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8/9/2019 Build it Yourself Electric Motor Investigatory Project
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INK MADE FROM TEA BAGS
Presented to the High School Department of
College of San Benildo Rizal
Sumulong Highway, Antipolo City
An n!estigatory Pro"ect in Partial #ul$llment
of the Re%uirements in
Science and &echnology '
Prepared (y)
*acalinao, Charles Adam
+a!arro, #aisal dwin B-
Pineda, Anton Christ A-
Bena!idez, Chrislen *ae B-
Peralta, Patricia .asmin C-
Su(mitted to)
*s- Renne Carla Collado
.anuary /012
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Abstract&he researchers started their research with only two goals3 that is to
(uild and understand an electric motor- n the process of doing so, the
researchers found se!eral pro(lems to sol!e- &he %uestions are) 1- 4ill the
motor mo!e slower if it used a lower !oltage3 And lastly, /- 4ill the
electromagnet go hotter as the motor run in time3
&o (e fully a(le to understand how an electric motor wor5s, the
researchers needed to 5now their capacities, thus using common materials
such as scraps and materials in their respecti!e homes- &he researchers had
to limit themsel!es to two set ups) 1- with a 1-2 !olts (attery3 and /- with a
6-0 !olts (attery- Before proceeding to (uilding an electric motor, the
researchers had to start with the (asics, the history of the electric motor-
Continuous production of electricity was $rst disco!ered in year 1700 (y
Allessandro 8olta, using a stac5 of sil!er and zinc plates- 9ear 17/0, :ersted
$nds the generation of a magnetic $eld (y electric currents (y o(ser!ation of
the de;ection of a compass needle- !er since the disco!ery of the magnetic
$eld, scientists continuously e
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were made- 9ears after the two>phase system was in!ented then a later,
newer model came called the three>phase system-
&he researchers used the following materials) copper wire, aluminum
sheet, 1-2 !olts (attery, 6-0 !olts (attery, cor5, magnets, needle, metal nail,
and wood- &o assem(le, what they did was to wrap the nail with tape and
co!ered it with wire, put it on a piece of wood, screwed it in place- &hey stic5
the needle in the middle of the cor5 and made sure it came out on the other
center of the cor53 they attached the magnets with repelling sides on the
cor5- &hey put the stator and rotor together with the electromagnet as close
as possi(le to the permanent magnets on the rotor- ?astly they connect (oth
of the wires from the electromagnet to the (attery and tested the product-
&he results are that the researchers@ product is a success for an
a!erage electric motor- &he size had huge dierence and the speed of the
researchers@ product is '00RP*- &he materials used (y the researchers
compared to the actual motor are more common (ut almost the same
materials were used
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i
Acknowledgements
&he researchers wish to e
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ii
Table of ontents
Chapter 1)
ntroduction
-1
1- &he Pro(lem and ts
Bac5ground1/- :("ecti!es of the
Study---
/6- Signi$cance of the
Study---/=- Scope and
?imitations
6
Chapter /) Conceptual #ramewor5
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2- Re!iew of Related
?iterature-=- Conceptual
#ramewor5
-EE- De$nition of
&erms
--7
Chapter 6)
*ethodology
---'
Chapter =) Presentation, Analysis and nterpretation of
Data--16
7- Presentation of
Data
16'- Analysis and nterpretation of
Data12
Chapter 2) Conclusion , Recommendation, and
Bi(liography--1
Appendices-1'
iii
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!a"ter #Introd$ct%on
&roblem and %ts Backgro$nd
lectric motor is used to con!ert electrical energy into mechanical
energy- *ost electric motors operate through interaction of magnetic $elds
and current carrying conductors to generate force-
lectric motors ha!e (een a part of our modern society- &he appliances
that we used in our home ha!e electric motor inside such as hair dryer,
electric fan, e
condition, heater, refrigerator and many more- t also used in electric
transportation li5e electri$ed train, su(ways, ele!ators and escalators-
Before, electric motor e%uipment in factories may ha!e (een run with steam,
compressed air or with (ig (elts that drew power from rotating shafts near
the ceiling- t was dangerous and noisy- +ow, with the in!ention of electric
motor, our li!es (ecome easier and more comforta(le-
lectric motors applied in agriculture eliminated human and animal muscle
power from such tas5s as handling grain or pumping water- Household uses
of electric motors reduced hea!y la(or in the home and made higher
standards of con!enience, comfort and safety possi(le- &oday, electric
motors consume more than half of all electric energy produced-
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n our pro"ect, (y using some scrap materials, we will go to (uild a simple
electric motor- &o (e a(le to understand how electric motor wor5s-
1
Ob'ect%(e of t!e St$d)
&he researcher@s study aims to 5now if they can (uild and understand
how an electric motor wor5s- &he researchers want to 5now if their electric
motor (e eFcient compared to a regular electric motor- 4hile doing this, the
researchers will try to answer the following %uestions) 1-4ill the motor mo!e
slower if it used a lower !oltage (atteryG
/-Can the electromagnet go hotter as the motor run in timeG
S%gn%*cance of t!e St$d)
&his in!estigatory pro"ect aims to the people who wishes learn more
a(out engineering- specially those who studies electromagnetism- &hey can
(ene$t from this (ecause they can properly see how the motor and its
necessary parts ma5e the electric motor wor5-
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/
Sco"e and +%m%tat%on
&he purpose of this study is to see if the researchers can
successfully ma5e a fully operational electric motor- f the motor failed, the
researchers will $nd try to $nd the source of the pro(lem and see if the
researchers can $< it- &he research will only limit itself to only a simple motor
and not going too in depth- &he researchers will limit themsel!es to use
materials that can come from scrap or anything that can (e found in their
house-
&he researchers will limit themsel!es to / set ups
:ne) with a 1-2! (attery
&wo) with a 6-0! (attery
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6
!a"ter , once"t$al Framework
Re(%ew of Related +%terat$re
#or the $rst time in year 1700, Allessandro -oltaproduces a
continuous electrical power from a stac5 of sil!er and zinc plates - During
17/0, Hans ChristianOersted$nds the generation of a magnetic $eld (y
electric currents (y o(ser!ation of the de;ection of a compass needle- &his
was the $rst time a mechanical mo!ement was caused (y an electric current-
A !ertically suspended wire mo!es in a circular or(it around a magnet-
4illiam St$rgeon in!ents the electromagnet, a coil of wires with an iron
core to enhance the magnetic $eld during 17/2 to
17/- *ichael Farada)disco!ers and in!estigates electromagnetic
induction, i-e- the generation of an electric current due to a !arying magnetic
$eld- #araday lays the foundation for the de!elopment of the electric
generator- n the early years of electrical engineering it was strictly
distinguished (etween the magnetic>electro machines, i-e- electric
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generators, and electro>magnetic machines, i-e- electric motors- Heinrich
#riedrich mil?enzIermanJ found the Klaw of reciprocity of the magneto-
electric and electromagnetic phenomenaK, i-e- the re!ersi(ility of electric
generator and motor- His scienti$c te
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Mntil the growth of the power grid in the 17'0s most people Imiddle and low
classesJ e!en in cities did not ha!e the electric light in the home- #or more
detail on the earliest motors read our pages on .oseph Henry and &homas
Da!enport- Ro(ert Da!idson also de!eloped electric motors since 176E- He
made se!eral dri!es for a lathe and model !ehicles- n 176' Da!idson
manages the construction of the $rst electrically powered car- #riedrich
!on .efner/Alteneck0 a close associate of 4erner Siemens, (egins with the
de!elopment of the anchor drum motor during 17E/- He wraps wire
completely around a cylinder>shaped anchor- &hus the dou(le>& anchor
machine is impro!ed and can now also produce a smooth DC !oltage- n
17E2 he gets the pro(lem of eddy currents under control (y using iron wires
instead of solid iron for the magnetic core-
2
n 177E +i5ola &esla $les the $rst patents for a two>phase AC system
with four electric power lines, which consists of a generator, a transmission
system and a multi>phase motor- #riedrich August .aselwander from
:en(urgNBaden is the $rst one with the idea to use a three>phase
alternating current system in .uly 177E-
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Dobro(olsk)is the $rst to realize, that a three>phase system
connected in star or delta re%uires only three lines and thus is less ephase system- n A$g$st #112he recei!es a patent on the
in!ention of the three>legged three>phase transformer- &his is the (eginning
of the world wide success of the three>phase alternating current system-
Mnder the leadership of Dol%(o/Dobrowolsk)and together with
the Masc!%nenfabr%k Oerl%konand its chief engineer !arles E3+3 Brown,
the AEG(uilds the $rst three>phase electric power transmission line in 17'1
o!er 1E2 5m from ?auen to #ran5furt am *ain, which later reached a
remar5a(le eFciency of 'O- &he line could deli!er up to //0 54 output
power and was operated at !oltages up to /2 58- #i!e years later
in late #124, the $rst M-S- american electric power line is inaugurated- Built
(y Teslaand 5est%ng!o$seit leads from the +iagara #alls to Bualo, +9
o!er a distance of // miles I62 5mJ- &his line is also a three>phase system,
which &esla has learned to appreciate in the meantime- Howe!er, three
indi!idual single>phase transformers were used at (oth ends of the line as
the ad!antageous three>legged transformer construction had (een patented
(y Do(ro!ols5y- &he +iagara #alls line can deli!er an output power up to E20
54 at !oltages up to 11 58-
once"t$al FrameworkIN&6T
Mater%als7
Piece of wood
?ong nail
Spool of copper wire
*agnets
4ine cor5
/ 1-2! Battery
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E
De*n%t%on of Terms
&ROESS
4rap nail with wire
lue magnets intocor5
Stic5 the needle into
the cor5
Attach e!erythininto a piece of wood
O6T&6T
Electr%c
Motor
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*agnetic #ield > is a $eld produced (y mo!ing electric charges, (y electric
$elds that !ary in time, and (y the LintrinsicL magnetic $eld of elementary
particles associated with the spin of the particle
Stator > is the stationary part of a rotor system, found in an electric
generator, electric motor and (iological rotors
Rotor > the non>stationary part of an alternator or electric motor, operating
with a stationary element called the stator
*agnet > is a material or o("ect that produces a magnetic $eld
&hree>phase System using three alternating !oltages of the same fre%uency
&wo>phase System using two alternating !oltages of the same fre%uency
7
!a"ter 8 Met!odolog)
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*aterials to (uild the motor)
&hree pieces of magnet-
Spool of copper wire
A cor5 from a (ottle of wine or champagne
+eedle or wire- t must (e longer than the cor5-
&wo 1-2 !olts (attery
&ape- lectrical is ad!ised, (ut scotch or mas5ing tape is $ne-
?ong nail for electromagnet-
Piece of wood for the (ase
*etal screw
Scrap of wood and aluminium sheet as a (rac5et
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'
&roced$res
1-&a5e a nail and wrap it with tape to ma5e a layer a(out 1N/K I1/mmJ
thic5 in diameter at the distance of 1 /K I6>2cmJ from the head of the
nail- 9FIG A:
/- Mse most of the spool of wire to wrap around the area (etween the
thic5 layer of tape and the head of the nail- ICut and lea!e a piece of wire
a(out 10K I/2cmJ long you will need it laterJ- &ape the ends of the coil to
the same layer of tape lea!ing open ends of wire a(out 10K I/2cmJ long-
Remo!e a(out 1 1N/K I=cmJ of the insulation from the wire tips with a
sharp 5nife-
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10
6- Put the open end of the nail to a small piece of wood and screw it to
ma5e sure it will not mo!e-
=- &a5e the cor5 and stic5 the needle or wire through the center on one
side and ma5e sure that it comes out in the center as well- 9FIG B:
2- #ind the same poles on the magnets and mar5 them- Same poles
I+orth +orth, or South SouthJ repel, while dierent poles attract- #ind
two repelling sides they should face outside- lue the magnets to the
opposite sides of the cor5- t really does not matter if +orth or South poles
are facing up as long as they are the same- 9FIG :
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11
- &a5e the 10K I/2cmJ piece of wire Isee step /J and remo!e a(out 1
1N/K I=cmJ of insulation o (oth ends- 4ind one (are end tightly around
an outside contact of the magnetic switch- 9FIG D:
E- Put the stator Ithe electromagnet on the (aseJ and the rotor Ithe cor5
with the needle and attached magnetsJ together- Position the
electromagnet as close as possi(le to the permanent magnets on the
rotor-
7- Before connecting e!erything together connect (oth wires from the
electromagnet to the (attery- f the electromagnet doesn@t repel the
permanent magnets away, switch the wires- 4hen it repels, disconnect
one wire and connect it to the magnetic switch- Connect the other end of
the magnetic switch to the (attery-
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1/
!a"ter ; Res$lts and D%sc$ss%on
&he researchers tested the eFciency of their product !s a standard dc
motors- &he researchers gathered its speed, size, comple
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Regular motor Isize 160J 1000 up to /0000 rpm
Size
&he researcher@s motor //2cm < 170cm < =0cmRegular motor Isize 160J /E-2mm < /0mm < 12mm
16
Comple1/! a!erage
100! ma
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1=
Higher !oltage ma5es the motor runs faster-
1-2 !olts (attery >>>>>>> the cor5 rotates slower
6-0 !olts (attery >>>>>>> the cor5 rotates faster
lectromagnet (ecomes hotter as the motor runs-
Anal)s%s of Data
&he researchers tested their electric motor to see if it is as eecti!e as
the electric motors found in the mar5et- &o do this, the researchers made a
side (y side comparison of its characteristics) size, speed, comple
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12
!a"ter < S$mmar)0 oncl$s%on and
Recommendat%on
S$mmar)
&he researchers ha!e seen that their electric motor is eecti!e in
replicating the characteristics of a regular electric motor- And one can ma5e
it out of only scrap materials found normally at home-
oncl$s%on
4ith that in mind, the researchers can $nally conclude that (uilding a
simple electric motor can (e done- Also, one can learn how an electric motor
wor5s "ust (y (uilding one
Recommendat%on
Due to past results of testing, the researchers recommend using a
thic5 copper wire- Because thin wires might su("ect to (rea5ing- Also, the
researchers recommend $nding a cor5 that has the right size to pre!ent
shaping it to $t-
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1
B%bl%ogra"!)
4isegee5-org
4i5ipedia-org
Adafruit-com
tp-nyu-edu
Allelectronics-com
Baldor-com
4i5ihow-com
*icromo-com
Answers-yahoo-com
disontechcenter-org
ti-5it-edu
Clear-rice-edu
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1E
A""end%ces
Copper 4ire Aluminum Sheet
1-2! Battery Cor5 with *agnet
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17
+eedle *etal +ail
Piece of 4ood *agnet
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1'
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- *otor Side 8iew
# A
/0
# B
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# C
# D
/1