145 , 17 0 Deep Ba y 26 4 demolition 130 , 131 , 290 density 18 4 D e p a r t m e n t o f B u i l d i n g Serv ice s

Engineering 17 7 Designated Project s 264 , 265 , 268 , 276 ,

299, 30 2 development 278 , 281 , 293 , 298 , 309 ,

320 Permission Are a Plan s 27 9 ratio 12 5

disabled 31 9 disabled person s 32 7 diversity 8 , 32 8 double-glazed 10 2 double-skin 14 6

ecological 17 , 53, 56, 210, 279, 280, 281, 285, 30 2

ecological plannin g 9 ecologically 6 4 ecology 52 , 8 7 economic 19 1 economic achievement s 18 4 economy 5 9 ecosystems 2 , 1 7 education 207 , 20 8 efficiency 113 , 114 , 132 , 34 9 efficient 32 0 Elect r ica l an d M e c h a n i c a l Service s

Department 17 3 electrical energ y 9 8 electricity 17 9 energy 4 , 10 , 12 , 19 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 33 , 35 ,

84, 86 , 95 , 96, 97 , 98 , 100 , 106 , 116 , 121, 126 , 164 , 169 , 176 , 29 8 conservation 99 , 152 , 153 , 160 , 17 7 consumption 3 , 115 , 116 , 21 5 effectiveness 159 , 160 , 16 2 efficiency 92 , 160 , 291 , 348 -efficient 126 , 167 , 168 , 178 , 29 5

Management Syste m 98 , 15 2 recovery 17 2 reduction 16 8 -saving 17 0 wastage 2 2

envelope 24 4 Environment Authorit y 19 5 environmental

agenda 11 6 aspects 30 9 assessment 124 , 125 , 269, 270 , 30 6 Assessment Repor t 30 6 assets 52 , 5 8 audits 3 1 awareness 10 6 benefits 34 9 challenges 5 concerns 52 , 208 , 209 , 313 , 34 8 conditions 14 1 consciousness 13 , 31 2 considerations 47 , 324 , 34 8 context 2 6 control 30 , 140 , 192 , 275 , 27 8 costs 8 , 26 9 damages 43 , 27 8 degradation 5 design 34 6 deterioration 21 2 education 11 3 effects 34 6 factors 1 0 impact assessmen t 9 , 28 , 29, 51 , 87, 191, 195 , 199 , 258 , 259 , 261 , 262 , 263, 264 , 265 , 267 , 268 , 269 , 270 , 274, 276 , 277 , 278 , 282 , 286 , 288 , 293, 297 , 299 , 301 , 304 , 305 , 306 , 307, 308 , 30 9 impacts 11 , 50 , 52 , 57 , 58 , 86 , 87 , 109, 177 , 178 , 263 , 264 , 285 , 300 , 302, 306 , 30 9 implication 262 , 269 , 27 0 improvement 4 7

356 I Inde x

issues 59 , 87 , 178 , 210 , 286 , 29 9 laws 257 , 274 , 275 , 29 2 legislation 274 , 29 3 management 2 , 5 , 257 , 27 8 management syste m 8 3 mitigation 27 9 monitoring 30 6 performance 18 , 12 8 Permit 264 , 265, 267, 268, 269, 298, 299, 300 , 301 , 302, 30 3 planners 4 7 planning 8 , 258 , 27 0 policy 178 , 274 , 275 , 29 3 pollution 46 , 18 6 problems 2 , 3 , 4 , 11 , 51 , 152 , 211 , 258 protection 5 , 7, 19 , 50, 58, 123 , 133, 273, 278 , 308 , 314 , 319 , 320 , 330 , 343 Protection Agenc y 6 , 186 , 26 1 Protection Departmen t 6 , 22, 28, 46, 87, 186 , 189 , 191 , 195, 197, 198 , 203, 207, 278 , 289 , 291 , 298 , 301 , 307 , 308 Protection Uni t 6 quality 43 , 158 , 16 0 requirements 12 5 responsiveness 11 3 sensitivity 27 6 specialists 51 , 58 standards 49 , 12 5 strategies 13 , 13 5 stress 5 8 survey 30 6 watchdog 4 6

environmentalism 4 6 environmentally friendl y 178,17 9 exhaust ai r 17 2 exhaust gase s 30 8 extent 17 5 external shadin g multiplie r 22 1

fast-track programme s 17 9 fenestration 218 , 221, 223, 224, 229, 23 8 finishes 33 0 fisherman's whar f 6 8 flexibility 175 , 176 , 177 , 275 , 293 , 34 9 flexible organizatio n 17 5 flower boxe s 318 , 33 0 form 1 9 formwork 94 , 13 2 Friends o f th e Eart h 13 2

glare 145 , 16 9 glass 208 , 218 , 237 , 25 2 glass shadin g coefficien t 16 8 global environmen t 17 8 government 45 , 46 , 59 , 6 1 green bel t 27 9 Green Manage r Committe e 84 , 8 5 gross floo r are a 313 , 315, 318 , 319 , 320 ,

326, 328 , 330 , 331 , 335 , 336 , 337 , 342, 343 , 346 , 347 , 348 , 34 9

halon 10 5 harbour 4 , 22 , 25 , 29 , 61 , 62, 63 , 64, 66 ,

67, 68 , 72 , 75 , 77, 7 9 hardwood 9 4 HauTak Estat e 13 2 health 113 , 130 , 178 , 31 2 healthy 169 , 17 9 heat 210 , 215 , 314 , 330 , 34 3

exchanges 16 4 gain 87 , 88 , 137 , 138 , 141 , 24 4 recovery 9 7 rejection metho d 16 5 transfer 16 8

height 32 1 high densit y 9 , 21 , 22, 32, 187 , 312, 313,

329, 34 9 high-tech 20 8 H o n g Kon g Bu i ld in g E n v i r o n m e n t

Assessment Method s 33 , 153 , 178 , 180, 291 , 292, 29 5

Hong Kong Institute o f Architects 313 , 329 Engineers 32 9 Planners 32 9 Real Estate Administration 340 , 343, 344 Surveyors 329 , 347

Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestr a 15 6 Hong Kon g Plannin g Standard s an d

Guidelines 186 , 258, 276, 277, 286 Hong Kong SA R 1 8 Hong Kong Tourist Association 7 3 Housing Authority 65 , 123, 124, 131, 132 ,

133, 18 4 Housing Societ y 65 , 111 , 184 hygiene 15 9

identity 2 5 immigrants 18 4 impacts 17 8 in situ 17A indoor ai r 152 , 157 , 179 indoor pollutant 17 2 infrastructure 18 , 19 , 63, 66, 273 innovative design s 31 , 313 insulation 19 8 integrating 21 0 integration 18 , 54, 56, 57 integration o f services 17 3 intelligent 15 3 intelligent buildings 20 9 intensity 50 , 59, 76, 124 , 12 6 internal floor are a 334 , 340, 344 ISO

9000 27 3 14000 273,29 2 14001 10 9

Kai Tak 66 , 72, 76 Kam Sang Building 226 , 227 KCRC Station 24 6

Index 135 7

kitchen 317 , 318, 319, 323, 349 Kowloon Walled Cit y Park 9 3

land 45 , 47, 64, 65, 201, 258 Land Authority 72 , 73 Land Development Corporatio n 20 , 65 land us e 47 , 56 , 59 , 78 , 258 , 286 , 306 ,

308, 316 land use planning 48 , 49, 19 9 land use zoning 5 4 land utilization 5 4 landfill 130 , 289, 290 Lands Department 28 4 landscape 93 , 106 landscaping 27 , 302 legislative contro l 31 1 lettable are a 334 , 340, 341, 344 life cycl e 116 , 173 light 21 5 lighting 98 , 126, 140, 158, 161, 179, 316,

323, 32 7 low energy 2 6 low-flush wate r close t 114,11 5 low-tech 20 8

maintenance 98 , 164 , 174 , 175 , 179 maintenance engineer s 17 1 management 252 , 327, 328, 337 Marine Parks Ordinance 28 4 market 17 6 Mass Transit Railway 74 , 172 , 18 5 Mass Transi t Railwa y Developmen t

Corporation 7 3 materials 12 , 13 metro 1 9 metro are a 6 8 Metroplan 65 , 70, 78 mitigation 193 , 198, 205, 263, 276, 300,

302, 306, 308, 309 multifunctional 18 5

358 • Inde x

Nam San g Wa i 28 0 National Environmenta l Protectio n Ac t

259 natural lightin g 323 , 34 8 natural ventilatio n 118 , 143 , 14 4 neutral temperatur e 135 , 13 6 New Territorie s 6 4 noise 11 , 101 , 102 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 158 ,

162, 166 , 174 , 179 , 183 , 184 , 186 , 187, 189 , 190 , 192 , 193 , 194 , 195 , 198, 199 , 206 , 208 , 210 , 211 , 277 , 306, 307 , 314 , 330 , 34 3 abatement 21 1 barrier 201 , 20 9 control 194 , 201 , 208, 28 7 Control Ordinanc e 189 , 28 6 emission 20 1 -free 21 2 impact 19 9 level 189 , 198 , 200 , 205 , 207 , 30 7 pollution 4 , 189 , 191 , 194, 195 , 197, 200, 207 , 20 8 -sensitive 197 , 200 , 20 1 shields 31 9 Standards an d Guideline s 20 0 transmission 12 8

odours 307 , 30 8 opaque wal l 216 , 218 , 229 , 23 8 open spac e 32 2 operating 16 6 operation 98 , 17 4 operational lif e 17 6 orientation 90 , 142 , 286 , 291 , 32 3 outdoor ai r 152 , 153 , 16 9 outline zonin g plan s 70 , 73 , 74 , 76 , 27 9 overall thermal transfer value 88 , 89, 90,

95, 126 , 168 , 215, 216, 218, 219, 221, 223, 224 , 227 , 229 , 237 , 244 , 251 , 252, 291 , 314, 326 , 327 , 34 8

overhang 221 , 223, 237 , 25 2 ozone 103 , 104 , 127 , 151 , 178 , 29 5

Pat Si n Len g Countr y Par k 284 , 28 5 pathway 192 , 19 3 pedestrian 74 , 7 5 people 3 2 percussive pilin g 18 8 photovoltaic 10 , 11 3 photovoltaic cell s 10 0 physical environmen t 18 5 pipe duc t 318 , 33 0 places 30 , 47 , 7 5 planning 58 , 195 , 211 , 278 , 282 , 283 ,

293, 34 9 Department 46 , 7 8 exercises 4 7 permission 47 , 28 0 process 4 7

plot rati o 314 , 328 , 33 5 pneumatic conveyanc e 12 9 pollutants 172 , 28 9 pollution 19 , 22 , 50 , 191 , 269, 274 , 279 ,

287, 290 , 291 , 29 2 control 29 3 Control Ordinanc e 2 2

population 63 , 18 7 Practice Note for Authorized Person s an d

Registered Structura l Engineers 326 , 327, 328 , 32 9

Preliminary Environmen t Revie w 8 7 preservation 52 , 53 , 27 3 projected window s 34 8 property 45 , 49 , 59 , 27 3 public space s 2 4 pulverized fue l as h 12 8

quality 180 , 31 2 quality o f lif e 17 , 21 , 273, 319 , 34 8 quick-return policie s 17 9

radon 17 9 railway 7 3 rain 21 0 Real Estat e Developer s Associatio n 15 3

Index 135 9

receiving point 192 , 19 4 reclamation 25 , 29 , 40 , 61 , 63, 67 , 68 ,

73, 74 , 76 recyclable 9 5 recycling 8 , 11 , 12, 22, 24, 85, 106 , 178 redevelopment 29 9 reflective glas s 219 , 251 refurbishment 17 6 refuse

chute 129 , 290 collection 128 , 129 disposal syste m 32 9 transport 12 9

regulations 19 8 renewability 1 1 renewable 114 , 116 renewable energ y 9 9 research 112 , 113 resource 17 , 18 , 85, 178 resource managemen t 6 responsiveness 11 2 restoration 10 8 return ai r 17 2 reuse 10 6 review 11 2 rezoning 28 3 road surfac e 20 3

safety 159 , 312 safety contro l 32 1 safety managemen t 17 2 saleable 32 6 saleable floo r are a 332 , 333 , 335 , 337,

339, 340 , 344, 346, 347 screen 200 , 206 screening 194 , 19 7 seal-off 14 1 segregation 54 , 56 selective permeable 14 1 self-awareness 29 3 self-protecting 19 7 semi-precast slab s 13 1

service 17 6 service core 19 5 service lanes 32 8 sewage 261 , 298 sewage treatment 23 , 50 sewerage 125 , 289 shades 17 0 shading 10 , 88, 145 , 223, 224, 291 shading coefficien t 216,21 8 shading multiplie r 21 6 shadow 22 5 Shalotung 28 6 Shalotung Valley 28 5 Sheung Shu i Slaughter House 30 5 sick buildin g syndrom e 151 , 154 , 155 ,

157, 15 8 skyline 25 , 328, 349 smoke 17 4 soil fitments 32 4 solar

collection 11 4 energy 99 , 100 , 113 , 114 gain 14 5 heat 138 , 223 path 11 4 radiation 10 , 89 shading 11 7

sound 16 1 source 192 , 197 , 19 8 spontaneous plannin g 18 5 St. Thomas The Apostle Churc h 23 8 stack effect 1 1 staircases 32 8 standards 31 1 sterilization 10 4 storey 31 7 street vibrancy 2 4 structure-borne nois e 19 7 sun-scoops 2 8 sunpath 22 4 sunshades 25 2 sunshading 142 , 251, 314, 319, 330, 343

360 I Inde x

supply ai r 171 , 17 2 sustainable 12 , 18 , 19 , 23 , 28 , 29 , 30 ,

32, 58 , 109 , 112 , 133 , 273 , 34 9 Development fo r the 21 st Century 1 8 urban desig n 19 , 3 5

sustainability 17 , 18 , 19 , 25, 58, 121 , 346, 350

swimming-pool 10 3 synergy 5 6

table-forms 13 1 tall buildin g 19 , 25 , 2 6 Technical Memorandum s 267 , 269 , 277 ,

287, 297 , 299 , 301 , 30 8 technology 17 7 temperature 171 , 17 2 Territorial Developmen t Strateg y 27 8 Territorial Developmen t Strateg y Revie w

262 testing 17 4 Theory o f Evolutio n 1 thermal

comfort 158' , 161 , 171 , 17 4 conductivity 128 , 21 6 control 11 7 efficiency 12 6 gain 20 7 mass 16 8 performance 218 , 21 9 transmittance 21 6

three-dimensional 32 4 three-dimensional desig n 6 2 tinted glas s 219 , 221 , 237, 246 , 25 1 Titus Squar e 22 9 tolerance 334 , 340 , 344 , 345 , 34 8 total qualit y 15 8 town plannin g 44 , 45 , 4 6 Town Plannin g Appea l Broa d 280 , 28 2 Town Planning Boar d 70 , 74, 75, 76, 78,

280, 281 , 28 3 Town Plannin g Ordinanc e 70 , 27 9 town plan s 5 3

toxic ga s 17 4 traffic 199 , 206 , 280 , 307 , 32 0 traffic nois e 190 , 193 , 19 9 transfer 5 3 transport 179 , 187 , 19 9 transport nois e 21 1 Tsing Y i Statio n 204 , 20 5

U-value 16 8 UPVC 12 8 urban

communities 6 9 context 31 2 design 22 , 27, 29, 33, 66, 71, 74, 75, 77, 7 9 ecology 8 , 19 , 2 3 environment 2 , 28 , 30 , 33 , 62 , 76 , 202 fabric 20 , 32 4 form 8 , 30 , 33 , 63 , 6 9 heat islan d 138 , 139 , 14 0 planning 2 3 redevelopment 2 0 renewal 20 , 24 , 33 , 6 5 Renewal Authorit y 70 , 27 8 revitalization 2 0 sprawl 2 3

usable floor are a 330 , 332, 337, 338, 343, 344

vehicles 21 0 ventilating 32 0 ventilation 174 , 316 , 318 , 32 3 Verbena Height s 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 ,

116, 118 , 120 , 121 , 197 , 206 , 20 7 visual impac t 52 , 93 , 306 , 30 7 visual intrusio n 5 0

wallforms 13 1 waste 11 , 12 , 85 , 95, 113 , 128 , 130 , 131 ,

132, 160 , 176 , 179 , 186 , 261 , 289 , 290, 298 , 34 6

water 114 , 153, 159, 176 , 186 , 298, 306, 308, 32 1 pollution 30 8 seepage 32 7

waterfront 68 , 72, 76 weather modifie r 15 1 wetlands 23 , 42 wildlife 28 0 wind 11 , 28, 118 , 120 , 138 , 139 , 140 ,

143, 210

Index 136 1

wind tunnel 118,119,12 0 window 161 , 169 , 185 , 198 , 277 , 287 ,

314, 318, 322, 324, 327, 343 grilles 31 8 -to-wall rati o 16 8

zoned citie s 19 9 zones 28 0 zoning 175 , 279, 281