Building Design Management

Colin Gray and Will Hughes Department of Construction Management & Engineering,

The University of Reading. UK

UTTERWORTH EIN EMA NN

LLRC

OXFORD AMSTERDAM BOSTON LONDON NEW YORK PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO

Contents

Preface

Introduction

Part One: Design Management Theory

Chapter 1 - Management and organization in design and construction

1.1 Organizational issues

1.2 Environment

1.3 Complexity

1.4 Approaches 10 collaboration

1.5 Conclusions

Chapter 2 - The process of building design

2.1 The characteristics of design

2.2 The nature of the bui lding design problem

2.3 Strategies for solving problems in des ign

2.4 Constraints on the design process

2.5 The drawing process is an essential part of designing

2.6 Summary

Chapler 3 - The process of engineering design

3.1 The scale of the task

3.2 Design practice

3.3 Technology. quality standards and infomlation

3.4 Summary

7

8

9

11

20 23

24

24 27

28 30

3 1

31

33

33

33

35

41

vi Contents

Chapter 4 - Stages, roles and responsibilities

4.1 Streams of activity

4.2 Project and decision stages

4.3 The 'wheel of dominance'

4.4 The network of management

4.5 The effect of procurement options

4.6 Liability

4.7 Summary

Chapter 5 - People and organizations

5.1 Selection processes

5.2 Management of the multi -organizational project

5.3 Compatibility in the multi-organization

5.4 Agreements

5.5 Summary

Part 1\vo: Design Management Practice

Chapter 6 - Tactics for developing a project culture

6.1 Effective communication

6.2 Collaboration

6.3 Technology clusters

6.4 Developing a unified team

6.5 Stan-up meetings

C hapter 7 - Defining the tasks

7.1 Gelling ll taned

7.2 Statement of need

7.3 Business case

7.4 Functional brief

7.5 Concept and scheme design

7.6 Engineering design

7.7 Control of interfaces

7.8 Complete infonmuion fit for purpose

Chapler 8 - Managing information production

8.1 Co-ordination of infonnation and approval of inputs

8.2 Review of design input

43

45

45

49

50

53

55

56

57

57 60

66

68 70

73

73

74 75 79

80

89

90

91

95

96

106

106

109

116

118

119

120

8.3 Computer-aided design

8.4 Issuing infonnalion

8.5 Drawing control

Chapter 9 - Evaluation of information

9.1 Design reviews

9.2 Value engineering

9.1 Buildability

9.4 Hazardous operations

9.5 Life cycle cost

9.6 Maintenance

9.7 External maintenance

9.8 Services maintenance

Chapter 10 - Planning, monitoring and control

10.1 Methods of programming

10.2 The development of an ana lyt ical design planning tool (ADePT)

10.3 Work package design and procurement control

lOA Cost planning and comrol

10.5 Control of change

10.6 Meetings and decision control

Chapter 11 - Design management in action

11.1 The business case

11.2 Outline design

11.3 Scheme design

11.4 Consultant's detailed de!>ign

11.5 Procurement

11.6 Speciali st's detailed design

11.7 Construction

11.8 Final comments

Glossary

References

Index

Contents vii

12 1

122

121

126

126

127 128

129

129

112

III 131

135

135

140

141

144

146

149

152

154

155

157

159

160

16 1

161

164

165

168

173

Index

Activity. streams of, 45 Agreements, see Contracts Analytical design planning tool. 140- 1 Approval. see Design, inputs. approval of Architect. role of, 1-2 Architectural practice. organization of,

62-3 Assembling the team, 58-70 Assembly, 65

Bar charts, 136 Bauhaus. 40 Boundaries, inter-organizational. 66 Brief:

briefing, 65,82,90 dcvelopmcnI of, 45 functionaL 96-8 standard documents. 104-6

Buildabilily, 128-9 Business case, 95-6 Business cycles, 90

Change control , see Control. change Checklists:

1 Action by project initiator. 81 2 Briefing stage start-up meet ing. 83

3 Engineering stage start-up meeting. 85

4 Working party's fi rst meet ing. 91 5 Initial review meeting, 92 6 Infomlation for the statement of

need. 93-4 7 Options stage. 95 8 Functional brief. 97 9 Typical standard brief provision.

105 10 Scheme design. 107-8 II Engineering design, 110-6 12 BuildabililY. 130 13 Hazardous operations. 131 14 Life cycle cost analysis. 132

Client. 1-3, 13-20. et IXlssim.

Clusters. :>'ee Technology clusters Collaboration, 20-23. 58, 74-5 Co-location. 79-80 Commitment. 79 Communication, 15- 16,60,63-4,73-4 Compatibility, organizational. 66 Competence, 34 Complexity. 1, 11-20, 35. 39, 74, Component. 35. 38 Conflict management. 19-20 Confrontation , 19

174 Indell

Construction (Design and Management) Regulations. 119

Constructivism. 40 Consultanls:

roles of. see Roles selection of. 58-9

Contmct: general. 52 designer. 68-70 main contractor. 52 specialist. 60

Control: general. 19-20. 135-51 change. 146-9 cost. 144-6 decision. 149-51 procurement, 141-4

Construction. see Stages. construction Controversy, 19-20 Convention, 34 Co-operative design. 3 Co-ordinating Commillee for Project

Information. 118-9 Co-ordination, 16-18

see Information. co-ordination of Cost effectiveness, 38 Cost planning. see Control, cost Craft. 34

Decisions. 45 Delegated direct output. 62 Design:

art. as. 25-26 characteristics of, 24-7 computer-aided. 121-2 concept. 106 constrainls, 30- I creativity. 24. 26-7 detai ls, 33-4, 37. 65 development. 147 drawing. role of. 31 engineering. 33-42, 65. 106-9 industrialization of. 2 inputs. approval of. 119-20 inputs, review of. 120-1

nalUre of. 27-8 philosophy. 20 process. 140 relationship with management, 3 reviews, 126-7 scheme, 106 techniques. 30

Design management: function of. 2 in action. 152-64 need for, 43 practice. 73-164 process map, 153 theory. 7 - 70

Design manager. see Roles. design manager

Design team: involvement of. 49 selection. 65

Design-construction interface. 49. 68 Designer:

motivation of, 25 liabili ryof. 119 selection of, 58

Detail, level of. 42 Differentiation, 14-16,20 Drawing:

generally, 31 control, 123-5 co-ordination, 120 demand for. 2 number of. 39

Engineering. see Design. engineering Environment:

control of. 17-18 see also Organization. environment of

Fitness for purpose. 55 Fragmentation. 12-14 Functional brief. see Brief, functional Functional depallmenls. 65

c

Globalization, 34 Group size. 66

Hazardous operations, 129 Health and safety law, 67 Hierarchy, 17

Industrialization. 39 1nfonnation:

generally. 35-42 accuracy, 3 completeness of, 116-7 co-ordination of, 3. 119-20 evaluation of. 126-34 issuing. 122-3 managing production of, 11 8-25 processing. 18 requests from site. 147 ~chcdules, 137-8 systcms. 18

Integration, 15-16,64,77-9 Interfaces:

control of. 109-16 Inter-finn networks, 21-22

Japan, 37 Jargon, 64 Joint Contr.tcts Tribunal 98. 52

Languagc, 64 Lmeral relations. 18, 66 Leadership. changing pattem of. 47-8 Liability. 55-6 Life cycle cost, 129-32 Location, 77

Maintenance, 132-4 Management:

definition of, 8 design. influence on, 7 hierarch ies of. 61

levels of. 60 network. of. 51-2 organization, compared. 8 related to design. 3 separate task, as :to 7 structure of, 60

Manufacturing, 34 Materials science. 34 Meetings, 149-5 1 Metaphors, 64 Modemism. 39 Monitoring. 135-5 1 Multi-organization. 60

Neo-vemacular, 39 Network analysis, 136

Objectivity. 12 see also: Rationality

Organization: appropriateness of. 10 boundary. 9 contingency theories. 8-9 definition of. 8 environment of, 9-11 environmental fit, II environmental scanning. 10 management, compared. 8 structure. 58 temporary. 8-9

Out-soureing, 21

Partnering. 21 Planning. 17 Planning. 135-5 1 Post-modem ism, 39 Prefabrication . 1 Problem-solving:

group size. and. 66 strategies. 28-30

Procedures, 17

Index 175

Procurement control , see Control, procurement

•

176 Index

Procurement schedule, 136 Procurement system:

general, 46-7. 52-4 construction management. 53 design-and-build, 38 design-and-manage. 53 general contrJcting, 53 management contracting. 53

Product differentiation. 36 Professionalism. 12 Programming. methods of. 135-9 Project:

initiation of, 89-90 cuhure. 73-88 design office. 79-80

Project stages. see Stages

Quality: standards, 35-42

Quality function deployment. 101 - 4

Ralionality: generally. 12 excessive rationality. dangers of. 8

Relationships. inter-fInn, 67-8 Repetition, 38 Resources. 67 Responsibilities. 43-56 Risk. apponionment of. 69 Risk-taking. 38 Roles:

generally, 43-56 co-ordinator, 19 cost adviser. 144 fragmentation of, 13 progressive reduction of. 20 institutionalization of, 7-8 integrator, 19 design manager. 7-8. 19.23.25.32.

61,70,87,90,96,119,121,123, 147

project manager, 11. 15.44,46.49-52. 70,75,80,82,84,86-8, 119, 121, 123,144,146. 154-5, 163

specialist contractor: genemlly, 49. 65, 67 involvement of, 74 selection of. 58-60

specialist designer. I

Salisficing. 27 Scheme design, 84 Self-contained units, 17 Sign-ofT points. 43-4 Simplicity, 38 Skill and care, 55 Skills. 77 Slack resources. 17 Specialist knowledge. 64 Specialization. 12- 14,52.74 Stages of work:

generally, 43-56 briefing. see Brief, business case. 154-5 conceptual and scheme, 45 construction. 163-4 consultant's detailed design, 159-60 engineering design. 46, 84 getting staned. 90 outline design. 155-7 procurement. 160- 1 scheme design, 84, 157-8 specialist's detailed design, 161 -3

Standard briefing documems, see Brief. standard documents

Standardization. 17.36.39 Stan-up meetings:

generally, 80-8 agenda for, 86 design manager's role. 87 organizing, 88 structure. 86

Statement of need , 82. 91 -5 Strategic alliance. 21 Sub-contracting, 53 Subjectivity, 12 Supply chain man:lgement. 21-2

Task autonomy, 18 Tasks. definition of. 89-117 Team building. 58-70. 77. 79-80 Teamwork. 73 Technology, 11, 14,34 Technology clusters, 75-9 Tolerances. 40 Tort, 55 Traditional approach:

inadequacy of, 23, 69 Transact ion cost econom ics, 21

USA, 37

Value engineering, 127-8 Value management, 98-101 Variations. see Control, change

Wheel of dominance, 49-51 Whirling, continuous, 29 Work package design , 141-4 Working party brief. 89- 90

Zones, 108- 16

Index 177