ACECC TC21Transdisciplinary Approach (TDA) for Building Societal Resilience to Disaster

Davao City, The Philippines, 17- 18 November 2016

Building Disaster Resilience through Tsunami Evacuation Planning

Learning from Indonesia

Harkunti P. Rahayu, Ph.D.

Institute of Technology Bandung, IndonesiaChair of WG1 –ICG Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System

Vice Chair – Indonesian Disaster Expert Association Member of HAKI

The Landscape of 2004 …

Tsunami risk considered low Very limited seismic observations to detect No real‐time sea level observations to verify No tsunami warning system to forecast Community unaware and not prepared Extremely limited response planning for tsunami No intensive prevention and mitigation for tsunami in place

The Devastated Impact …

Banda Aceh, Indonesia

The worst tsunami in recorded history in Indonesia and Indian Ocean Mega DisasterMagnitude 9.1 Lasted 10 minutes (longest lasting earthquake)229,866 confirmed dead and 42,883 missing   170,000 from Indonesia More than $7 billion dollars damage on built environment Severe damage to ecosystem

Wake Up Call …

Development End to End Tsunami Early Warning System inIndonesia established by 2008 by 2011 mandatory toprovide tsunami warning service to Indian Ocean region

Promoting tsunami DRR countermeasures holistically at thenational up to local level to increase readiness andpreparedness of the city and the people at risk

Seismic Hazard Profile

Tsunami Disaster Hazard Profile

Approximately 89% (130 from 146) coastal cities/regencies are exposedto tsunami risk (from moderate to very high). Total Indonesiancities/regencies are 530 distributed in 33 provinces (Renas PB 2010‐2014)

Current State of Tsunami Early Warning System in Indonesia

Upstream Component Downstream Component Tsunami DRR Hard and Soft Measures: Tsunami inundation mapping Tsunami risk mapping EOC at local level Training for local government Community/school tsunami preparedness program Warning chains development Tsunami evacuation route, and sign Tsunami shelter (horizontal and vertical) Tsunami exercise/drill

Questions:  Are we safer now? Are the government and people ready for the real event?

Local Challenges

Ironic Panic shown by Banda Aceh people tried to go to safer place (kompas.com) very few going to vertical evacuation shelter

Reaction of communities varied:

• Banda Aceh City: communities fled in panic away from the sea

• Padang City - West Sumatra: without direct experience of tsunami a lot of communities refused to evacuate, though admitted to receiving warning messages via media, community radio network, and siren

This event vividly demonstrated: how communities and local government can make different and unpredictable choices in responding to real events as to compare to drills/exercises.

Taking account of engineering judgment and social behaviourfacts in evacuation planning is very important

Local Situation …

Document of Banda Aceh Government (2013)

Holistic Scientific Judgment Needed

Primary Evacuation Route

Secondary Evacuation Route

Document of Banda Aceh Government (2013)

Bottle Neck Issues !!!!

Expected vs. Unexpected

The expected: Tsunami warning was issued in 5 min complied to SOP Tsunami siren was activated within lead time by LDMO

The unexpected: Informal tsunami warning was dominating Downstream warning chain:

Siren could not reach all the last mile Some sirens were not functioning

Evacuation : Behavior of evacuee – as if no exercise / DRR interventionhave been in place

Evacuation route: Lack of formal socialization Lack of tsunami signage Vertical Evacuation Shelter: Trust to the existence ofevacuation shelter

From Local Challenges to National DRR Master Plan for Tsunami

Preparedness Assessment:

• early warning• Emergency 

response during and after event

• Risk transfer

Identification & Gap Analysis : • Deficiencies• Redundancy in DRR effort

Improve Preparedness

Disaster Risk Reduction National 

Master Plan (DRRMP)

Implemented 

Tested

Aim: to have integrated national action among national stakeholder to reduce tsunami disaster risk

Focus:TEWS – improve continuouslyStructural mitigation and preventionNon‐structural mitigation and prevention

Stakeholders involved: NDMA, PW Ministry, National Planning Agency, Higher Education‐RistekMinistry, BOMGC, Universities, others

Improvement of Evacuation Capacity

1. Revitalize road function: remove obstacle  law enforcement on road parking, street parking

2. Fly over 3. Vertical Evacuation Shelter (Building 

or Artificial Hill) in the area  need assessment analysis: capacity of shelter and location

4. Tsunami signage: need assessment for number, type and location

5. Improve traffic management in chaotic situation

6. … any other?

New Vertical Evacuation Shelter (2015) for Tsunami in Padang City

200 m300 m500 m

Closing Remark

Impact of DRR on Trust, Land Use and Land Price

Before 2015 After 2015

Beyond Scientific and Engineering Judgment

Multi level and multi stakeholder participatory planning and implementation

Need assessment analysis to obtain the realistic capacity, number and location of vertical shelter

Building Trust of community to building as well as government

Institutionalize tsunami exercise into local policy and regulation Conduct tsunami public education and tsunami exercise in regular bases to anticipate high mobility people

Public engagement in maintaining and optimizing the use of vertical 

Mainstream DRR, including for tsunami risk, into socio‐economic development planning strategies

Identify DRR focal points across government agencies and strengthen intra and cross‐sectoral coordination mechanisms.

ACECC TC21Transdisciplinary Approach (TDA) for Building Societal Resilience to Disaster

Davao City, The Philippines, 17- 18 November 2016

Terimakasih …