Building a New World The Expansion of Europe in the Eighteenth Century

Building a New WorldBuilding a New World

The Expansion of Europe The Expansion of Europe in the Eighteenth Centuryin the Eighteenth Century

I. Agriculture and the LandI. Agriculture and the Land

Agrarian Society – focus of Agriculture Agrarian Society – focus of Agriculture -only exception = Holland-only exception = Holland- 80% of Western Europe (1600’s)- 80% of Western Europe (1600’s)- Higher in eastern Europe- Higher in eastern Europe-Overall Output was low -Overall Output was low - Land was the center of the European - Land was the center of the European Economy and society Economy and society

What are some problem associated with a What are some problem associated with a poor production of crop?poor production of crop?


The output on the land (Example is Po The output on the land (Example is Po Valley pg 630)Valley pg 630)

- Every bushel of wheat sown only yielded - Every bushel of wheat sown only yielded five of six bushels of grain at harvestfive of six bushels of grain at harvest

- French numbers are worse- French numbers are worse

* Farming had barely evolved in thousands * Farming had barely evolved in thousands of yearsof years


What do you do when your land yields What do you do when your land yields no crops?no crops?

Famine Foods = bark and nuts, weeds Famine Foods = bark and nuts, weeds and grass, and grass, Eat other humans??? It’s Eat other humans??? It’s possible!!!!!possible!!!!!

Effect = increased disease such as Effect = increased disease such as dysenterydysentery

A. The Open-Field SystemA. The Open-Field System

Def. = Divided the land of the village Def. = Divided the land of the village to be cultivated by the peasants in to be cultivated by the peasants in several large fields; in turn cut up several large fields; in turn cut up into long narrow stripsinto long narrow strips

1.1. Peasants farmed as a community; Peasants farmed as a community; each family followed the same each family followed the same system as the rest of the villagesystem as the rest of the village

2.2. Soil became exhausted – depletion Soil became exhausted – depletion of nitrogen of nitrogen


3. 3 year rotation helped to avoid 3. 3 year rotation helped to avoid fallow landfallow land

- After on year of wheat, plant - After on year of wheat, plant beans…still had one year of fallow beans…still had one year of fallow landland

4. Common Lands – Open fields usually 4. Common Lands – Open fields usually of hay or pasture for horse and oxenof hay or pasture for horse and oxen


The Gleaner by Jean Francois MilletThe Gleaner by Jean Francois Millet


5. Picking the single grains that had 5. Picking the single grains that had fallen was back breaking work done fallen was back breaking work done by poor females. by poor females.


5. The tradition of farming was a blessing 5. The tradition of farming was a blessing and a curseand a curse

-Blessing = everyone knew their role-Blessing = everyone knew their role

-Curse = No forward progress; don’t -Curse = No forward progress; don’t rock the boat; things stay the samerock the boat; things stay the same

6. The life of the serf in Eastern Europe was 6. The life of the serf in Eastern Europe was that much worse than those of Western that much worse than those of Western EuropeEurope


Read Pages 632-633.Read Pages 632-633.

Determine how life varied depending Determine how life varied depending on where you on where you lived.____________________lived.____________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

B. The Agricultural RevolutionB. The Agricultural Revolution

1.1. Peasants by and large were bound Peasants by and large were bound to peasantry due to the outdated to peasantry due to the outdated social and political structures social and political structures

2.2. Solution was to go away from Solution was to go away from tradition and use technology to tradition and use technology to better the processbetter the process


a. Crop Rotation – Rotate between a. Crop Rotation – Rotate between crops that destroy the soil and those crops that destroy the soil and those that replenish it that replenish it

- could develop a ten year rotation- could develop a ten year rotation

- Always some food being - Always some food being producedproduced

- Charles Townshend – British- Charles Townshend – British

- More animal feed- More animal feed


But could this happen? Why was this a But could this happen? Why was this a problem?problem?

1. Tradition = All or none! Tough to 1. Tradition = All or none! Tough to experiment new ideas when farming experiment new ideas when farming as a communityas a community


b. The Enclosure movement – closing b. The Enclosure movement – closing up the open – field systemup the open – field system

- Added organization to the - Added organization to the process of process of farmingfarming

- No longer done as a community- No longer done as a community

- It will rid some peasants of - It will rid some peasants of their their holdingsholdings

C. The Leadership of the Low C. The Leadership of the Low Countries and EnglandCountries and England

The Dutch led the way, not only in Finance The Dutch led the way, not only in Finance and shipbuilding but also drainage and and shipbuilding but also drainage and agricultureagriculture

Foreigners traveled to see the Flemish Foreigners traveled to see the Flemish agricultureagriculture

Drainage allowed the Dutch to compete with Drainage allowed the Dutch to compete with other agricultural centersother agricultural centers


1.1. Cornelius Vermuyden – directed one Cornelius Vermuyden – directed one of the largest drainage projects; of the largest drainage projects; Dutch engineerDutch engineer

a. created a space for farming a. created a space for farming out of old marshout of old marsh

b. Since this land was not b. Since this land was not claimed prior, framers were able to claimed prior, framers were able to practice crop rotation and practice crop rotation and experiment with new cropsexperiment with new crops


2. Charles Townsend (1674-1738) – found 2. Charles Townsend (1674-1738) – found that the turnip could be used to improve that the turnip could be used to improve farming when combined with crop rotation farming when combined with crop rotation and manure and manure

3. Jethro Tull (1674-1741) – used empirical 3. Jethro Tull (1674-1741) – used empirical methods to improve farmingmethods to improve farming

a. Developed the seed drilla. Developed the seed drillb. all seeds are evenly distributed at b. all seeds are evenly distributed at

the proper depththe proper depth


4. Breeding – came from the 4. Breeding – came from the thoroughbred horse activity of thoroughbred horse activity of EnglandEngland

a. Larger livestock meant more a. Larger livestock meant more food on tablesfood on tables

5. By 1870, English farmers were 5. By 1870, English farmers were producing producing 300 percent300 percent more food more food than in 1700than in 1700

D. The Enclosure CostD. The Enclosure Cost

1.1. Small peasant owners could not Small peasant owners could not even afford to pay the surveying even afford to pay the surveying costs to divide the land “evenly”costs to divide the land “evenly”

2. Tenant farms were able to produce 2. Tenant farms were able to produce for profit, eliminating the for profit, eliminating the competition from peasant farmerscompetition from peasant farmers

D. The Enclosure CostD. The Enclosure Cost

3. Two major changes3. Two major changesa. market-oriented estate agriculturea. market-oriented estate agricultureb. landless rural working classb. landless rural working class

4. Small minority owned majority of English 4. Small minority owned majority of English landland

a. leased their land to middle sized a. leased their land to middle sized farmersfarmers

5. Proletarianization- going from a large 5. Proletarianization- going from a large number of peasant farmers to landless number of peasant farmers to landless rural wage seekersrural wage seekers

II. Population ExplodesII. Population Explodes

A. Limitations on Population A. Limitations on Population GrowthGrowth

1. Population does not always grow at a high 1. Population does not always grow at a high raterate

a. View fig. 19.1 on page 637a. View fig. 19.1 on page 6372. Increased population is not always good 2. Increased population is not always good

for everyonefor everyonea. Era after the Black Death saw a. Era after the Black Death saw

increase standards of livingincrease standards of living3. By 1600, population increases was taking 3. By 1600, population increases was taking

its toll on the resources and wealth of its toll on the resources and wealth of EuropeEurope

A. Limitations on Population A. Limitations on Population GrowthGrowth

4. What is 1%? 4. What is 1%?

a. read page 638 to gain a scope a. read page 638 to gain a scope of what it means to grow at a rate of of what it means to grow at a rate of one percent per year.one percent per year.

5. Famine, Disease, and War leveled 5. Famine, Disease, and War leveled the population playing field to some the population playing field to some extentextent

B. The New Pattern of the 18B. The New Pattern of the 18thth CenturyCentury

What caused the population to What caused the population to increase throughout ALL of Europe in increase throughout ALL of Europe in the 1700’s? the 1700’s?

1. fewer deaths from the Plague 1. fewer deaths from the Plague

a. the Asian rat drives off a. the Asian rat drives off the the black rat disease black rat disease carriercarrier

2. Medical advancements2. Medical advancements

--


2. Medical advancements2. Medical advancementsa. inoculation of smallpoxa. inoculation of smallpox

3. Improvements to the water supply3. Improvements to the water supply4. Drainage reduced the insect population…4. Drainage reduced the insect population…

more disease spreaders! more disease spreaders! 5. Roads and canals help to spread the crops 5. Roads and canals help to spread the crops

throughout the land and keep people throughout the land and keep people healthier healthier

6. New foods (potato) were more fmaine 6. New foods (potato) were more fmaine proofproof


Were human beings showing progress? Were human beings showing progress? Is population a sign of this progress? Is population a sign of this progress?

III. The Growth of the III. The Growth of the Cottage IndustryCottage Industry

III. The Growth of the Cottage III. The Growth of the Cottage IndustryIndustry

Increased number of rural workers Increased number of rural workers with little to no landwith little to no land

Rural worker were employed over Rural worker were employed over the high cost of urban workersthe high cost of urban workers

The Rural workers took over for the The Rural workers took over for the urban artisans and guilds who could urban artisans and guilds who could simply not keep up with demandsimply not keep up with demand

III. The Growth of the Cottage III. The Growth of the Cottage IndustryIndustry

Different Names:Different Names:– Cottage IndustryCottage Industry– Domestic SystemDomestic System– ““Protoindustrialization”Protoindustrialization”– Putting-out systemPutting-out system

A. The Putting-Out SystemA. The Putting-Out System

1.1. Two main Participants:Two main Participants:a.a. The merchant capitalists – “put out” The merchant capitalists – “put out”

raw materials to cottage workersraw materials to cottage workers

b.b. Rural workers – took raw material to Rural workers – took raw material to home and brought back a finished home and brought back a finished productproduct

- Paid by the piece- Paid by the piece


2. Why did it work?2. Why did it work?

a. landless laborers willing to a. landless laborers willing to work for low wageswork for low wages

b. Did not need to meet the b. Did not need to meet the standards of the urban guilds (could standards of the urban guilds (could experiment without repercussion)experiment without repercussion)

3. Rural manufacturing appears in 3. Rural manufacturing appears in England firstEngland first


4. In France, under Louis XIV, Colbert 4. In France, under Louis XIV, Colbert increased the power of the urban increased the power of the urban guilds, thus delaying the putting-out guilds, thus delaying the putting-out systemsystem

- Read “The Decline of the - Read “The Decline of the Guilds” 658Guilds” 658

B. The Textile IndustryB. The Textile Industry

1.1. The industry that employed the most The industry that employed the most workers up to the 19workers up to the 19thth century century

2.2. The life of a cottage workerThe life of a cottage workera. live in small house with little space a. live in small house with little space (cottage), often just a single room(cottage), often just a single roomb. Large loom for weaving, a spinning b. Large loom for weaving, a spinning wheel, tub for dying all in the cottagewheel, tub for dying all in the cottagec. A family businessc. A family businessd. multiple women needed to spin thread d. multiple women needed to spin thread for the weaver to stay in businessfor the weaver to stay in business

B. The Textile IndustryB. The Textile Industry

3. The Merchant perspective3. The Merchant perspective

a. did not trust the laborers – constant a. did not trust the laborers – constant disputes over quality and weightsdisputes over quality and weights

b. Hard to control the unorganized rural b. Hard to control the unorganized rural laborlabor

c. “Holy Monday” = very little activityc. “Holy Monday” = very little activity

d. viewed workers as lazy, unmotivatedd. viewed workers as lazy, unmotivated

IV. Building the Atlantic EconomyIV. Building the Atlantic Economy

European countries began expanding European countries began expanding around the globearound the globe

England, in 1707, develops a union England, in 1707, develops a union with Scotland and becomes Great with Scotland and becomes Great BritainBritain– Led in the building of an Atlantic Led in the building of an Atlantic

EconomyEconomy

A. Mercantilism and Colonial WarsA. Mercantilism and Colonial Wars

1.1. Definition – system of economic Definition – system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state. (Colbert)power of the state. (Colbert)

2. In England the unusual idea of 2. In England the unusual idea of government economic regulations government economic regulations could and should serve the private could and should serve the private interests of individuals as well as interests of individuals as well as the public needs of the statethe public needs of the state


3. Most European countries put the 3. Most European countries put the needs of the state first – did not see a needs of the state first – did not see a way for public and private to invest for way for public and private to invest for the common goodthe common good

4. Navigation Acts – The way for 4. Navigation Acts – The way for England to unite power and private England to unite power and private wealthwealth

a.1651 – Oliver Cromwella.1651 – Oliver Cromwell

b. 1660 and 1663 – Charles IIb. 1660 and 1663 – Charles II


4. Navigation Acts4. Navigation Actsc. Required most goods from Europe to c. Required most goods from Europe to be carried on British Ships with a be carried on British Ships with a British crewBritish crewd. British ship owners held a virtual d. British ship owners held a virtual monopoly over colonial trademonopoly over colonial tradee. targeted the Dutch (Anglo-Dutch e. targeted the Dutch (Anglo-Dutch wars 1652-1674)wars 1652-1674)

-New Amsterdam is seized and -New Amsterdam is seized and renamed “New York” renamed “New York”


5. Britain goes after France5. Britain goes after France

a. 3to 4 times the pop. Of Englanda. 3to 4 times the pop. Of England

b. 1701 to 1763 engaged in war to sea who b. 1701 to 1763 engaged in war to sea who would become the dominate maritime powerwould become the dominate maritime power

- Peace of Utrecht (War of Spanish - Peace of Utrecht (War of Spanish Succession ) – grants Britain with Succession ) – grants Britain with Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and the Hudson Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and the Hudson Bay territory as well as the Spanish Bay territory as well as the Spanish asientoasiento, , the West African slave tradethe West African slave trade


- The War of the Austrian Succession - The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) led to the Seven Years’ (1740-1748) led to the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)War (1756-1763)-Treaty of Paris (1763) – France loses -Treaty of Paris (1763) – France loses all its possessions on the mainland of all its possessions on the mainland of North America, Canada, the Mississippi North America, Canada, the Mississippi holdings, and Louisiana (to Spain)holdings, and Louisiana (to Spain)

6. The Navigation Acts succeeded in 6. The Navigation Acts succeeded in making Britain the dominate empire of making Britain the dominate empire of 17631763

B. Land and Labor in British B. Land and Labor in British AmericaAmerica

C. The Growth of Foreign TradeC. The Growth of Foreign Trade

D. The Atlantic Slave TradeD. The Atlantic Slave Trade

E. Revival in Colonial Latin America E. Revival in Colonial Latin America

F. Adam Smith and Economic F. Adam Smith and Economic LiberationLiberation

1.1. Anti mercantilism movement took Anti mercantilism movement took shapeshape

2.2. Smaller, independent merchants Smaller, independent merchants began rebelling against began rebelling against “monopolies” like the East Indian “monopolies” like the East Indian Company and calling for “free Company and calling for “free trade”trade”


3. Adam Smith (1723-1790) Scottish 3. Adam Smith (1723-1790) Scottish philosopher promoting free enterprisephilosopher promoting free enterprise

a. Wrote …a. Wrote …Wealth of NationsWealth of Nations (1776) (1776)

b. mercantilism played favorites b. mercantilism played favorites

c. competition best safeguards c. competition best safeguards consumers from price gouging consumers from price gouging

4. Government had 3 responsibilities:4. Government had 3 responsibilities:


4. Government had 3 responsibilities:4. Government had 3 responsibilities:

a. defend against foreign invasiona. defend against foreign invasion

b. civil order through courts and b. civil order through courts and policingpolicing

c. sponsor needed public works that c. sponsor needed public works that could not profit the private investorcould not profit the private investor

Page 655Page 655

Documents

Building a New World The Expansion of Europe in the Eighteenth Century