BUILDING DESIGN

PROCESSGROUP 04

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CONTENTS1. Overview2. Stages of building design process3. Site selection4. Site analysis5. Building regulations6. Bubble diagrams7. Needs analysis8. Building plans9. Structural designs10. A sample case study11. Case study analysis12. Building design : past , present and future13.Summary

OVER VIEW

Over viewBuilding design is not a simple plan or a drawingIt consists of broadly based

ArchitecturalEngineeringTechnical applications

All building projects require the service of a building designer

The importance of building designAny project or product should have proper design• Budget is a very important factor for a

construction. To complete the construction with in the budget proper design is very important

• Inferior design can waste time, resources and energy as well

• Building design influence how efficiently organization of people work

• The durability of the construction is also depends of the design process

Well designed constructions

These pictures can give a brief idea why designing is so important

Simple flow chart of a design process

Who are involved in building design process

ClientArchitectsBuilding engineersDraftspersonBuilding surveyor

Client gives the brief idea of the building and his satisfactions for the budgetArchitect is a person trained in planning designing and supervising of the construction of a buildingBuilding engineers typically include electrical mechanical and structural engineersA drafts person or documenter is one who has attained a certificate or diploma in draftingBuilding surveyor trained much like architectural technologies

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STAGES OF BUILDING DESIGN PROCESS

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Stages of Building Design Process

Stage 1: Programming/Deciding What to Build

Stage 2: Schematic Design/Rough Sketches Stage 3: Design Development/Refining the

Design Stage 4: Preparation of Construction

Documents Stage 5: Hiring the Contractor Stage 6: Construction Administration Stage 7: Project Close Out

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Stage 1: Programming/Deciding What to Build

The owner and architect should discuss the requirements for the project (eg: how many rooms, the function of the spaces)

Testing the fit between the owner's needs, wants and budget.

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Stage 2: Schematic Design/Rough Sketches

The architect prepares a series of rough sketches, known as schematic design, which show the general arrangement of rooms and of the site. Some architects also prepare models to help visualize the project. The owner approves these sketches before proceeding to the next phase.

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Stage 3: Design Development/Refining the Design

The architect prepares more detailed drawings to illustrate other aspects of the proposed design. Floor plans show all the rooms in correct size and shape. Outline specifications are prepared listing the major materials and room finishes.

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Stage 4: Preparation of Construction Documents

Once the owner has approved the design, the architect prepares detailed drawings and specifications, which the contractor will use to establish actual construction cost and build the project.

The drawings and specifications become part of the building contract.

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Stage 5: Hiring the Contractor

The owner selects and hires the contractor. The architect may be willing to make some recommendations. In many cases, owners choose from among several contractors they've asked to submit bids on the job. The architect can help you prepare bidding documents as well as invitations to bid and instructions to bidders.

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Stage 6: Construction Administration While the contractor will physically build the home or

the addition, the architect can assist the owner in making sure that the project is built according to the plans and specifications. The architect can make site visits to observe construction, review and approve the contractor's application for payment, and generally keep the owner informed of the project's progress. The contractor is solely responsible for construction methods, techniques, schedules and procedures.

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Stage 7: Project Close Out

The architect can help bring your project to a close by ensuring that it is complete and ready for use, and that the contractor is entitled to final payment. You now have a working relationship with your architect, and no one knows your building better. You may wish to retain the same firm to assist with start-up, to review operations at a later date, for tenant related services, or for later alterations and modifications.

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SITE SELECTION

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Site selection process

1) determining that a potential action requires a site selection

2) appointing a selecting official (or site board)3) chartering a team (staff) to support the

selecting official4) identifying site requirements5) developing recommendations for the

selecting official6) selecting the site

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Factors to be considered in site selection

• Ecological factors• Biological and operational factors• Economic and social factors

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Ecological factors

water supply water quality climate hydrological characteristics soil characteristics land

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Biological and operational factors

species to be culturedresources and availability of stocking materialstype of project

(i) small-scale rural project (ii) large-scale rural project

 system of culture adopted (i) extensive (ii) semi-intensive (iii) intensive

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operational method (i) monoculture (ii) polyculture (iii) integrated  production target estimated size of area required

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Economic and social factors

development plans for the project area  ownership, availability of land and land

values, land regulations and rights, as well as any legal restrictions relating to land

availability of electricity, telephone or radio connections, as well as unit power cost

availability of construction materials availability of supplementary feeds  availability of suitable transport

facilities political realities

SITE ANALYSIS

What is a site analysis? Evaluation of an existing or potential site

in relation to › the development program› environmental impact,› impacts on the community and adjacent

properties› project budget, and schedule. A well-executed site analysis forms the

essential foundation for a cost-effective, environmentally sensitive, and rational approach to project development.

What should you consider when doing a site analysis?

NATURAL PHYSICAL FEATURES› Soil type, Bearing capacity, trees, rocks, valleys› Drainage pattern, ponds and pools, and possibility of floods› Location of any watercourses, creek, wetlands, stream etc.,

on the site or any within 40 meters from the site.› Any areas of land degradation.

MANMADE FEATURES› Buildings, walls , curb cuts, paving patterns ,power poles

UTILITIES› Type, capacity and location of utilities

Ex: Gas, sewer, electricity, water, telephone

LOCATION› State maps and city maps showing the location

of the site including travel times

NEIGHBOURHOOD CONTEXT› Presents immediate surroundings for 3-4 blocks

beyond the site boundary› Existing projected uses, buildings , any zoning

etc. that have an impact on the project

Covenants and restrictions, legal description of the property , present owner and present government jurisdiction also have to taken in to account

Report development

Site analysis Report contains› Property maps› Geotechnical maps and findings› Site analysis recommendations› Clear statement of the impact of the findings› Recommendations on the proposed building

programPhotographs of surrounding areas and any

significant features of the site are included in the statements

BUILDING REGULATIONS

Introduction Regulations are embodied within the laws

of a country. These are imposed to ensure safety of the

public and the users. But buildings can be designed under a

person’s own requirements Because regulations are not about the

restrictions, but about the limitations.

Importance of building regulations

Structurally stable Safe in the event of a fire Weather resistant Constructed with adequate sound insulation    Provided with healthy ventilation   Constructed with safe stairways, ramps and

guarding Provided with safety glass where appropriate  Safe from dangerous electrical wiring  Energy efficient

Situations needed Building a new home Erection, extension or alteration of a building Change of buildings use Internal structural alterations Loft & garage conversions Forming a structural opening IE - New window or

through room Installing cavity wall insulation Underpinning a house Installing a WC

Building Regulations can be categorized into two as follows :

Planning regulations Building regulations.

These regulations change from area to area.

That means regulations in Colombo are not same as those in another area.

Regulations related to Colombo

Planning regulations

Activity should with in the UDA declared areas. Streets should be in accordance with the regulations.

Minimum Maximum length Maximum No: Max Dwellingwidth (m) (m) of lots units per lot3.0 50.0 4 24.5 100.0 8 26.0 ----- 20 49.0 ----- ---- ----- sizes of streets to residentials

Shape of the edges of the building should be taken in to consideration

Building regulations

Yard or space in and around the building accordance with the approved way.

Sizes of areas inside the building should comply with regulations.› Kitchen

area - 5m^2 min width - 2m area of a habitable room – 8 square meters

Light and ventilation.

For further details refer “The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic Of Sri Lanka”

40BUBBLE DIAGRAMS

What is a ‘Bubble Diagram’ ? This is a planning tool that

allows groups or particularly important items to be represented simply and quickly when starting basic space planning.

KITCHEN

LIVING ROOM

DINING ROOM

BATHROOM

BED ROOM

BED ROOM

Bubble diagrams are important in the design stage of a building.It is drawn to separate the space into our decided categories.

(Eg : Living room , bed rooms , bathrooms etc )

Bubble diagrams show the relationship between the spaces.Bubble diagrams can be drawn to allocate both ‘indoor’ and ‘outdoor’ spaces.

Bubbles indicate the spaces.Heavier lines indicate strong relationships.It doesn’t necessarily translate directly to a floor plan, but it helps clarify which rooms need to be next to which other rooms

Drawing bubble diagrams for outdoor space

Mark with bubbles the spaces required.

(Eg : play area , ponds etc) Indicate all entrances

with bubbles. Connect the bubbles

showing the relationship. Size of the bubbles must

be roughly in a proportionate scale to the actual space

House Placement It is done based on some factors

› Size of the land› How close to be to the street› Size of the front yard

Manage the space of the front yard and back yard accordingly.

place the house with a bubble in the plan

Drawing Bubble Diagrams for Indoor space Mark the main

entrance with a bubble.

Mark other entrances with smaller bubbles.

Draw bubbles for living room , bed rooms , kitchen etc.

Join them with the arrows if needed.

Bubble diagrams can be drawn for two storied houses also.

50NEED ANALYSIS

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Every design of the building will vary with the people who ultimately occupies and according to their needs and the function of the building

The important thing is to get to know the needs and understand the people who are going to use it and design the building according to their requirements and wishes .

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For whom this house is designed for,

Family membersFriendsFrequent visitors

What do the need,A quiet reading areaA bedroom facing morning sunA play room near kitchenA bedroom with an easy accessible washroom Sleeping room on main floorWashroom with grab bar in bath

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Functional spaces / Designing house areasFactors which should be considered:

Use (For what)

Who (People who will use it)

Approximate space (Rough Dimension)

Light (amount of light required)

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Functional spaces / Designing house areas (cont.) Sound ( For TV lobby , bedroom )

Proximity ( which other spaces should be nearby , family washroom to be near the bedrooms etc.)

Features (Special arrangements , open area , high or low ceilinged areas )

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Functional spaces / Designing house areas (cont.)

Fire simulation

Security

Watersupply

56BUILDING PLANS

Approval For The Plan

First of all we have to get the approval for the plan from the municipal council.

When we design the plan , it is important to consider client’s ideas , needs and also the natural location of the land.

After draw a rough plan, considering above facts , we can get the plan drawn by a qualified architect.

Also there should be a cost estimation report.

If the client is satisfied , the form given by the municipal council should be filled and the plan can be drawn.

Thereafter some related documents are required to be presented to the municipal council.( A copy of the above form , plan of the house , etc ).

The technical officer at the municipal council inspects the house plan and he/she will give the approval if it is suitable.

Designing Floor Plans

We can use the buble diagrams for the next designing steps.(Eg : how to firming up the walls of the house).

Using indoor bubble diagrams, site map and needs analysis, we can develop house exteriors and designs.

For a bubble diagram, you may have different plan sketches. So you can choose a better plan for your house as you wish.

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It is very important in a building .Mainly deals with loads on the structure.Structural design is to support these loads.We have to consider the aesthetic view also not only for the support.

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Requirements of structure designBasic requirements

StrengthLoad and resistanceAllowable strengthEmpirical design

Other requirements

Load effectsEquilibriumStabilityAesthetic view

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Load transferTwo types of loads

•Dead load•Live load•Seismic load

Dead loadDead loads are forces which are not moving.

RoofFloorsBuilt in furniture

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Live loads

live loads are loads which can move PeopleFurniture – eg: Chairs

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In designing structural design we have to design

Number of columnsDistance between two columnsLength and width (strength) of columnLengths of the beamsStrength of the beams

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Beams design

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Column design

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Stages in structural designStructural planning

Analysis of forces and loadsMethods of analysisMember designDrawing, detailing and preparation of schedule.

SAMPLE CASE STUDY

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House plan Net dimension of the site: 10 perch Net dimensions of the house: 1500 square

feet Net estimated cost: Rs.7,000,000.00

Requirements:› The client requested a house plan for a family of

3 people. So there has to be 3 bed rooms, a kitchen, two toilets (with a guest toilet included), a veranda, a pantry and a dining room.

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Proposed land

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Land propertiesLand location – Mt. Calvary Road, Waligampitiya, Ja Ela

Based on the soil analysis of the land, it was determined that the soil type was hard laterite.

Thus a rubble foundation with a plinth beam is recommended for the single storied house.

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Survey plan

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Bubble Diagram

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3D view

77 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS

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5 storied commercial buildingsin Moratuwa

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About the project

This is a commercial building› Located in Galle

Road,Rawathawatte,Moratuwa It is a 5 storied buildings and each floor

has above 5units Area of land is 91.59 perches and total

floor area is 53582 sq Ft Distances to nearest train station and

bus stop are 1km and 25m respectively

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Recommended type of use

Private hospital Channeling centre Educational buildings Private school/Technical colleges Place for private tuition class IT school Super market in part of ground or first

floor and balance for shopping and roof terrace for a restaurant cultural centre

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Site conditions Original site conditions Surrounding Climate Soil type Wind Availability of water

82ANALYSIS OF HOUSES OF THE PROJECT

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Route map

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When the design goes wrong….

87BUILDING DESIGNPAST,PRESENT & FUTURE

Past of building design

BasicsInfluenced on geographical features and weatherMaterials are mainly chosen on ease of access

Ancient middle-east buildings • Basic in shape

• Huge spaces and ventilation systems to tackle heat

• Clay and rubble were main materials

Angkor Wat, Cambodia

Design is based on geography

Symmetry and elevation have often been utilized in the architectural expression of religious devotion or political power.

Royal Palace in Polonnaruwa

Protection was one of the main aspect of designing of such places

Protective barriers and broad palace walls are intentionally kept there for extra protection

PRESENT OFBUILDING DESIGN

Concept Whilst historically, buildings tended to follow set patterns that

could be repeated without a great deal of consideration or instruction, as buildings became more complex, so specialist designers emerged, and increasingly, building design has proved too complex for any one individual to undertake alone, other than on very straight-forward projects.

The design will tend to be led by the architect, although there are occasionally specialist projects where it may be more appropriate for the design team to be led by another consultant, for example the services engineer on a highly-serviced building.

BURJ KHALIFA TOWERThe tallest building in theworld.

Height in comparison to other sky scrapers

The design of Burj Khalifa is derived from patterning systems embodied in Islamic architecture

The spiral minaret at the Great Mosque of Samarra,Iraq

Designers take all possible measurements to make least impact on nature

A self sustaining house

FUTURE OFBUILDING DESIGN

Tour Triangle,ParisThis is a tall glass pyramid 180 metres tall. It will use natural lighting and aims to generate four times less carbon dioxide usage that that of buildings with an equivalent size

Every possible action will be taken to reduce the negative effects on nature

Solar power would be the main energy source

Waste would be re-cycled as possible

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SUMMARY

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Summary... Building design process is a combination

of architectural, engineering and technical applications to achieve a targeted goal of a constructional process.

A building’s design is the primary factor that determines its ongoing resource use.

All the main stages of building design process should be completed properly for a successful constructional project.

Deciding what to build, preparing rough sketches, design development, preparing costruction documents, hiring contractors, contruction administration are very importatnt stages of completing a building design process.

Ecological, biological, echonomic and social factors should be considered when selecting a land for the construction.

Site analysis grasp the features of the site such as location, temprature, sun path and soil type which will be very important during the design process.

Building regulations should be followed to make sure the safety of people. It influence how efficiently organizations of people work.

Building plan and the structural design are important because buildings tie up a lot of resource mass for several decades.

Buildings must last longer than most products.

The Crooked House (Sopot, Poland)

Olympic Stadium (Montreal, Canada)

• There was great history of building design in the world. Pyramids in Egypt, Edinburgh Castle in Scotland, Colosseum in ancient Rome are examples for them.

• There are amazing costructions in the modern world.

Lotus Temple (Delhi, India)

National Theatre (Beijing, China)

MAXWAN, LOVE COVE: The architects' proposal for a structure that should function as a visual display of the actual workings and events of pop and maritime culture in Taiwan

Future building designs may consist of new concepts, modern technologies and new building materials.

ARISTIDE ANTONAS, KATERINA KOUTSOGIANNI, CRANE ROOMS: Rooms moving up and down provide summer shelters with changing views in non-hospitable beaches or hills nearby the sea.

ANNA MARIA SIMATOU AND MARIANTHE DENDROU, LIVING MOUNTAIN: This 2011 eVolo Skyscraper Competition entry is an attempt at solving overpopulation by creating a nature-mimicking habitat in the desert.

ZAHA HADID ARCHITECTS, ABU DABI PERFORMING ARTS CENTRE: The Abu Dhabi Performing Arts Centre’s distinct formal language is derived from a set of typologies evident in organizational systems and growth in the natural world.

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THANK YOU…

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GROUP MEMBERS.

1. GOMES P.A.M.2. GUNATHILAKA P.G.A.D.3. HASALANKA H.H.H.4. HENDAWITHARANA S.U.5. HERATH H.M.I.6. HEWAWASAM K.S.7. HIRISHANTH N.8. INDRACHAPA K.G.L.9. IRAJ E.A.J.10.ISURU T.V.A.11.JANURSH Y.12.JARATHNE D.N.D.S.13.JAYANTH W.A.P