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Building a Backyard Forest
Acts of creation are ordinarily reserved for gods and poets. To plant a pine, one need only own a shovel.- Aldo Leopold
What difference does it make if I have even a single tree in my yard and how many do I actually need? Healthy streams are associated with watersheds having 45-60+% forest cover. Maryland has already lost more than half its forests since colonial days and losses are continuing. In the Mid-Atlantic region, streams originally formed in a forested landscape; healthy streams and watersheds relied on their forests. Now many other uses compete for space on the land, but we still need the trees if we want to have healthy streams, clean air, clean water, and diverse wildlife. People also appreciate trees for the beauty they bring, the comfort of summer shade, and screening and privacy. Some days, just seeing glorious fall colors or subtle greening during spring helps make the world a little better. Economic benefits don’t hurt either. Homes with mature trees tend to sell faster, with higher resale values. There’s nothing like standing out in the August sun to help you appreciate the incredible cooling power of the tree canopy. A well-placed large tree can save 10-30% on cooling and heating costs. Even a small area restored to trees can help support a healthier environment.
Ready to cut down on costs for mowing and shrink your lawn’s carbon footprint? One gas mower running for an hour emits the same amount of pollutants as driving 100 miles. With over 1 million acres of turf grass in Maryland, that adds up. Establishing trees takes some effort and some patience, but the benefits keep growing over time along with the trees.
When should you start? Some wise person said that the best time to plant trees was 20 years ago, and the second-best time is now. Trees do take
time to grow, which means sooner is better. Some fast-growing native trees can reach 15-20 feet in 5 years. Many fast-growingtrees also tend to be short-lived, so startingsome of the longer-lived and slower growingspecies along with those fast-growing trees isa good investment for the future - the benefitskeep coming.
What is the best tree to plant? There’s no single best tree, but there are a couple of guidelines to pick a tree that will thrive on your site. Look at soil moisture (dry,
moderate, or wet), light (full sun, partial sun, or shade), and soil type (sand, silt, clay). Conservation landscaping plant guides can help match species to site conditions (see example plant lists or reference links below). Native species are usually the safest choices. Many insects are adapted to use certain species, especially in larval stages, and can’t survive on other types. Why not plant what the butterflies can breed on as well as feed on? Native species also help avoid problems with exotic invasive species taking over native woodlands. Several common landscaping plants like Norway maple, Japanese barberry, bush honeysuckle, and oriental bittersweet are now increasingly seen in our natural areas in high densities, crowding out native plants. The time of year makes a difference. Planting works best in the spring and fall when soils are moist. Trees planted in the spring usually need conscientious watering throughout the first summer whenever soils get dry.
HOW TO GET FROM TURF TO FORESTEvery oak tree started out as a couple of nuts who decided to stand their ground. - Anonymous
A tree or two isn’t hard to plant and mulch, but creating a forest area from lawn takes some know-how, some preparation, and some follow-up. There are several approaches and options, depending on whether your supply of patience or money is most limiting. Start small and see what works for you in your yard, expanding year by year. Fescue, the most common lawn grass is a tough competitor for water and nutrients, making it hard to grow trees. If you want to really move away from mowing and realize the full range of forest benefits, a forest floor (where the leaves and twigs can build up) and understory shrubs should be allowed to develop. You can try it yourself using any of the techniques below, or ask your favorite landscaper for help with restoring native plants to your yard.
Techniques
A) Individual TreesClear away top layer of turf, dig the hole twice as wide as deep, plant tree at same depth as in pot, root ball, or root collar, firm soil around roots to make good soil/root contact without compacting the loosened soil, mulch an area large enough to mow around easily without bumping the new tree trunk.
B) Planting BedsWood-Chip: Cover the area with 3-4 inches of wood chips for about a year, adding piles of fall leaves up to 6-8 inches deep if desired. This helps improve the soil while keeping weeds out. Plant into the wood chip area and maintain mulch until trees shade the ground.
Other smothering techniques: Layered newspaper, cardboard, or landscape cloth can be placed on grass and covered with some mulch to improve appearance. This should be done several months before planting to get good control of grass and weeds.
Herbicide: Common herbicides like glyphosate can be used to kill grass and roots more quickly, and are usually highly effective. Always follow label directions for safe and effective use. Herbicides should be applied several weeks before planting.
Tilling: Grass can be tilled, but will usually resprout vigorously. Plan on a second tilling after a couple weeks to help control resprouts.
Mulch around trees at least until they are large enough to shade the ground. Fill in with perennial or self-seeding annual flowers and shrubs to develop a new bed. Weed aggressively for the first couple years, and enjoy the color and shade for decades. Beds can be expanded over time, whether in a new location or adjacent to the first.
C) Cover CropFor a larger area, convert grass into a cover crop like clover or wildflowers and plant trees and shrubs through it. Cover crops compete less with the young trees and don’t need weekly mowing. Remove grass by smothering with plastic, layered newspapers, or cardboard over several months, or spray with herbicides for results in a couple weeks. Cover crops keep out weeds that would otherwise grow in bare soil. Common cover crops are clover, alfalfa, wheat, barley, rye. Sunflowers and native wildflowers have also been used with good results. This transition can take two years; you will probably need to reseed some areas to increase density of wildflowers or native grasses after the first year. Newly planted areas will need water if it is dry shortly after planting, or during a severe drought within 2-3 years.
D) No-mow Stop mowing, plant wildflowers on the edge, and encourage volunteer trees (natural regeneration). Sometimes simply stopping mowing will allow natural succession to forest conditions. Creating a wildflower edge can make this transition more pleasing to the eye (yours and your neighbors’). This is more likely to work where large trees producing seeds are very near, and where soils haven’t been compacted. Many lawns were compacted during house construction, or don’t have good seed sources nearby. Within a couple years, there should be evidence of young trees coming up. Start planting if trees don’t volunteer. Control invasive species to allow the native plant community a chance.
Planting Stock Types Natural Regeneration (letting trees grow that start on their own): If you have trees trying to come up around the yard, this can be a good option. The trees have already chosen a spot that suits them, and the roots get to develop in place and undamaged. It is often the least expensive approach, but offers less control over the look of the yard and species of plants.
Planting Seedlings: Bare-root seedlings are inexpensive, easy to experiment with, and can rival the size of trees planted at larger sizes within a few years. They need to be protected from deer, mowers, and weed-eaters for several years with fencing or shelters.
Planting Containerized Plants: Containerized trees and shrubs are more expensive, but are available in a wide variety of species and sizes for a desired design, and give more immediate visual impact. Most will still need protection from deer browse in most suburban areas. Many people can install containerized stock themselves, but care should be taken to cut or loosen roots that have circled around the pot to allow normal root growth.
Planting Ball and Burlap Trees (larger nursery stock): B&B trees are the largest sizes and usually installed with the aid of equipment. They are the most expensive, but also the most gratifying in immediacy of results. All planting stock usually need watering during dry times for several years until roots are well-established.
Resources:Cullina, William. 2002. Native Trees, Shrubs, and Vines, Houghton-Mifflin Co., New York, 354p.Dirr, Michael. 1997. Dirr’s Hardy Trees and Shurbs, Timber press, Portland, 493p.Hairston-Strang, A. B. 2005. Riparian Forest Buffer Design and Maintenance Guide.
www.dnr.state.md.us/forests/download/rfb_design&maintenance.pdf.Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center website, University of Texas. Plant lists with growth information and search
capabilities www.wildflower.org/plants.Low Impact Development Center website. Raingarden designs at
www.lowimpactdevelopment.org/raingarden_design.Maryland Native Plant Society website. Plant lists and links to other resources:
www.mdflora.org/publications/natplantsframe and www.mdflora.org/plantinfo/plantinfo.Missouri Botanical Garden website. Plant lists, fact sheets, and search capabilities:
www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder.Mizejewski, D. 2004. Attracting Birds and Butterflies and other Backyard Wildlife.
National Wildlife Federation. 128p. Native Plants for Wildlife Habitat and Conservation Landscaping. www.nps.gov/plants/pubs/nativesMD/lists. PLANTS database, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Plant characteristics with search capabilities and links
to invasive plant lists: plants.usda.govSlattery, B.E., K. Reshetiloff, and S.W. Zwicker. 2003. Native Plants for Wildlife Habitat and Conservation
Landscaping: Chesapeake Bay Watershed. U.S. Fish&Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Field Office,Annapolis, MD. 82pp. www.nps.gov/plants/pubs/chesapeake
Swearingen, J., K. Reshetiloff, B. Slattery, and S. Zwicker. 2002. Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas.National Park Service and U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 82 pp. www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/.
Tallamy, Douglas. 2007. Bringing Nature Home: How you can sustain wildlife with native plants.Timber Press, Portland. 358p.
Forestry for the Bay: http://www.forestryforthebay.org/.
The facilities and services of the Maryland Department of Natural Resources are available to all without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, age, national origin, physical or mental disability.This document is available in alternative format upon request from a qualified individual with a disability.
Larry Hogan, GovernorJeannie Haddaway-Riccio, Secretary
Maryland Department of Natural Resources Tawes State Office Building
580 Taylor AvenueAnnapolis, MD 21401
Phone 410-260-8531, Forest ServiceTTY via Maryland Relay: 711 (Within MD)
(800) 735-2258 (Out of State)Toll Free #: 1-877-620-8DNR ext 8531 http://
www.dnr.maryland.gov
Publication # 02-3132009-383
Seasonal Color Grove
“Nothing is more beautiful than the loveliness of the woods before sunrise.“- George Washington Carver
WHYTrees are always good for water and wildlife, but most people plant trees for their beauty, comfort, and shade around the house. Plantings create a sense of place and a greater degree of privacy for the yard.
HOWYou can choose trees that give spring blooms, varying leaf textures, canopy shapes, or brilliant fall color. Others can provide attractive bark, evergreen foliage, or berries for winter interest. Plant trees on the west and south sides and around heat pumps to reduce cooling and heating costs.
Fill in under trees with shrubs and flowers to develop seasonal tableaus of color. Plants with seasonal features like flowers or fall color can be grouped for vivid points that vary in location over the year. Another approach is to interplant plants that bloom at different season so that most of the yard has some interesting feature during any season.
Match plant species to
soil conditions
After
Before
All
D
ry
M
oder
ate
Wet
Soi
l Moi
stur
e P
refe
renc
es:
Comm
on na
meLa
tin n
ame
Soil M
oistur
e pr
efere
nce
Sun p
refer
ence
Flowe
r Colo
rFa
ll colo
rDe
scrip
tion,
Gr
ound
Cov
er G
CEa
stern
redb
udCe
rcis
cana
dens
isDr
y to m
od.
Sun,
PS, S
hade
pink
yello
wInt
ense
pink
flowe
rs in
sprin
g, he
art-s
hape
d lea
ves,
nitro
gen f
ixer,
adap
table
Pitch
pine
Pinu
s rigi
daDr
y to m
od.
Sun
noev
ergr
een
Mediu
m-siz
ed ev
ergr
eeen
, coa
rse br
anch
ing ha
bit
Scar
let oa
kQu
ercu
s coc
cinea
Dry t
o mod
.Su
nno
red
Red f
all co
lor, m
edium
to la
rge o
ak, c
an us
e man
y othe
r oak
s too
(red
, whit
e, bla
ck)
Swee
t birc
hBe
tula
lenta
Dry t
o mod
.Su
n, PS
noye
llow
Can t
olera
te dr
y soil
s, bu
t gro
ws fa
ster in
mois
tAm
erica
n holl
yIle
x opa
caMo
dera
teSu
n, PS
, Sha
dewh
itere
d ber
ries
Many
cultiv
ars,
ever
gree
n with
red b
errie
s, sc
reen
ing, s
helte
r fro
m wi
nter w
indDo
wny s
ervic
eber
ryAm
elanc
hier a
rbor
eaMo
dera
teSu
n, PS
white
oran
ge, r
edW
hite f
lower
s in s
pring
, red
-ora
nge f
all co
lor, g
ray w
inter
bark,
oval
crown
Flowe
ring d
ogwo
odCo
rnus
florid
aMo
dera
teSu
n, PS
white
red
Many
cultiv
ars,
white
sprin
g flow
ers,
red f
all co
lor an
d red
fruit
, well
drain
ed ac
idic s
oils
Fring
etree
Chion
anth
us vi
rgini
cus
Mode
rate
Sun,
PSwh
iteye
llow
Small
tree
/shru
b, wh
ite S
pring
flowe
rs, ye
llow
fall c
olor,
gray
wint
er ba
rk; fe
males
mak
e oliv
e like
drup
esRe
d buc
keye
Aesc
ulus p
avia
Mode
rate
Sun,
PSre
dye
llow
Small
tree
(30 f
t), st
riking
red s
pikes
of flo
wers,
attra
ctive
folia
ge, s
low gr
ower
Suga
r map
leAc
er sa
ccha
rum
Mode
rate
Sun,
PSsm
allor
ange
, red
Clas
sic fa
ll foli
age t
ree,
also t
appe
d to m
ake m
aple
syru
pSw
eetba
y mag
nolia
Mag
nolia
virg
inian
aW
et to
mod.
Sun,
PS, S
hade
white
ever
gree
nFr
agra
nt sh
owy w
hite f
lower
s, me
dium-
coar
se te
xture
, sem
i-eve
rgre
en, s
mall t
ree
Atlan
tic w
hite-
ceda
rCh
amae
cypa
ris th
yoide
sW
et to
mod.
Shad
e, PS
noev
ergr
een
Fine t
extur
ed ev
ergr
een,
'Hea
therb
un' h
as ro
unde
d for
mNo
rther
n whit
e-ce
dar
Thuja
occ
ident
alis
Wet
to mo
d.Su
nno
ever
gree
nAt
tracti
ve ev
ergr
een w
ith de
nse f
oliag
e, pr
efers
limes
tone s
oils
Red m
aple
Acer
rubr
umW
et to
mod.
Sun,
PSno
red
Many
cultiv
ars a
vaila
ble, g
reat
fall c
olor a
nd fa
st gr
owing
cano
py tr
eeMo
untai
n lau
rel
Kalm
ia lat
ifolia
All
Sun,
PS, S
hade
white
noNe
eds g
ood d
raina
ge, e
verg
reen
, whit
e flow
ers i
n late
sprin
gRe
dosie
r Dog
wood
Corn
us se
ricea
Wet
to mo
d.Su
n, PS
white
yello
wRe
d twi
gs in
the w
inter
and y
ellow
fall l
eaf c
olor,
white
flowe
rs; th
ere i
s a ye
llow
cultiv
ar, w
inter
fruit
for b
irds
Dwar
f inkb
erry
Ilex g
labra
'Nan
a' or
'Den
sa'
Wet
to mo
d.Su
n, PS
white
noFin
e tex
ture,
ever
gree
n shr
ub, s
hear
s well
, 'Sha
mroc
k' a g
ood n
on-d
warf
cultiv
arSp
irea,
mead
owsw
eet
Spire
a alb
aW
et to
mod.
Sun,
PSwh
iteno
Arch
ing ca
nes o
r mou
nding
shur
b, S.
tome
ntosa
has p
ink flo
wers
Dwar
f oak
leaf h
ydra
ngea
Hydr
ange
a qu
ercif
olia
'Pee
Wee
'Mo
dera
teSu
n, PS
white
red
Whit
e sum
mer f
lower
s, re
d fall
color
, coa
rse te
xture
d bra
nche
sFo
therg
illaFo
ther
gilla
gard
enii o
r majo
rMo
dera
teSu
nwh
iteye
sW
hite f
uzzy
flowe
rs in
sprin
g, ye
llow-
oran
ge-re
d fall
color
'Mt A
iry' a
good
cultiv
ar, k
eeps
shap
ePi
edmo
nt az
alea
Rhod
oden
dron
cane
scen
sMo
dera
teSu
n, PS
pink
noUp
right
form,
frag
rant,
light
pink l
ate sp
ring f
lower
s, bu
tterfli
es lik
e this
, dec
iduou
sSw
eetsh
rub
Calyc
anth
us flo
ridus
Mode
rate
Sun,
PSma
roon
yello
wMa
roon
flowe
rs ('A
thens
' is y
ellow
), ye
llow
fall c
olor,
fragr
ant fl
ower
s whe
n in f
ull su
nAm
erica
n bea
utybe
rryCa
llicar
pa a
mer
icana
Mode
rate
Sun,
PSpin
kpu
rple
berry
Strik
ing sh
iny pu
rple
berri
es, c
an pr
une b
ack e
asily
Pink
shell
azale
aRh
odod
endr
on va
seyi
Mode
rate
Sun,
PSpin
kno
Uprig
ht for
m, lig
ht pin
k spr
ing flo
wers
Flame
leaf s
umac
Rhus
copa
llina
Dry t
o mod
.Su
n, PS
white
red
Rich
red f
all fo
liage
, can
form
a co
lony f
rom
spro
uts, R
. aro
matic
a 'Gr
ow Lo
w' a
good
relat
ed cu
ltivar
Blac
k-eye
d Sus
anRu
dbec
kia h
irta
Dry t
o mod
.Su
n, PS
yello
wno
Maryl
and s
tate f
lower
, gold
en ye
llow
flowe
r with
blac
k cen
terCo
ralbe
llsHe
uche
ra a
mer
icana
Dry t
o mod
.Su
n, PS
pink/r
edno
Long
bloo
m tim
e, se
mi-e
verg
reen
, low
foliag
e, str
aight
spec
ies ha
s red
/pink
flowe
rs, m
any c
ultiva
rs, G
CFir
ecra
cker
golde
nrod
Solid
ago
'Fire
crac
ker'
Dry t
o mod
.Su
n, PS
yello
wno
Late
summ
er, y
ellow
pere
nnial
, bird
s and
butte
rflies
like i
t, flow
ers "
explo
de" v
isuall
y, ma
ny va
rietie
sBl
ue F
alse I
ndigo
Bapt
isia
austr
alis
Dry t
o mod
.Su
n, PS
blue
noSt
riking
spike
s of b
lue flo
wers
3-4'
tall, d
oes n
ot tra
nspla
nt we
llGr
een-
and-
Gold
Chry
sogo
num
virg
inian
umDr
y to m
od.
Sun,
PS, S
hade
yello
wno
Abun
dant
yello
w flo
wers,
flowe
rs lon
ger if
mois
t, GC
Thre
adlea
f cor
eops
isCo
reop
sis ve
rticil
lata
Dry t
o mod
.Su
n, PS
yello
wno
Fine-
textur
ed fo
liage
and l
ong-
lastin
g yell
ow flo
wers,
'Moo
nbea
m' ha
s pale
yello
w flo
wer
Wild
gera
nium
Gera
nium
mac
ulatu
mMo
dera
teSu
n, PS
pink
noPi
nk to
purp
le sp
ring f
lower
s, pa
lmate
leav
es, G
CBl
uesta
r flow
erAm
sonia
tabe
rnae
mon
tana
Mode
rate
Sun,
PSblu
eye
llow
Delic
ate bl
ue flo
wer,
butte
rfly pl
ant, g
olden
fall c
olor,
Blue
Ice i
s com
pact
cultiv
arBo
ttlebr
ush g
rass
Elym
us h
ystri
xMo
dera
teSu
n, PS
, Sha
deno
noUp
right,
fine t
extur
e, loo
se se
edhe
adCo
lumbin
eAq
uileg
ia ca
nade
nsis
Mode
rate
Sun,
PSre
dno
Show
y red
flowe
rs, 12
-18"
tall,
freely
rese
eds,
shor
t-live
d per
ennia
lMo
ss-p
inkPh
lox su
bulat
aMo
dera
teSu
npu
rple
noBl
ue, p
ink, o
r pink
& w
hite s
triped
sprin
g flow
ers o
n eve
rgre
en m
at of
foliag
e, fin
e tex
ture,
butte
rflies
like i
t, GC
Dwar
f cre
sted i
risIri
s cris
tata
Mode
rate
Shad
e, PS
purp
leno
Edge
r, 8-
10" t
all, li
ght p
urple
early
sprin
g flow
ers,
need
s par
tial s
hade
, GC
Foam
flowe
rTi
arell
a co
rdifo
liaMo
dera
teSu
n, PS
, Sha
dewh
iteno
Sprin
g upr
ight w
hite f
lower
s, 8-
12" t
all, g
roun
dcov
er, G
CGa
rden
phlox
Phlox
pan
iculat
aMo
dera
teSu
n, PS
many
noLo
ng-la
sting
show
y flow
er cl
uster
s, ma
ny co
lors,
'Dav
id' is
a mi
ldew
resis
tant w
hite f
orm,
2-3'
tall,
Obed
ient p
lant
Phys
oste
gia vi
rgini
ana
Mode
rate
Sun,
PSpin
k, wh
iteno
Pink
to la
vend
ar, o
r whit
e spik
e, su
mmer
flowe
r, ca
n tole
rate
wet s
oils b
ut sp
read
s mor
eOs
trich f
ern
Mat
teuc
cia st
ruth
iopte
risMo
dera
teSh
ade,
PSno
noDr
amati
c ver
tical
textur
e plan
t, clum
ps, h
erba
ceou
s fer
nVi
rgini
a spid
erwo
rtTr
ades
cant
ia vir
ginian
aMo
dera
teSu
n, PS
, Sha
depu
rple
noInt
ense
purlp
e flow
ers i
n A.M
. in sp
ring,
adap
table;
seve
ral c
olors
Sund
rops
Oeno
ther
a ru
ticos
aMo
dera
teSu
nye
llow
noSp
read
ing se
mi-e
verg
reen
grou
ndco
ver,
Brigh
t yell
ow flo
wers
in Sp
ring,
GCCa
nada
viole
tVi
ola ca
nade
nsis
Mode
rate
Sun,
PSwh
iteno
Grou
ndco
ver,
spre
ading
, whit
e flow
ers,
tinge
d viol
et on
back
, frag
rant,
attra
cts bu
tterfli
esCo
ral o
r tru
mpet
hone
ysuc
kleLo
nicer
a se
mpe
rvire
nsMo
dera
teSu
n, PS
red
noCl
imbin
g vine
with
long
bloo
m tim
e, br
ight r
ed tu
bular
flowe
rs, G
CBe
e balm
Mon
arda
didy
ma
Wet
to mo
d.Su
n, PS
red
noMa
rshall
's De
light'
has b
right
Pink
flowe
rs, 2-
3' tal
l, mild
ew re
sistan
t, nee
ds ha
lf day
of su
nBl
ue ve
rvain
Verb
ena
hasta
taW
et to
mod.
Sun,
PSblu
e/pur
pleno
Blue
to pu
rple
spike
s in m
id to
late s
umme
rCa
nada
lily
Lilium
cana
dens
eW
et to
mod.
Sun,
PSor
ange
noMu
ltiple
oran
ge su
mmer
lily f
lower
s, tal
l plan
t (up
to 6'
)Ci
nnam
on fe
rnOs
mun
da ci
nnam
omea
Wet
to mo
d.Su
n, PS
, Sha
deno
noTa
ll upr
ight d
ecidu
ous f
ern w
ith ci
nnam
on lik
e flor
esce
nce,
toler
ates d
roug
ht, G
CGo
lden A
lexan
ders
Zizia
aur
eaor
apt
era
Wet
to mo
d.Su
n, PS
yello
wno
Loos
e clus
ters o
f brig
ht ye
llow
flowe
rs, Z
. apte
ra ha
s rou
nder
leav
es, to
lerate
s drie
r soil
Gamm
a gra
ssTr
ipsac
um d
actyl
oides
Wet
to mo
d.Su
n, PS
nono
Clum
ping a
rching
small
gras
s, fal
l inflo
resc
ence
Goats
bear
d - fe
male
form
Arun
cus d
ioicu
sW
et to
mod.
Sun,
PS, S
hade
white
noLa
rge b
illowi
ng cl
ouds
of w
hite,
up to
4' ta
llLa
dy F
ern
Athy
rium
filix-
fem
ina-in
cludin
g ss
p. A
splen
oides
Wet
to mo
d.Sh
ade,
PSno
noFin
e tex
ture,
vertic
al str
uctur
e 2' ta
ll, GC
Slen
der b
lue fla
gIri
s pris
mat
icaW
et to
mod.
Sun
blue
noLin
ear f
orm,
blue
late
sprin
g flow
ers
T r e e s S h r u b s F l o w e r s , F e r n s & G r a s s e s
The Water-Friendly Forest
“It’s a little known fact that fish grow on trees.” Anonymous
WHY Forests are part of nature’s water filter. Forests soak up more water than other land uses, catching rainfall in the canopy and developing more porous soils over time. The forest canopy uses water during the growing season, making more room to store water in the soil during storms. Forests trap and treat nutrients, keeping pollutants out of streams and groundwater. They store carbon to make cleaner air. Septic tanks work well to treat waste to control disease, but most systems do not reduce nutrients well. (Contact MD Dept. of Environment for incentives to install a denitrifying septic system). Planting trees beyond the septic field can help absorb many nutrients before they leach to local streams and groundwater. Add a rain garden to treat rooftop runoff, and rain barrels to capture water for outdoor watering.
HOWDesign an area of fast-growing trees like sycamore or yellow-poplar just beyond a septic tank drain field. A good minimum width is 100 feet wide, with more being needed on steeper slopes. Expand width 4 feet for every 1% slope to compensate for faster water movement on slopes.
Plant densely (400+ seedlings/acre, up to 800 trees per acre). Seedlings are least expensive and if sheltered with tree tubes or deer fencing, can equal or exceed size of trees planted as larger stock within 5 to 7 years. If larger trees are planted, use fewer (100-300 trees/acre). Thin after 10-15 years to encourage larger trees and continued nutrient uptake. Plan on harvesting some of the trees every 30-50 years to encourage rapid new growth. Control invasive weeds by cutting or spraying.
Add trees with more moderate growth rates and longer life spans in surrounding areas. Oaks are native species associated with high wildlife value and low rates of nutrient leaching, so they are emphasized here. Some trees with more moderate growth rates that also provide valuable winter food for wildlife and desirable wood are northern red oak, southern red oak, white oak, and black walnut.
Match plant species to
soil conditions
Comm
on na
meLa
tin n
ame
Soil M
oistur
e Su
n pre
feren
ceFlo
wer c
olor
Fall c
olor
Desc
riptio
n
Pign
ut hic
kory
Cary
a gla
bra
All
Sun,
PSno
yello
wNu
ts for
wild
life, a
ttrac
tive f
oliag
e, ad
aptab
leNo
rther
n red
oak
Quer
cus r
ubra
Dry t
o mod
.Su
n, PS
nore
dCo
mmon
and r
elativ
ely fa
st-gr
owing
oak,
nice f
all co
lorYe
llow-
popla
rLir
ioden
dron
tulip
ifera
Mode
rate
Sun,
PSye
llow
yello
wFa
st-gr
owing
, tulip
-shap
ed le
af, ye
llow
flowe
rs in
sprin
gEa
stern
whit
e pine
Pinu
s stro
bus
Mode
rate
Sun,
PSno
ever
gree
nSo
ft nee
dles,
can s
hear
well
Amer
ican s
ycam
ore
Plat
anus
occ
ident
alis
Mode
rate
Sun,
PSno
yello
wFa
st-gr
owing
, whit
e exfo
liatin
g bar
k, lar
ge tr
eeBi
gtooth
aspe
nPo
pulus
gra
ndide
ntat
aMo
dera
teSu
nno
yello
wFa
st-gr
owing
, smo
oth ba
rkPi
n oak
Quer
cus p
alustr
isMo
dera
teSu
nno
red
Adap
table,
relat
ively
fast-g
rowi
ng oa
k, ca
n tole
rate
wet s
oils
Amer
ican b
assw
ood
Tilia
am
erica
naMo
dera
teSh
ade,
PSye
llow
yello
w/br
own
Frag
rant
flowe
rs, be
es lik
e the
polle
n, mo
dera
te gr
owth
rate
Easte
rn he
mloc
kTs
uga
cana
dens
isMo
dera
teSh
ade,
PSno
ever
gree
nLa
cy te
xture
, sus
cepti
ble to
heml
ock w
oolly
adelg
idSl
ipper
y elm
Ulm
us ru
bra
Mode
rate
Shad
e, PS
noye
llow
If usin
g Ame
rican
elm,
get d
iseas
e-re
sistan
t cult
ivar
Silve
r map
leAc
er sa
ccha
rinum
Wet
to mo
d.Su
n, PS
noye
llow
Fast-
grow
ing, s
hort-
lived
tree
, tend
s to h
ave m
ultipl
e stem
s or lo
w br
anch
esYe
llow
birch
Betu
la all
egha
niens
isW
et to
mod.
Sun,
PS, S
hade
noye
llow
Shiny
bark
for w
inter
inter
est, p
refer
s som
e sha
de, N
aspe
cts, li
mesto
ne so
ilsRi
ver b
irch
Betu
la nig
raW
et to
mod.
Sun
noye
llow
Exfol
iating
bark,
grac
eful d
roop
to br
anch
es, d
warf,
'Her
itage
', and
'Dur
a-He
at' cu
ltivar
sBl
ack-g
umNy
ssa
sylva
tica
Wet
to mo
d.Su
n, PS
nore
dBr
illian
t red
fall c
olor,
toler
ates s
ome d
roug
ht, sl
ower
-gro
wing
Easte
rn co
ttonw
ood
Popu
lus d
eltoid
esW
et to
mod.
Sun
noye
llow
Fast-
grow
ing, s
hort-
lived
, smo
oth ba
rk, co
ttony
seed
sSw
amp w
hite o
akQu
ercu
s bico
lorW
et to
mod.
Sun,
PSno
red/b
rown
Toler
ates w
et so
ilsSw
amp c
hestn
ut oa
kQu
ercu
s mich
auxii
Wet
to mo
d.Su
nno
red/b
rown
Toler
ates w
et so
ilsW
ater o
akQu
ercu
s nigr
aW
et to
mod.
Shad
e, PS
nono
Toler
ates w
et so
ils, le
aves
persi
st in
winte
rW
illow
oak
Quer
cus p
hello
sW
et to
mod.
Sun,
PSno
red/b
rown
Adap
table,
relat
ivley
fast-
grow
ing oa
k, sm
all ac
orns
, thin
leave
sBl
ack w
illow
Salix
nigr
aW
et to
mod.
Sun,
PSno
noSl
ende
r flex
ible t
wigs
, can
grow
from
cuttin
gs/liv
e stak
es, to
lerate
s floo
ding a
nd a
little
salt
Bald-
cypr
ess
Taxo
dium
dist
ichum
Wet
to mo
d.Su
n, PS
nono
Fine t
extur
e, de
ciduo
us co
nifer
, soft
grac
eful fo
liage
, toler
ates p
ondin
gRe
d cho
kebe
rryPh
otini
a py
rifoli
aAl
lSu
n, PS
white
red
Brigh
t red
berri
es, a
dapta
ble to
soils
Oakle
af hy
dran
gea
Hydr
ange
a qu
ercif
olia
Mode
rate
Sun,
PSwh
itere
d/mar
oon
Alice
' and
'Sno
w Qu
een'
and V
augh
n's Li
ly' ar
e goo
d cult
ivars,
exfol
iating
wint
er ba
rk, co
mpac
t cult
ivars
Haze
l alde
rAl
nus s
erru
lata
Mode
rate
Sun,
PSno
yello
w/re
dMu
lti-ste
m sh
rub/s
mall t
ree,
nice w
inter
bark,
Nitro
gen f
ixer,
forms
thick
ets on
stre
ams
Butto
nbus
hCe
phala
nthu
s occ
ident
alis
Wet
to mo
d.Su
n, PS
, Sha
dewh
iteye
llow-
gree
nW
hite b
alls o
f flow
ers i
n sum
mer,
coar
se te
xture
, like
s wet
feet, t
olera
tes dr
ough
tSu
mmer
swee
tCl
ethr
a aln
ifolia
Wet
to mo
d.Su
n, PS
white
yello
wUp
right
summ
er flo
wers,
bees
and b
utter
flies l
ike it,
'Rub
y Spic
e' is
a pink
dwar
f cult
ivar
Silky
dogw
ood
Corn
us a
mom
umW
et to
mod.
Sun,
PSwh
itere
d/pur
pleCl
uster
s of c
obalt
blue
berri
esInk
berry
Ilex g
labra
Wet
to mo
d.Su
n, PS
noev
ergr
een
Leav
es si
milar
to bo
xwoo
d, re
tains
shap
e well
Swee
tspire
Itea
virgin
icaW
et to
mod.
Sun,
PS, S
hade
white
dark
red
Mediu
m siz
e arch
ing sh
rub,
will s
ucke
r, da
rk re
d wint
er st
ems,
butte
rfly an
d bird
plan
t, dwa
rf cu
ltivar
sMa
rsh m
allow
Hibis
cus l
aevis
Wet
to mo
d.Su
n, PS
pink
noSe
vera
l colo
r cult
ivars,
gene
rally
pink
, 3' ta
ll, ve
ry we
t, bold
textu
reSw
amp a
zalea
Rhod
oden
dron
visc
osum
Wet
to mo
d.Su
n, PS
white
yello
w/re
dW
hite f
ragr
ant la
te sp
ring f
lower
s, lik
es th
e wett
er ar
eas o
f a ra
ingar
den
Broo
msed
ge bl
ueste
mAn
drop
ogon
virg
inicu
sAl
lSu
nno
redd
ishBu
nchin
g gra
ssDe
erton
gue
Dich
anth
elium
clan
desti
num
All
Sun,
PSno
noGr
assy
cove
rSw
itchg
rass
Panic
um vi
rgat
umAl
lSu
nno
varie
sFin
e tex
ture,
clump
ing, m
any c
ultiva
rs for
heigh
t and
color
Virg
inia c
reep
erPa
rthen
ociss
us q
uinqu
efoli
aAl
lSu
n, PS
, Sha
deno
red
Vine
with
five-
leave
d foli
age,
bank
stab
ilizer
, ada
ptable
, trim
as ne
eded
Whit
e sna
kero
otAg
erat
ina a
ltissim
aDr
y to m
od.
Sun,
PS, S
hade
white
no3'
tall, w
hite s
umme
r flow
ers,
Chris
tmas
Fer
nPo
lystic
hum
acr
ostic
hoide
sMo
dera
teSh
ade,
PSno
ever
gree
nEv
ergr
een,
12-1
5" ta
ll clum
ping f
ern,
grou
nd co
ver
Comm
on bo
nese
tEu
pato
rium
per
folia
tum
Mode
rate
Sun,
PS, S
hade
nono
Spra
ys of
whit
e flow
ers,
toler
ates w
et so
ils/sp
ring
Cree
ping p
hlox
Phlox
stolo
nifer
a Mo
dera
teSu
n, PS
laven
dar
ever
gree
nVa
rious
cultiv
ars ,
ever
gree
n gro
undc
over
, pink
, blue
some
times
whit
e flow
ers
Bear
dtong
uePe
nste
mon
digi
talis
Mode
rate
Sun,
PS, S
hade
white
no2-
3' tal
l whit
e flow
ers
Amer
ican s
peed
well
Vero
nica
amer
icana
Wet
to mo
d.Su
nblu
e/pur
pleno
Prett
y blue
/purp
le flo
wer,
need
s wet
sites
Culve
r's R
oot
Vero
nicas
trum
virg
inicu
mW
et to
mod.
Sun,
PSwh
iteno
Uprig
ht wh
ite pe
renn
ial, 3
' tall,
summ
er flo
wers,
pink
cultiv
ars
Grea
t blue
lobe
liaLo
belia
siph
ilitica
Wet
to mo
d.Su
n, PS
, Sha
deblu
eno
Purp
le-blu
e sum
mer f
lower
s, ne
ds sh
ade i
n war
mer a
reas
, frag
rant
Marsh
fern
Thely
pter
is pa
lustri
sW
et to
mod.
Sun,
PSno
noFin
e Tex
ture,
spre
ading
, dec
iduou
s fer
n, 2-
3' tal
lMi
lkwee
d, sw
amp
Ascle
pias i
ncar
nata
Wet
to mo
d.Su
n, PS
pink
noW
et me
adow
s, pin
k clus
ters o
f flow
ers,
Mona
rch bu
tterfly
larva
l food
Narro
w-lea
ved s
unflo
wer
Helia
nthu
s ang
ustifo
lius
Wet
to mo
d.Su
nye
llow
noLa
te su
mmer
brigh
t yell
ow flo
wers
all up
and d
own 8
' tall s
talks
, spr
eads
New
York
ironw
eed
Vern
onia
nove
bora
cens
isW
et to
mod.
Sun,
PSpu
rple
noInt
ense
purp
le flo
wers
in lat
e sum
mer,
fall
North
ern b
lue fla
g Iri
s ver
sicolo
rW
et to
mod.
Sun,
PSblu
eno
Mediu
m blu
e-pu
rple
flowe
rs, gr
ows a
t pon
d edg
esRo
yal fe
rnOs
mun
da re
galis
Wet
to mo
d.Su
n, PS
, Sha
deno
noTa
ll dec
iduou
s fer
n, lik
es w
et fee
t, but
not c
ontin
uous
satur
ation
Turk'
s cap
lily
Lilium
supe
rbum
Wet
to mo
d.Su
n, PS
oran
geno
Tall w
ith or
ange
summ
er flo
wers,
take
s sev
eral
year
s to b
loom
Virg
inia b
luebe
llsM
erte
nsia
virgin
icaW
et to
mod.
Shad
e, PS
blue
noSp
ring e
phem
eral,
blue
flowe
rs, co
lor ca
n var
y to p
ink or
whit
e
T r e e s S h r u b s F l o w e r s , F e r n s , &
G r a s s e s
All
D
ry
M
oder
ate
Wet
Soi
l Moi
stur
e P
refe
renc
es:
The Wildlife-Friendly Woodland
“He that plants trees loves others besides himself.” - Thomas Fuller, Gnomologia, 1732
WHYSharing your backyard with other creatures is a simple way to better enjoy your land. Forests offer new niches for wildlife habitat with every layer - the high-rises of the wildlife world. Trees help build the whole food pyramid for a variety of wildlife. Like everyone, wildlife is looking for places to live, eat, and raise babies. Pick a couple species from each category to provide habitat during different life stages over the seasons. Use native plants to optimize benefits to local species and minimize risks of bringing in exotic invasive plants that don’t support all the local wildlife. If you want a variety of animals, birds, and butterfiles, first encourage a variety of native plants.
HOWPlant a variety of trees, shrubs, and flowers that can provide food throughout the year. Fruit trees like pawpaw, persimmon, and serviceberry are good summer and fall sources of food. Trees with nuts, like oaks, hickories, buckeyes, and beech, are important winter food sources for many animals.
Wildlife need shelter and water as well as food. Evergreens like white pine, Virginia pine, holly, or eastern redcedar can provide some shelter from winter winds. Plant these in groups for a better windbreak. They can also be planted near a bird feeder to offer birds quick cover from predators. Rock piles, rock walls, dead logs, and brush piles create refuges for small animals. Nesting habitat can be improved with nest boxes for birds. Water can be provided from streams, seeps, or ponds, or even just a bird bath.
One of the delightful responses to growing native plants is the amazing variety of butterflies. Most butterflies need a particular plant to nourish their earlier life stage as a caterpillar. Oaks, willows, and cherries host over 400 species of butterflies (Tallamy 2007). You need a hackberry if you want to nurture the rare hackberry butterfly. Butterflies can use nectar from many different types of flowers, but they need their host plants to reproduce.
Mix fast-growing trees like sycamore and yellow-poplar with some slower-growing oaks or beech. The fast growing trees will help moderate the site and make it easier for other trees to grow. The slower growing trees often live longer, providing benefits for decades.
Encourage canopy layers, including shrubs and ground covers that don’t need mowing. More layers mean more types of wildlife can use them. It also builds in resilience to storm damage, so even if one plant is lost, the plants above or below can fill in quickly.
Match plant species to
soil conditions
Comm
on na
meLa
tin n
ame
Soil M
oistur
eSu
n pre
feren
ceFlo
wer c
olor
Fall c
olor
Desc
riptio
nCh
inkap
inCa
stane
a pu
mila
Dry t
o mod
.Su
n, PS
noye
llow/
purp
leSw
eet e
dible
nut-li
ke fr
uits (
relat
ed to
ches
tnut)
Persi
mmon
Dios
pyro
s virg
inian
aDr
y to m
od.
Sun,
PSno
yello
w/pu
rple
Edibl
e fru
its (b
est a
fter f
rost)
, fine
-textu
red b
locky
bark
Easte
rn re
dced
arJu
niper
us vi
rgini
ana
Dry t
o mod
.Su
nno
ever
gree
nDe
nse e
verg
reen
folia
ge, li
kes l
imes
tone s
oils
Shor
tleaf
pine
Pinu
s ech
inata
Dry t
o mod
.Su
nno
ever
gree
nW
inter
cove
r, se
eds i
n con
esVi
rgini
a pine
Pinu
s virg
inian
aDr
y to m
od.
Sun
noev
ergr
een
Twist
y nee
dles,
winte
r cov
er an
d see
dsCh
estnu
t oak
Quer
cus p
rinus
Dry t
o mod
.Su
n, PS
noye
llow-
oran
geAc
orns
for w
inter
food
, thick
ridge
d bar
kSm
ooth
suma
cRh
us g
labra
Dry t
o mod
.Su
nno
red
Fuzz
y ber
ry clu
sters,
drou
ght r
esist
ant
Pawp
awAs
imina
trilo
baMo
dera
teSu
nno
yello
w to
red
Oran
ge fr
uits,
yello
w or
red f
all co
lorSh
agba
rk hic
kory
Cary
a ov
ata
Mode
rate
Sun
noye
llow
Inter
estin
g pee
ling b
ark t
extur
e, nu
ts for
wild
lifeHa
ckbe
rryCe
ltis o
ccide
ntali
sMo
dera
teSu
n, PS
, Sha
deno
yelow
Host
for ra
re H
ackb
erry
butte
rfly, d
roug
ht an
d floo
d tole
rant
Amer
ican b
eech
Fagu
s gra
ndifo
liaMo
dera
teSu
n, PS
, Sha
deno
tanSm
ooth
grey
bark,
retai
ns ta
n lea
ves m
ost o
f wint
erBl
ack w
alnut
Jugla
ns n
igra
Mode
rate
Sun
noye
llow
Edibl
e nuts
, attr
activ
e foli
age
Magn
olia
Mag
nolia
gra
ndiflo
raMo
dera
teSu
n, PS
white
ever
gree
nLa
rge,
spre
ading
tree
with
show
y whit
e cup
-shap
ed flo
wers
in sp
ring,
franr
ant
Red m
ulber
ryM
orus
rubr
aMo
dera
teSu
n, PS
noye
llow
Berri
es fo
r bird
s, do
n't pl
ant w
hite m
ulber
ry (in
vasiv
e)Bl
ack c
herry
Prun
us se
rotin
aMo
dera
tesu
nwh
iteye
llow/
red
Small
fruit
s for
bird
s, da
rk fla
ky ba
rkW
hite o
akQu
ercu
s alba
Mode
rate
Sun,
PSno
red
Maryl
and S
tate T
ree,
attra
ctive
textu
red b
ark,
roun
ded l
obes
on le
aves
South
ern r
ed oa
kQu
ercu
s falc
ata
Mode
rate
Sun
nobr
own
Acor
ns fo
r wint
er fo
od, b
ell-sh
aped
botto
m to
leaf, d
roug
ht tol
eran
tSa
ssafr
asSa
ssaf
ras a
lbidu
mMo
dera
teSu
n, PS
yello
wye
llow
Butte
rfly tr
ee, g
reat
fall c
olor,
3 lea
f sha
pes
Bitte
rnut
hicko
ryCa
rya
cord
iform
isW
et to
mod.
Sun
noye
llow
Nuts
for w
ildlife
, attr
activ
e foli
age
Blac
k huc
klebe
rryGa
yluss
acia
bacc
ata
All
Shad
e, PS
white
red/p
urple
Low
grow
ing sh
rub,
white
flowe
rsAr
roww
ood
Vibu
rnum
den
tatu
mAl
lSu
n, PS
, Sha
dewh
itere
d/pur
pleW
hite s
umme
r flow
ers,
uprig
ht for
m, bl
ack f
ruit
Elde
rber
rySa
mbu
cus c
anad
ensis
All
Sun,
PS, S
hade
white
yello
wW
hite f
lower
s, Da
rk fru
it, bir
ds lik
e it, u
prigh
t coa
rse te
xture
High
bush
blue
berry
Vacc
inum
cory
mbo
sum
All
Sun,
PS, S
hade
white
red
Many
cultiv
ars,
red f
all co
lor, w
hite s
pring
flowe
rs, bl
ue fr
uit, b
irds l
ike pl
ant
Amer
ican h
azeln
utCo
rylus
am
erica
naDr
y to m
od.
PSbr
own
yello
wEd
ible n
utsBl
uebe
rry -
low bu
shVa
ccinu
m a
ngus
tifoliu
mDr
y to m
od.
Sun,
PSwh
itere
d3-
5' tal
l, med
-fine t
exur
e, wh
ite flo
wers
in sp
ring,
red f
allco
lorGr
ay do
gwoo
dCo
rnus
race
mos
aDr
y to m
od.
Sun,
PS, S
hade
white
purp
leBe
rries
for w
ildlife
Shini
ng su
mac
Rhus
copa
llinum
Dry t
o mod
.Su
n, PS
nore
dRe
d fall
folia
ge an
d red
spike
s of b
errie
s in w
inter
, form
s colo
nies
Blac
k ras
pber
ryRu
bus o
ccide
ntali
sMo
dera
teSu
n, PS
white
nosu
mmer
berri
esPo
ssum
haw
Ilex d
ecidu
aMo
dera
teSu
n, PS
nono
Decid
uous
holly
, use
a ma
le wi
th fem
ales (
ie 'W
arre
n's R
ed'(fe
male)
and '
Red E
scor
t' (ma
le)),
show
y wint
er fr
uitW
itch-
haze
lHa
mem
elis v
irgini
ana
Mode
rate
Sun,
PS, S
hade
yello
wye
llow
to re
dYe
llow
flowe
rs, ye
llow-
oran
ge-re
d fall
color
, goo
d for
butte
rflies
/moth
sSe
rvice
berry
, Sha
dblow
Amela
nchie
r can
aden
sisW
et to
mod.
Sun,
PS, S
hade
white
red-
oran
geW
hite f
lower
s in s
pring
, red
-ora
nge f
all co
lor, b
irds l
ike fr
uit, g
ray w
inter
bark
North
ern b
aybe
rryM
yrica
pen
sylva
nica
Wet
to mo
d.Su
n, PS
nose
mi-e
verg
reen
Fine t
extur
e, sh
ears
well,
waxy
whit
ish-b
lue be
rries
in w
inter
, frag
rant
Spice
bush
Linde
ra b
enzo
inW
et to
mod.
Shad
e, PS
yello
wno
Yello
w flo
wers,
late
Sprin
g, Sp
icebu
sh bu
tterfly
plan
t, upr
ight c
oarse
textu
reW
ax m
yrtle
Myr
ica ce
rifer
aW
et to
mod.
Sun,
PSno
semi
-eve
rgre
enfra
gran
t, can
prun
e for
a he
dge
Wint
erbe
rryIle
x ver
ticilla
taW
et to
mod.
Sun,
PS, S
hade
noye
llow
Red b
errie
s in w
inter
on fe
males
, nee
d 1 m
ale to
set fr
uit, d
warf
cultiv
ars
Blaz
ing st
arLia
tris s
picat
aAl
lSu
n, PS
purp
leFe
ather
y pur
ple sp
ikes o
f flow
ers i
n sum
mer
Easte
rn co
neflo
wer
Rudb
eckia
fulgi
daDr
y to m
od.
Sun,
PSye
llow
Pere
nnial
form
of bl
ack-e
yed S
usan
- 'G
oldstu
rm' a
comm
on cu
ltivar
, late
summ
er flo
wers
Foxg
love b
eard
tongu
ePe
nste
mon
digi
talis
Dry t
o mod
.Su
n, PS
white
2-3'
tall w
hite f
lower
s, hu
mming
bird f
lower
Golde
n flee
ce go
ldenr
odSo
lidag
o 'G
olden
Flee
ce'
Dry t
o mod
.Su
nye
llow
Late
summ
er, e
arly
Fall y
ellow
pere
nnial
, bird
s and
butte
rflies
like i
tInd
iangr
ass
Sorg
hastr
um n
utan
sDr
y to m
od.
Sun
noTa
ll clum
ping g
rass
with
grac
eful s
eed h
ead
Lanc
e-lea
ved c
oreo
psis
Core
opsis
lanc
eolat
aDr
y to m
od.
Sun,
PSye
llow
Long
-bloo
ming
yello
w flo
wers,
spre
ads r
eadil
y, go
lden y
ellow
flowe
rs in
early
summ
ermi
lkwee
dAs
clepia
s syr
iaca
Dry t
o mod
.Su
n, PS
pink
Dry m
eado
ws, p
ink cl
uster
s of fl
ower
s, Mo
narch
butte
rfly la
rval fo
od, s
prea
dsPu
rple
cone
flowe
rEc
hinac
ea p
urpu
rea
Dry t
o mod
.Su
npin
k/pur
pleMa
ny cu
ltivar
s, sh
owy s
umme
r flow
ers,
butte
rflies
like i
t, wint
er se
eds f
or bi
rds
Berg
amot
Mon
arda
fistu
losa
Mode
rate
Sun
laven
dar
laven
der f
lower
s mid-
summ
er, 4
-6' ta
ll, sp
read
s rea
dily (
mint
family
)Ne
w En
gland
aster
Sym
phyo
trich
um n
ovae
-ang
liae
Mode
rate
Sun,
PSpu
rple
Abun
dant
purp
le flo
wers
in fal
l, 3-6
', spr
eads
read
ily, d
warf
cultiv
ar av
ailab
leW
oodla
nd ph
loxPh
lox d
ivaric
ata
Mode
rate
Sun,
PSma
nySe
mi-e
verg
reen
, spr
eadin
g, 8"
tall,
flowe
rs 12
" tall
, frag
rant
Joe-
pye w
eed
Eupa
toriu
m fis
tulos
umW
et to
mod.
Sun,
PSma
uve
Tall f
lower
, late
summ
er flo
wers
spra
ys, b
utter
flies
Butte
rfly w
eed
Ascle
pias t
uber
osa
Wet
to mo
d.Su
n, PS
oran
geBr
ight o
rang
e sum
mer f
lower
s, Mo
narch
butte
rfly la
rval fo
odCa
rdina
l flow
erLo
belia
card
inalis
Wet
to mo
d.Su
n, PS
red
Brigh
t red
summ
er flo
wers,
humm
ingbir
d attr
actor
Turtle
head
Chelo
ne g
labra
or l
yonii
Wet
to mo
d.Su
nwh
ite/pi
nkGo
od bu
tterfly
plan
t, C. g
labra
has w
hite s
umme
r flow
ers,
lyonii
has p
ink
F l o w e r s ,
F e r n s &
G r a s s e s
S h r u b sT r e e s
All
D
ry
M
oder
ate
Wet
Soi
l Moi
stur
e P
refe
renc
es: