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Build Your Bones,Build Your Bones,Girlfriend!Girlfriend!
Bones are living tissue, they Bones are living tissue, they provide structural support, and provide structural support, and protect vital organsprotect vital organs
Bones are made up of:Bones are made up of: CalciumCalcium PhosphorousPhosphorous ProteinProtein MagnesiumMagnesium Vitamins and other minerals in Vitamins and other minerals in
smaller amountssmaller amounts
Facts About Our BonesFacts About Our Bones
The average adult skeleton contains The average adult skeleton contains over TWO POUNDS of calcium over TWO POUNDS of calcium more for taller peoplemore for taller people
We need calcium to develop teeth We need calcium to develop teeth and bones, and also to regulate and bones, and also to regulate heart and muscle, and clot bloodheart and muscle, and clot blood
Facts About Our BonesFacts About Our Bones
When we are young When we are young we store and build bone we store and build bone effectively.effectively.
Most bone – 85 to 90 percent – Most bone – 85 to 90 percent – is made before age 20.is made before age 20.
As we get older – age 35 to 45 – bones begin to As we get older – age 35 to 45 – bones begin to break down faster than they are formedbreak down faster than they are formed. .
Facts About Our BonesFacts About Our Bones
Bones and AgeBones and Age
How Much Calcium Do We Need? How Much Calcium Do We Need? What the Experts SayWhat the Experts Say
So What does So What does mg. stand for ?mg. stand for ?
Milligram = One thousandth of a gramMilligram = One thousandth of a gramOunce = 28 gramsOunce = 28 grams
Are We Measuring Up?Are We Measuring Up?
Who’s getting adequate calciumWho’s getting adequate calcium 13.5% of girls ages 12-1913.5% of girls ages 12-19 36.3% of boys ages 12-1936.3% of boys ages 12-19 About 50% of adult womenAbout 50% of adult women
Woman B Woman B had less bonehad less bonemass starting out and somass starting out and sosuffered ill effects fromsuffered ill effects frombone loss later on.bone loss later on.
Age 20Age 20
Danger zoneDanger zone
Age 40Age 40
Bon
e m
ass
Bon
e m
ass
Woman AWoman A entered adulthoodentered adulthoodwith enough calcium in herwith enough calcium in herbones to last a lifetime.bones to last a lifetime.
Age 60Age 60
OsteoporosisOsteoporosis
Life Cycle of BonesLife Cycle of Bones
Building Bones Building Bones
Ages 9 to 18 years are a key period in life for Ages 9 to 18 years are a key period in life for growth growth
In these years, you’ll grow faster than any other In these years, you’ll grow faster than any other time other than infancy. time other than infancy.
Ages 12 to 18Ages 12 to 18 About 85% of our adult bone mass is made About 85% of our adult bone mass is made Up to 80%of our adult weight is achieved Up to 80%of our adult weight is achieved
What if the materials needed for this growth are What if the materials needed for this growth are not available, what happens…an opportunity not available, what happens…an opportunity lost??lost??
Osteopenia & OsteoporosisOsteopenia & Osteoporosis
Osteopenia:Osteopenia:“Ricketts” “Ricketts” bones bend due to weaknessbones bend due to weakness
Common in the early 1900s Common in the early 1900s poor nutrition poor nutrition
Osteopenia & OsteoporosisOsteopenia & Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis:Osteoporosis:“Little Old Lady Disease” “Little Old Lady Disease” bones break due to bones break due to weaknessweakness
Common NOWCommon NOW
Osteopenia & OsteoporosisOsteopenia & Osteoporosis
One in 2 women and one in 8 men over age 50 One in 2 women and one in 8 men over age 50 will have an osteoporosis-related fracturewill have an osteoporosis-related fracture
The estimated cost is $38 million a dayThe estimated cost is $38 million a day
I’m Just A Teenager –I’m Just A Teenager –Why Should I Care Now ?Why Should I Care Now ? During the teen years, most of the adult skeleton is During the teen years, most of the adult skeleton is
formed formed Fewer than 15 percent of teenage girls get enough Fewer than 15 percent of teenage girls get enough
calcium! calcium! If you build your bones when you're in your teens, If you build your bones when you're in your teens,
you will be less likely to fracture your bones when you will be less likely to fracture your bones when you're older.you're older.
AND…very thin girls, especially girls on diets, can AND…very thin girls, especially girls on diets, can get a type of osteoporosis while they are still get a type of osteoporosis while they are still YOUNGYOUNG
I’m Just A Teenager –I’m Just A Teenager –Why Should I Care Now ?Why Should I Care Now ? Certain people are more likely to develop osteoporosisCertain people are more likely to develop osteoporosis
Don’t exerciseDon’t exercise Thin and/or small frameThin and/or small frame CaucasianCaucasian AsianAsian Family history – your grandma, aunt, grandfather?Family history – your grandma, aunt, grandfather?
Women are 4 times more likely to develop osteoporosis Women are 4 times more likely to develop osteoporosis than menthan men
What puts you at risk NOW? What puts you at risk NOW? Being underweightBeing underweight Not getting enough calciumNot getting enough calcium
or exerciseor exercise
Three of the following foods provide Three of the following foods provide about 300 mg calciumabout 300 mg calcium
½ cup cottage cheese½ cup cottage cheese ½ cup cream soup½ cup cream soup ½ cup ice milk, frozen yogurt, or ice cream½ cup ice milk, frozen yogurt, or ice cream 2 oz. (1/2 can) canned fish with bones (salmon, mackerel)2 oz. (1/2 can) canned fish with bones (salmon, mackerel) ¼ cup almonds¼ cup almonds ½ cup bok choy, collard greens, or turnip greens½ cup bok choy, collard greens, or turnip greens 1 cup broccoli, kale, or mustard greens1 cup broccoli, kale, or mustard greens 5 figs5 figs 2 Tbsp. cream cheese2 Tbsp. cream cheese
How many servings of these foods do you eat per day?How many servings of these foods do you eat per day?
Calcium In Your DietCalcium In Your Diet
Just one of the following foods provides Just one of the following foods provides about 300mg calciumabout 300mg calcium
8 oz. glass of milk, or calcium fortified soy milk8 oz. glass of milk, or calcium fortified soy milk 8 oz. glass of calcium fortified orange juice8 oz. glass of calcium fortified orange juice 6-8 oz. carton of yogurt6-8 oz. carton of yogurt 1 ½ oz. of cheese1 ½ oz. of cheese 1 cup pudding, custard, or flan1 cup pudding, custard, or flan 1 Power Bar (or other sports bar)1 Power Bar (or other sports bar) 1 cup Total1 cup Total cerealcereal ( (or other breakfast cereal)or other breakfast cereal)
How many servings of these foods do you eat per day?How many servings of these foods do you eat per day?
Calcium In Your DietCalcium In Your Diet
FOODFOOD1 English muffin1 English muffin1 cup Total cereal1 cup Total cereal5 dried figs5 dried figs1/2 cup orange slices1/2 cup orange slices1 oz almonds1 oz almonds1 cup fortified soy milk1 cup fortified soy milk1 cup navy beans1 cup navy beans1/2 cup bok choy1/2 cup bok choy1/2 cup broccoli1/2 cup broccoli½ cup mustard greens½ cup mustard greens3 oz canned salmon, bones 3 oz canned salmon, bones 1 ½ oz milk chocolate1 ½ oz milk chocolate
CALCIUM CONTENTCALCIUM CONTENT100 mg100 mg345 mg345 mg135 mg135 mg 70 mg70 mg 80 mg80 mg350 mg350 mg135 mg135 mg 80 mg80 mg 45 mg45 mg105 mg105 mg180 mg180 mg
80 mg80 mg
Calcium That Is Non-DairyCalcium That Is Non-Dairy
What About Calcium Pills?What About Calcium Pills?
Calcium supplements are Calcium supplements are great if dairy products don’t great if dairy products don’t work for you, or work for you, or
If you don’t eat a lot of other If you don’t eat a lot of other calcium-containing foodscalcium-containing foods
Supplements come in a variety Supplements come in a variety of types and flavors, including of types and flavors, including chocolate. chocolate.
They can be pills, fizzies, They can be pills, fizzies, chewies, or shakeschewies, or shakes
What About Calcium Pills?What About Calcium Pills?
One supplement can give up to One supplement can give up to 500 mg of calcium500 mg of calcium
Supplements may be the Supplements may be the answer if you are:answer if you are: Allergic to milk Allergic to milk Lactose intolerantLactose intolerant A picky eaterA picky eater On a calorie restricted dietOn a calorie restricted diet
Difference Between Milk Allergy Difference Between Milk Allergy and Lactose Intolerance?and Lactose Intolerance? Milk Allergy:Milk Allergy:
Mostly smaller childrenMostly smaller children Cannot eat the Cannot eat the PROTEINPROTEIN in milk products in milk products Cannot have ANY milk products because the Cannot have ANY milk products because the immune immune
systemsystem rejects them rejects them Lactose Intolerance:Lactose Intolerance:
Cannot digest the Cannot digest the SUGARSUGAR in milk products (lactose) in milk products (lactose) Usually OK to have some dairy products, especially Usually OK to have some dairy products, especially
cultured products like yogurtcultured products like yogurt
About Calcium SupplementsAbout Calcium Supplements Two main forms Two main forms
Calcium carbonate Calcium carbonate GoodGood Calcium citrate Calcium citrate BestBest
Can be taken on an empty Can be taken on an empty stomach and is more easily stomach and is more easily absorbedabsorbed
Calcium gluconate Calcium gluconate Not GoodNot Good Poorly absorbedPoorly absorbed
Read product labels carefully, Read product labels carefully, and remember that all and remember that all supplements are not the samesupplements are not the same
About Calcium SupplementsAbout Calcium Supplements
Avoid taking more than 500 Avoid taking more than 500 mg of calcium at one timemg of calcium at one time
Avoid taking calcium at the Avoid taking calcium at the same time as multivitamin-same time as multivitamin-mineral mineral interferes with interferes with iron useiron use
Avoid supplements with Avoid supplements with bone meal, oyster shell or bone meal, oyster shell or dolomite. Theydolomite. They may contain may contain lead, mercury or other toxic lead, mercury or other toxic metals.metals.
Calcium has NO CALORIESCalcium has NO CALORIES Calcium does not cause weight gain Calcium does not cause weight gain Consuming 1,000 mg of calcium may actually aid in Consuming 1,000 mg of calcium may actually aid in
maintaining or losing weightmaintaining or losing weight
Calcium and Body WeightCalcium and Body Weight
Vitamin D allows your body to Vitamin D allows your body to absorb calciumabsorb calcium
Where do we get Vitamin D?Where do we get Vitamin D? The SunThe Sun Egg yolks, saltwater fish, and liver Egg yolks, saltwater fish, and liver Fortified dairy productsFortified dairy products SupplementsSupplements
Need 400 International Units (IU) Need 400 International Units (IU) a daya day
Calcium Goes with Vitamin DCalcium Goes with Vitamin D
UV rays from the sun reach the skin UV rays from the sun reach the skin and vitamin D is made in the skin and vitamin D is made in the skin then sent to the blood circulationthen sent to the blood circulation
In Florida, 15-to-20 minutes of sun In Florida, 15-to-20 minutes of sun on the arms and face each day on the arms and face each day should do itshould do it
Sunscreens above SPF8 will block Sunscreens above SPF8 will block vitamin D formation on the skinvitamin D formation on the skin But don’t ignore sunscreens. Why?But don’t ignore sunscreens. Why?
Calcium Goes with Vitamin DCalcium Goes with Vitamin D
It’s not just calciumIt’s not just calcium It’s not just vitamin DIt’s not just vitamin D Bones also need weight and movement Bones also need weight and movement
exerciseexercise Physical activity increases bone mass by an Physical activity increases bone mass by an
average 3%average 3%
Exercise is Also Important for Exercise is Also Important for Building BonesBuilding Bones
Both weight bearing and resistance exercise Both weight bearing and resistance exercise are importantare important Resistance training strengthens existing bones Resistance training strengthens existing bones
you’ve already madeyou’ve already made Weight bearing exercise is best to stimulate Weight bearing exercise is best to stimulate
NEW bone productionNEW bone productionWalkingWalking Basketball/VolleyballBasketball/VolleyballRunningRunning GymnasticsGymnasticsTennisTennis CheerleadingCheerleadingWhat else?What else?
Exercise is Also Important for Exercise is Also Important for Building BonesBuilding Bones
You should not use tobacco to keep your bones You should not use tobacco to keep your bones healthy healthy Smoking interferes with the body’s use of calciumSmoking interferes with the body’s use of calcium
You should limit caffeine-containing foods and You should limit caffeine-containing foods and beverages, such as colas and coffeebeverages, such as colas and coffee Drink three cups of coffee or two cans of soda, per day Drink three cups of coffee or two cans of soda, per day
at mostat most Caffeine causes the body to leech out calciumCaffeine causes the body to leech out calcium
What Else is Important What Else is Important for Bones ?for Bones ?
Building strong bones before age 18 is Building strong bones before age 18 is the best defense for bones…for a the best defense for bones…for a lifetimelifetime
Choose:Choose: A balanced diet rich in calcium and A balanced diet rich in calcium and
Vitamin DVitamin D A healthy lifestyle with no tobaccoA healthy lifestyle with no tobacco Engage in weight-bearing exerciseEngage in weight-bearing exercise
Summing It UpSumming It Up
Build Your Bones,Build Your Bones,Girlfriend!Girlfriend!
You’ll never regret it!You’ll never regret it!
THANKS!THANKS!
Calcium
Calcium Sources Calcium in Milk Products
Drink milk. Eat yogurt and cheese. Add dry milk during food preparation.
Calcium
Calcium Sources Calcium in Other Foods
Tofu, corn tortillas, some nuts and seeds Mustard and turnip greens, broccoli, bok choy, kale, parsley,
watercress, and seaweed (nori) Legumes Oysters and small fish consumed with bones Mineral waters, calcium-fortified orange juice, fruit and
vegetable juices, high-calcium milk Calcium-fortified cereals and breads
The unbound ionic form of calcium– Ca2+ functions in nerve impulse transmission muscle contraction transmission of signals across membranes concentrations of intracellular and extracellular
Ca2+ tightly regulated
Dietary requirements for calcium Adults: 400 mg/day Pregnancy & lactation: 1000 mg/day Infants: 500 mg/day Children: 400 mg/day RDA: 1000 mg Many women consume far less than the RDA or the
recommended 1500 MG You need less calcium with a low protein diet.
Calcium - RDICalcium - RDI Adults Adults 1000 mg/ day1000 mg/ day
Pregnant womenPregnant women 1000 mg/ day1000 mg/ day
Lactat ing womenLactat ing women 1000 mg/ day1000 mg/ day
Post-menopausal womenPost-menopausal women 1300 mg/ day1300 mg/ day
Calcium
Calcium Recommendations and Sources Calcium Recommendations (1997 Adequate Intake)
AI Adolescents: 1300 mg/day AI Adults: 1000 mg/day if 19-50 years of age AI Adults: 1200 mg/day if greater than 50 years of age Upper level for adults: 2500 mg/day Peak bone mass is the bone’s fullest potential in size and density
developed in the first three decades of life.
Absorption
20-30% of dietary calcium is absorbed. Absorption rate for adults is 25% of calcium consumed. Calcium-binding protein is needed for calcium absorption.
Absorption is promoted and enhanced by Vit D and is better in acidic environment
Absorbtion is decreased by phytates, oxalates & fatty acids. Transported to all cells and to the blood Regulated by PTH, vitamin D, and thyroid-derived calcitonin. Mineralization and demineralization of bone involves activation of
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
CalciumCalcium
Factors that enhance absorptionFactors that enhance absorption Stomach acidStomach acid Vitamin DVitamin D LactoseLactose Growth hormonesGrowth hormones
Factors that inhibit absorptionFactors that inhibit absorption Lack of stomach acidLack of stomach acid Vitamin D deficiencyVitamin D deficiency High phosphorus intakeHigh phosphorus intake High-fiber dietHigh-fiber diet PhytatesPhytates in seeds, nuts, and grains in seeds, nuts, and grains OxalatesOxalates in beet greens, rhubarb, in beet greens, rhubarb,
and spinachand spinach
Calcium balance in bone
Calcitonin Vitamin D
• Calcitonin:
• ↑’se in extracellular calcium → secretion of calcitonin by cells among follicular cells of thyroid gland
Calcitonin → ↓’se plasma calcium levels by ↓’sing resorption of bone + ↑’sing loss of calcium and phosphate ions in urine
Physiological functions of calcium a. Essential in the formation of the bones and teeth (99% of
body calcium is in the bones) b. Essential for normal nerve and muscle function. Normal
neuromuscular irritability - transmission of nerve impulses, release of neurotransmitter and muscle contraction all require Ca.
c. Essential for blood clotting. d. Maintenance of the integrity of intracellular structures
and various membrane functions, including transport. e. Activation of certain enzymes including pancreatic lipase
and plasma lipoprotein lipase.
Calcium
Calcium Roles in the Body Calcium in Body Fluids
Calmodulin is an inactive protein that becomes active when bound to calcium and serves as an interpreter for hormone and nerve-mediated messages.
Ionized calcium has many functions.
Calcium
Calcium Roles in the Body Calcium and Disease Prevention
May protect against hypertension DASH diet that is rich in calcium, magnesium, and potassium May be protective relationship with blood cholesterol, diabetes, and
colon cancer Calcium and Obesity
Maintaining healthy body weight Calcium from dairy foods has better results than calcium from
supplements. More research is needed.
Calcium
Calcium Roles in the Body Calcium Balance
Works with vitamin D Works with parathyroid hormone and calcitonin Calcium rigor develops when there are high blood calcium levels and
causes the muscles to contract. Calcium tetany develops when there are low blood calcium levels and
causes uncontrolled muscle contractions. Abnormalities are due to problems with hormone secretion or lack of
vitamin D. Bones get robbed of calcium before blood concentrations get low.
Cortical bone is dense, ivory-like
bone that forms the exterior shell.
Trabecular bone is the lacy network of calcium-containing
crystals that fills the interior.
Signs and symptoms of Calcium deficiency Decrease in free calcium level leads to- Increased neuromuscular irritability Severe hypocalcemia can lead to tetany Paraesthesias, (pins and needles, tingling sensation), Bone fractures, bone pain, and loss of height
may also be the result of a vitamin D deficiency (osteomalacia). Prolonged bed rest or immobilization can cause osteoporosis.
Osteomalacia (as with vitamin D deficiency) muscle cramps/contractions carpal spasm, pedal spasm, anxiety, Convulsions or seizures, bronchospasm, laryngospasm, trousseu’s sign & lengthening of QT interval.
Excess calcium causes Anorexia Nausea Vomitting Constipation Hypotonia depression
Calcium
Calcium Deficiency Osteoporosis is the disease where the bones become porous and
fragile due to mineral losses. No obvious symptoms of mineral loss in bones appear. It is silent. Deficiency in children can present as stunted growth. Toxicity symptoms include constipation, increased risk of urinary
stone formation, kidney dysfunction, and interference with the absorption of other minerals.
CalciumCalcium
At risk:At risk:
post-menopausal post-menopausal womenwomen
female athletesfemale athletes
pregnant womenpregnant women
childrenchildren
strict vegetarians st rict vegetarians (vegans)(vegans)
fad dietersfad dieters
others who avoid dairy others who avoid dairy foods foods (eg. Lactose intolerant)(eg. Lactose intolerant)
Osteoporosis—Thinning of Bones Dietary factors that build bone
mass: Calcium Vitamin D Vitamin K Other possible dietary factors:
vitamin C, magnesium, potassium, manganese, zinc, copper, boron
Weight-bearing exercise and strength training also build and maintain bone mass
Dietary factors linked to loss of bone mass: Alcohol Sodium Caffeine Retinol Soda Protein (if intake of calcium
and vitamin D is low)
Osteoporosis: Progressive loss of bone mass in both sexes but more in postmenopausal women Characterized by frequent bone fractures; this is a major cause of disability in
elderly 1.3 million of the 2 million fractures yearly in the U.S. directly due to
osteoporosis Estrogen replacement most effective preventive measure but calcium and
vitamin D supplements → decreases risk of fracture due to osteoporosis and reduces bone loss
Recommended that average intake of 500 mg/day be supplemented with 1000 mg/day → 1500 mg/day
Calcium can be obtained from milk and milk products, calcium supplements – calcium carbonate, glucuronate or lactate also sardines with the bones
Calcium and Osteoporosis
Calcium and Osteoporosis
Bone losses over time compared
©2001 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Loss of height in a woman caused by
Osteoporosis.
Calcium
Calcium Sources Calcium in Milk Products
Drink milk. Eat yogurt and cheese. Add dry milk during food preparation.
Calcium
Calcium Sources Calcium in Other Foods
Tofu, corn tortillas, some nuts and seeds Mustard and turnip greens, broccoli, bok choy, kale, parsley,
watercress, and seaweed (nori) Legumes Oysters and small fish consumed with bones Mineral waters, calcium-fortified orange juice, fruit and
vegetable juices, high-calcium milk Calcium-fortified cereals and breads
The unbound ionic form of calcium– Ca2+ functions in nerve impulse transmission muscle contraction transmission of signals across membranes concentrations of intracellular and extracellular
Ca2+ tightly regulated
Dietary requirements for calcium Adults: 400 mg/day Pregnancy & lactation: 1000 mg/day Infants: 500 mg/day Children: 400 mg/day RDA: 1000 mg Many women consume far less than the RDA or the
recommended 1500 MG You need less calcium with a low protein diet.
Calcium - RDICalcium - RDI Adults Adults 1000 mg/ day1000 mg/ day
Pregnant womenPregnant women 1000 mg/ day1000 mg/ day
Lactat ing womenLactat ing women 1000 mg/ day1000 mg/ day
Post-menopausal womenPost-menopausal women 1300 mg/ day1300 mg/ day
Calcium
Calcium Recommendations and Sources Calcium Recommendations (1997 Adequate Intake)
AI Adolescents: 1300 mg/day AI Adults: 1000 mg/day if 19-50 years of age AI Adults: 1200 mg/day if greater than 50 years of age Upper level for adults: 2500 mg/day Peak bone mass is the bone’s fullest potential in size and density
developed in the first three decades of life.
Absorption
20-30% of dietary calcium is absorbed. Absorption rate for adults is 25% of calcium consumed. Calcium-binding protein is needed for calcium absorption.
Absorption is promoted and enhanced by Vit D and is better in acidic environment
Absorbtion is decreased by phytates, oxalates & fatty acids. Transported to all cells and to the blood Regulated by PTH, vitamin D, and thyroid-derived calcitonin. Mineralization and demineralization of bone involves activation of
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
CalciumCalcium
Factors that enhance absorptionFactors that enhance absorption Stomach acidStomach acid Vitamin DVitamin D LactoseLactose Growth hormonesGrowth hormones
Factors that inhibit absorptionFactors that inhibit absorption Lack of stomach acidLack of stomach acid Vitamin D deficiencyVitamin D deficiency High phosphorus intakeHigh phosphorus intake High-fiber dietHigh-fiber diet PhytatesPhytates in seeds, nuts, and grains in seeds, nuts, and grains OxalatesOxalates in beet greens, rhubarb, in beet greens, rhubarb,
and spinachand spinach
Calcium balance in bone
Calcitonin Vitamin D
• Calcitonin:
• ↑’se in extracellular calcium → secretion of calcitonin by cells among follicular cells of thyroid gland
Calcitonin → ↓’se plasma calcium levels by ↓’sing resorption of bone + ↑’sing loss of calcium and phosphate ions in urine
Physiological functions of calcium a. Essential in the formation of the bones and teeth (99% of
body calcium is in the bones) b. Essential for normal nerve and muscle function. Normal
neuromuscular irritability - transmission of nerve impulses, release of neurotransmitter and muscle contraction all require Ca.
c. Essential for blood clotting. d. Maintenance of the integrity of intracellular structures
and various membrane functions, including transport. e. Activation of certain enzymes including pancreatic lipase
and plasma lipoprotein lipase.
Calcium
Calcium Roles in the Body Calcium in Body Fluids
Calmodulin is an inactive protein that becomes active when bound to calcium and serves as an interpreter for hormone and nerve-mediated messages.
Ionized calcium has many functions.
Calcium
Calcium Roles in the Body Calcium and Disease Prevention
May protect against hypertension DASH diet that is rich in calcium, magnesium, and potassium May be protective relationship with blood cholesterol, diabetes, and
colon cancer Calcium and Obesity
Maintaining healthy body weight Calcium from dairy foods has better results than calcium from
supplements. More research is needed.
Calcium
Calcium Roles in the Body Calcium Balance
Works with vitamin D Works with parathyroid hormone and calcitonin Calcium rigor develops when there are high blood calcium levels and
causes the muscles to contract. Calcium tetany develops when there are low blood calcium levels and
causes uncontrolled muscle contractions. Abnormalities are due to problems with hormone secretion or lack of
vitamin D. Bones get robbed of calcium before blood concentrations get low.
Cortical bone is dense, ivory-like
bone that forms the exterior shell.
Trabecular bone is the lacy network of calcium-containing
crystals that fills the interior.
Signs and symptoms of Calcium deficiency Decrease in free calcium level leads to- Increased neuromuscular irritability Severe hypocalcemia can lead to tetany Paraesthesias, (pins and needles, tingling sensation), Bone fractures, bone pain, and loss of height
may also be the result of a vitamin D deficiency (osteomalacia). Prolonged bed rest or immobilization can cause osteoporosis.
Osteomalacia (as with vitamin D deficiency) muscle cramps/contractions carpal spasm, pedal spasm, anxiety, Convulsions or seizures, bronchospasm, laryngospasm, trousseu’s sign & lengthening of QT interval.
Excess calcium causes Anorexia Nausea Vomitting Constipation Hypotonia depression
Calcium
Calcium Deficiency Osteoporosis is the disease where the bones become porous and
fragile due to mineral losses. No obvious symptoms of mineral loss in bones appear. It is silent. Deficiency in children can present as stunted growth. Toxicity symptoms include constipation, increased risk of urinary
stone formation, kidney dysfunction, and interference with the absorption of other minerals.
CalciumCalcium
At risk:At risk:
post-menopausal post-menopausal womenwomen
female athletesfemale athletes
pregnant womenpregnant women
childrenchildren
strict vegetarians st rict vegetarians (vegans)(vegans)
fad dietersfad dieters
others who avoid dairy others who avoid dairy foods foods (eg. Lactose intolerant)(eg. Lactose intolerant)
Osteoporosis—Thinning of Bones Dietary factors that build bone
mass: Calcium Vitamin D Vitamin K Other possible dietary factors:
vitamin C, magnesium, potassium, manganese, zinc, copper, boron
Weight-bearing exercise and strength training also build and maintain bone mass
Dietary factors linked to loss of bone mass: Alcohol Sodium Caffeine Retinol Soda Protein (if intake of calcium
and vitamin D is low)
Osteoporosis: Progressive loss of bone mass in both sexes but more in postmenopausal women Characterized by frequent bone fractures; this is a major cause of disability in
elderly 1.3 million of the 2 million fractures yearly in the U.S. directly due to
osteoporosis Estrogen replacement most effective preventive measure but calcium and
vitamin D supplements → decreases risk of fracture due to osteoporosis and reduces bone loss
Recommended that average intake of 500 mg/day be supplemented with 1000 mg/day → 1500 mg/day
Calcium can be obtained from milk and milk products, calcium supplements – calcium carbonate, glucuronate or lactate also sardines with the bones
Calcium and Osteoporosis
Calcium and Osteoporosis
Bone losses over time compared
©2001 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Loss of height in a woman caused by
Osteoporosis.