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BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE EARTH BACKGROUND THE EARTH FORMED ~4.5 BILLION YEARS AGO FROM THE SWIRLING GAS AND DUST REMNANTS OF A MASSIVE STAR SUPERNOVA. A SUPER NOVA CAN FORM IN 2 WAYS. TYPE I SUPERNOVAE FORM WHEN A STAR ACCUMULATES MATTER FROM A NEARBY STAR AND A RUNAWAY NUCLEAR REACTION IGNITES. TYPE II SUPERNOVAE FORM WHEN A STAR RUNS OUT OF NUCLEAR FUEL AND COLLAPSES UNDER ITS OWN GRAVITY. OVER THE FIRST 150 MILLION YEARS OF THE EARTH’S FORMATION, THE MOLTEN MASS COOLED TO FORM A SOLID CRUST AND A RUDIMENTARY ATMOSPHERE COMPOSED OF CARBON DIOXIDE, WATER VAPOR, AND NITROGEN DEVELOPED. THE BIG IMPACT THEORY STATES THAT 30 – 50 MILLION YEARS AFTER THE EARTH FORMED, A MARS SIZED ASTEROID HIT THE EARTH. THE RESULTING COLLISION RESULTED IN THE FORMATION OF THE MOON. WARM OCEANS FORMED FROM ESCAPING STEAM, VOLCANIC ACTIVITY, AND COMET IMPACTS ~3.8 BILLION YEARS AGO. AS A RESULT OF CONSTANT ASTEROID BOMBARDMENT, PHENOMENAL VOLCANIC ACTIVITY, AND A TOXIC ATMOSPHERE, THE ENVIRONMENT WAS HAZARDOUS TO LIFE. HOWEVER, THE INGREDIENTS FOR LIFE WERE PRESENT WHICH ARE LIQUID WATER, THE ELEMENTS CARBON, HYDROGEN, NITROGEN, OXYGEN, PHOSPHOROUS, AND SULFUR AS WELL AS AN ENERGY SOURCE. LIFE DEVELOPED ~3.8 BILLION YEARS AGO. LIFE BEGAN AS SINGLE CELLED PROKARYOTIC CELLS SUCH AS BACTERIA. PROKARYOTIC CELLS DO NOT HAVE A MEMBRANE BOUND NUCLEUS. IN GREEK PRO-KARYO MEANS BEFORE-NUCLEUS. EUKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE A MEMBRANE BOUND NUCLEUS. IN GREEK EU-KARYO MEANS WELL-NUCLEUS. MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS EVOLVED OVER THE NEXT BILLION YEARS. DURING THE LAST 570 MILLION YEARS FAMILIAR LIFE FORMS BEGAN TO EVOLVE STARTING WITH ARTHROPODS, AT 530 MILLION YEARS AGO FISH EVOLVED, LAND PLANTS DEVELOPED 475 MILLION YEARS AGO, AMD FORESTS DEVELOPED 385 MILLION YEARS AGO. MAMMALS EVOLVED 200 MILLION YEARS AGO. MODERN HUMANS, HOMO SAPIEN SAPIENS, EVOLVED 250,000 THOUSAND YEARS AGO. HUMANS HAVE BEEN IN EXISTENCE FOR ONLY 0.004% OF THE EARTH’S HISTORY. THE EARTH IS AN AMALGAMATION OF MATERIALS. FIRST, THE INGREDIENTS OF MATTER AND LIFE ARE LOCATED ON THE PERIODIC TABLE. SECONDLY, THE SMALLEST UNIT OF AN ELEMENT THAT RETAINS THE PROPERTIES OF THAT ELEMENT ARE ATOMS. THIRD, ATOMS CAN COMBINE TO MAKE CRYSTALS OF MINERALS. FOURTH, MINERALS CAN COMBINE TO MAKE ROCKS. ROCKS ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE EARTH. CONSEQUENTLY, THE PERIODIC TABLE IS WHERE ATOMS ARE LOCATED. ATOMS ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF MINERALS. MINERALS ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF ROCKS. FINALLY, ROCKS ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE EARTH. THE EARTH IS ESSENTIALLY A CLOSED SYSTEM. ALL THE MATTER THAT WAS HERE IS STILL HEAR EXCEPT THE SMALL AMOUNT ARRIVING FROM SPACE AND WHAT WE SEND OUT. A SYSTEM IS A GROUP OF RELATED PARTS THAT WORK TOGETHER. ALL MATTER CYCLES. MATTER IS ANYTHING WITH MASS AND VOLUME. A CYCLE IS A REPEATING SERIES OF EVENTS. MATTER IS NEITHER CREATED NOR DESTROYED, ONLY TRANSFORMED. ECOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF ORGANISMS AND THE ENVIRONMENT. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES ARE THE CIRCULATION OF MATTER THROUGH THE BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC COMPONENTS OF A SYSTEM. THE EARTH HAS 4 SYSTEMS: ATMOSPHERE, HYDROSPHERE, LITHOSPHERE, AND BIOSPHERE. COMPLETE THE CONCEPT MAP

ANSWER QUESTIONS 1. WHEN DID THE EARTH FORM? 2. WHAT 2 WAYS CAN SUPERNOVAE FORM? 3. WHAT IS THE BIG IMPACT THEORY? 4. HOW DID THE EARTH’S OCEANS FORM? 5. WHAT ARE THE INGREDIENTS FOR LIFE? 6. EXPLAIN: THE EARTH IS ESSENTIALLY A CLOSED SYSTEM. 7. DESCRIBE SYSTEM. 8. DESCRIBE MATTER. 9. DESCRIBE CYCLE. 10. DESCRIBE ECOLOGY. 11. WHAT DO THE PREFIXES MEAN? ATMOS IN ATMOSPHERE HYDRO IN HYDROSPHERE LITHO MEAN IN LITHOSPHERE

BIO IN BIOSPHERE