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ACG 7th Annual Conference on
Total Building Commissioning St. Louis, Missouri
Presented by
Fiona Aldous
Building Enclosure - commissioning with a twist
April 14, 2011
1.00-2.30
Copyright Materials
This presentation is protected by US and
International Copyright laws. Reproduction,
distribution, display and use of the presentation
without written permission of the speaker is
prohibited.
© Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. 2011
Distinctive
“Architecture should speak of its time and place, but
yearn for timelessness”
Frank Gehry
Current Building Code Requirements
106.1.3: Exterior Wall Envelope:
“Construction Documents for all buildings shall describe the
exterior wall envelope in sufficient detail to determine
compliance with this code. The construction documents shall
provide details of the exterior wall envelope as required,
including flashing, intersections with dissimilar materials,
corners, end details, control joints, intersections at roof, eaves,
or parapets, means of drainage, water-resistive membrane,
and details around openings.”
Building Enclosure Commissioning (BECx)
“The Commissioning Process is a quality-oriented process for achieving, verifying, and documenting that the performance of facilities, systems, and assemblies meets defined objectives and criteria.”
The Guideline 3-2006 Exterior Enclosure Technical Requirements for the Commissioning Process (available at: http://www.wbdg.org/ccb/NIBS/nibs_gl3.pdf)
Building Enclosure Performance
The Building Enclosure defines the layer which protects the controlled interior space, from the extremes of the environment.
The interior and the building
enclosure are interdependent.
Owner’s
Project
Requirements
(OPR)
Figure GL3-B1: Key Envelope Commissioning Milestones by Phase (Overview)
Pre-Design
Design
Schematic Design
Design Development
Construction Documents
Construction
Occupancy and Operations
KEY
Define Expectations
Assess Results
Document
Owners Project Requirements
Basis of Design
Test
Update
Milestones
e
BECx Plan Milestones
Who • Technical qualifications in
education • Associated & BECx experience
– Knowledge – Expertise – Objective – Sufficient experienced staffing – Tools to communicate – Independent
• Written Report at various stages of project, outlining findings and recommendations
Refer to User’s Guide for the 2006 ICC Performance Code for Buildings and Facilities, General Administrative Provisions, 103.3 Performance requirements
TEAM
… focus is on quality assurance…
BECx Pre- Design Phase Services
Owner Project Requirements (OPR) document
BECx Plan
BECx Design Phase Services
Document Review and Report
Project Team Meetings
BECx Specification
BECx Pre-Construction Phase Services
Mock-Up Submittal Review
Mock -Up Observation & Testing
Project Submittal Reviews
Pre-Con BECx Meeting
BE Trade Coordination/Pre-Con Meetings
On-Site QC Seminar
… focus switch to quality control & validation…
BECx Construction Phase Services On-Site Periodic Observation
Performance Testing
BECx Construction Meetings
Building Enclosure Commissioning Report
BECx Post Construction / Occupancy Phase Services
Building Enclosure Owner Occupancy
Training
Warranty Review and Report
Pre-Design Phase
• Owner’s project requirements (OPR) –Site, air and groundwater analysis – Interior Environment Tolerances –Corporate, institutional, social or
environmental statement.
• Total project commissioning plan • Budget • Documentation
Design Phase
BECx becomes integrated into the design development process The peer review:
“Peer Review has the potential to enhance the quality and reliability of the design, review, and construction of buildings, structures and facilities. It provides additional assurance of the completed project’s performance by adding an independent and experienced voice to the process.”
General Administrative Provisions, 103.3.6.3 Contract and Peer Review, User’s Guide for the 2003 ICC
Performance Code for Buildings and Facilities.
• Perform peer review checking at SD, DD, 50% and coordination review at 90%
• Provide recommendations • Assist in development and
refinement of details for enclosure systems
• Review interactions between systems
• Review building enclosure specifications
• Identify and address problems before they occur
• Confirm constructability of details
Design Pressures (DP) / ASCE 7 ASCE 7-05 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures provides requirements for general structural design and the means for determining dead, live, soil, flood, wind, snow, rain, atmospheric ice, and earthquake loads, as well as their combinations, which are suitable for inclusion in building codes and other documents.
ASHRAE Climate Zones
The climate zones were developed based on analysis of the 4775 NOAA weather sites and statistical analysis of regional information. The new climate zones are set by county boundaries. The zones were first adopted by 2004 IECC Supplement model energy code.
• control the path of water or vapor, air, heat flow, light, and noise, and be and structurally sound.
• The enclosure assembly must consider the building’s structure, applied loads, resistance to fire and pests
• control of interior conditioned environment
• secure • constructible and
economical • durable, maintainable and
responsible
Performance
PENCIL TEST –
the continuity of barriers
Heat Transfer Simulation
Heat Transfer simulation Location: Birmingham, Alabama Ext Temperature: 24°F (from AHRAE 2009 - Birmingham Municipal Airport) Int Temperature: 72°F RH: 35% Dewpoint: 42 °F Insulation Height: 48” from top of concrete Insulation Thickness: 4”
44.3 °F
46.0 °F
Two-Dimensional Building Heat-Transfer Modeling THERM is a state-of-the-art, Microsoft Windows™-based computer program developed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) for those interested in heat transfer. Using THERM, you can model two-dimensional heat-transfer effects in building components such as windows, walls, foundations, roofs, and doors; where thermal bridges are of concern. THERM's heat-transfer analysis allows you to evaluate a product’s energy efficiency and local temperature patterns, which may relate directly to problems with condensation, moisture damage, and structural integrity. http://windows.lbl.gov/software/therm/therm.html
Transient Hygrothermal Analysis
WUFI Pro 5.0 8760 Hour Calculations
WUFI-ORNL/IBP is a menu-driven PC program which allows realistic calculation of the transient coupled one-dimensional heat and moisture transport in multi-layer building components exposed to natural weather. It is based on the newest findings regarding vapor diffusion and liquid transport in building materials and has been validated by detailed comparison with measurements obtained in the laboratory and on outdoor testing fields. http://www.ornl.gov/sci/btc/apps/moisture/
Project Team Meetings
• Charette style
• Detail development / refinement
• Owner / Design / construction team input
• Schedule
• Timing
Coordinate all BECx relationships and aspects of the project.
The BECx specification should clarify the field testing and shall be included in the Project Manual, Section 1, in coordination with specifications addressing:
Contractor Quality Assurance and Control
Moisture Prevention Procedures during Construction
Building Enclosure Performance Requirements (inclusive of the Air Barrier)
Testing and Inspection Services
Project specific Substitution Request Form for building enclosure components.
Building Enclosure Cx Specification
Pre-Construction Phase
Laboratory Performance Mock-Up Allows for evaluation of the design prior to wide spread construction
Mock-Up Process - Visits to Fabrication Plant
Complete laboratory testing in accordance with ASTM E2099. Susceptible details are reviewed and tested for structural, seismic, air leakage, water penetration and thermal resistance.
Tests for water, air and structure per ASTM E 2099-00(2007) Standard Practice for the Specification and Evaluation of Pre-Construction Laboratory Mockups of Exterior Wall Systems, performed by qualified independent test lab. Typical test sequence:
Static Air Infiltration Test (ASTM E283) Static Water Test (ASTM E331) Dynamic Water Test (AAMA 501.1-83) Uniform Load Test (ASTM E330) Static Water Test (ASTM E331) Interstory Drift / Lateral and Vertical Movement
(AAMA 501.4-200) Static Water Test (ASTM E331) Thermal Cycle (AAMA 501.5) Dynamic Water Test (AAMA 501.1-83) Structural Overload Test Thermal Resistance Test (AAMA 1503)
Mock-up Performance Testing
Mock-up Report / Action Items
The Process
Submittal Reviews
• Technically-focused review of the building enclosure submittals
• Meet performance objective?
• Interface with design and construction team – Performance and
constructability of details – Impacts to schedule and
cost – Durability – Compatibility / Adhesion – Coordination between
submittals
Construction Phase
• Development & Refinement of Installation Check Lists with assistance of trades
• Individual Trade Pre-con Meetings
• Collaborative contractor, subcontractor and BECxA quality oriented review of work
Jobsite BECx Activities
• On site Construction Observation,
• Verification of Checklist implementation
• Discussion of Issues with GC’s QC Coordinator on site
• Development of Field Sketches for unforeseen conditions / Design “Refinement” for A-o-R consideration
• Coordination of BECx meetings
• Observation of Field Testing & Documentation
• Safety Awareness
Periodic Construction Observation
Tracking of field deficiencies and “open/closed” action item logs
Documentation of tests
Action Item No. 38 System Reviewed: Waterproofing Date: 23 May 2008 Area Reviewed: NW Reentrant Corner (Column Line C: 1 to 3 and Column Line 3: A to C), Ground Floor Weather: 60 Deg F / Mostly Cloudy WJE Rep: MK Present: GC (DB & JM) Description: WJE observed unprotected waterproofing membrane that included the following deficiencies: 1) large pockets of water beneath the waterproofing membrane; 2) tears at slab edge transitions along the perimeter of the first floor slab; 3) exposure to excessive debris including welding rods, miscellaneous metals (some partially melted into the waterproofing membrane), and concrete debris. It is important to note that the large pockets of water observed beneath the waterproof membrane currently appear to be isolated to areas outboard of the precast concrete panels. WJE continues to recommend that all exposed waterproofing membrane is protected from on-going work in these and adjacent areas. GC to confirm that these deficiencies are repaired and that protection will be provided.
Documentation of Observations
The Process
• project specific & comprehensive
• demonstrate that each
Building Enclosure system, and system to system interfaces meet or exceed the performance requirements of the OPR, Contract Documents and the Building Enclosure Design Intent
• random selection • early in construction
Performance Tests
Validation of Construction
The Process
Field Air Tests – Glazed assemblies & Interfaces
ASTM E783 Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Air Leakage Through Installed Exterior Windows and Doors
The Process
Field Water Tests – Glazed assemblies & Interfaces
ASTM E-1105-00(2008) Standard Test Method for Field Determination of Water Penetration of Installed Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors by Uniform or Cyclic Static Air Pressure Differential.
The Process
Field Water Tests – Glazed assemblies & Interfaces
AAMA 501.02 Standard Test Method for Field Determination of Water Penetration of Installed Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors by Uniform or Cyclic Static Air Pressure Differential.
The Process
Field Water Tests – Glazed assemblies & Interfaces
AAMA 501.1-05 Standard Test Method for Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors for Water Penetration Using Dynamic Pressure – Modified for Field Use
The Process
Field Air Tests – Air Barrier
ASTM E1186 –03 (2009) Standard Practices for Air Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air Barrier Systems
The Process
Field Thermal Tests – Glazed Assemblies/Transition to Air barrier
AAMA 1503-09 Voluntary Test Method for Thermal Transmittance and Condensation Resistance of Windows, Doors and Glazed Wall Assemblies.
The Process
Field Air Tests – Roof
ASTM E1186 Standard Practices for Air Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air Barrier Systems
The Process
Field High Voltage Electronic Leak detection – Roofing and Planter waterproofing
The Process
Field Water Tests – Water proofing
ASTM D-5957-98(2005): Standard Guide for Flood Testing Horizontal Waterproofing Installations
Project Specific Tests
ASTM D4541 - 09 Standard Test Method for Pull-Off Strength of Coatings Using Portable Adhesion Testers ASTM C1521 - 09e1 Standard Practice for Evaluating Adhesion of Installed Weatherproofing Sealant Joints.
Poor Workmanship will be revealed by visual observation and tests
Test to overcome construction issues
Improper Installation of details
Over exposure of materials to weather & UV
Test to overcome construction issues
Test to overcome construction issues
Material substitutions
BECx Post Construction
During the Occupancy and Operations Phase, the on-going operation, maintenance, and modification of the facility systems and assemblies, and their associated documentation, are verified against the updated Owner’s Project Requirement
Post-Construction Building Enclosure – Air Tightness
ASTM E1827 Standard Test Methods for Determining Airtightness of Buildings Using an Orifice Blower Door
Result: (Enclosure, including basement) 0.12 cfm/ ft2 at a pressure differential of 0.3” w.g.(75 Pa) Result: (Enclosure, without basement) 0.2 cfm/ ft2 at a pressure differential of 0.3” w.g.(75 Pa)
Testing undertaken as part of ASHRAE 1478TRP “Measuring Air-Tightness of Mid and High Rise Non-Residential Buildings”. Results courtesy of Gary Nelson & Collin Olsen. Much thanks to entire WID team, Terry Brennan & Wagdy Anis.
Post Construction testing Although useful to
diagnose issues and perform qualitative reviews, testing after the building enclosure is complete is not useful in the overall schedule and mission to achieve the OPR.
Adapt tests to validate
performance and undertake early in the construction process.
Facility Engineer Training
BECxA performs the training of the facility maintenance personnel. Educate the Owner to properly maintain the building enclosure. Keep the Owner and occupants happy.
Questions, comments or follow-up information, please contact us at
[email protected] ph. 703 297 1909 or 972 550 7777 Thank-you …
www.wje.com
Achieve the OPR