Build a Computer by

8/9/2019 Build a Computer by

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BME Computer Class

Build a Computer


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Objectives Assemble a working computer Learn about the important components of a computer

Not Covered Troubleshooting faulty components Installing Windows

Older hardware technologies

Required for Class Phillips screwdriver Slot screwdriver

Grounding strap

Pen and paper or computer for taking notes Flashlight

Provided Computer and parts

Screws Thermal Paste Power outlets

Class Format 2 hour lecture while assembling computer


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Major Components of a Computer

1. Case2. Motherboard3. CPU4. Memory (RAM)5. Power supply6. Hard drive

7. CD or DVD drive8. Network card9. Video card10. Floppy drive

11. Monitor12. Keyboard13. mouse


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1. Case

rack mountable

tower (Mini, Mid and full)

desktop (normal and slim)


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Case Form Factor Baby AT

Being phased out infavour of ATX

ATX Has backplane for

common connectorssuch as parallel port,serial, USB, keyboard,mouse, video, networkcard

Power supply can becontrolled via software


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2. Motherboard Also called the

system board or mainboard

Connects the CPU tothe other components

via the bus Major components

CPU socket(s)

RAM slots

Hard drive controller Floppy drive controller

Expansion slots


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Expansion Slot Types

new standard expected to replace PCI

several physical sizes which the largest(x16) being the same size as aconventional PCI slot

PCI Express

Accelerated (or Advanced) GraphicsPort

special slot for high speed graphics

allocates system RAM for graphicprocessing

previously video card was in ISA or PCI

slot

AGP

Peripheral Component Interconnectplug and play

currently most common

PCI

Industry Standard Architecture

requires manual configuration

standard before PCI

ISA


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3. CPU Central processing Unit the CPU is the heart of the

computer, since this is wheresoftware instructions are executed there are many types, but we will

concentrate on microcomputerCPUs from Intel and AMD sincethese are what you are likely to

encounter CPU needs to be paired with a

motherboard that physicallymatches the pin-out of chips aswell as the speed of the CPU

currently the industry is changing

from 32 bit (example P4) to 64 bit(example AMD64)


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Common CPU Models

Dual CPU core on one chipAMD 64 X2Pentium D

64 bit desktopsAMD 64

Low power for laptops. Slower clockTurionPentium M

Multi-CPU serversOpteronXEON

Cheaper version of desktop computerDuron and SempronCeleron

Desktop computerAthlon XPP4

Desktop computerAthlon/K7P3

Desktop computerK6P2

Desktop computerK5P1

USAGEAMDINTEL


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CPU Installation

4

3

2

1

Apply a pea-sized amount of thermalcompound on the CPU die head.

Lower the locking lever. Pull out slightly at

the bottom, then push in to lock.

Flip the CPU, then gently insert the CPUinto the motherboard socket. Ensure that

the CPU is level so that all pins go in at the

same time.

Lift the locking lever then with the pins

upward, line up the corners(s) with no pins


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CPU Installation (continued)

7

6

5

Attach CPU fan power connector to

motherboard. See printouts for eachmotherboard

Then hook the other side of the latch overthe other side of the socket. Push down,

then out.

Install heat sink and fan first by latching the

spring over one side of the socket...


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4. Memory (RAM) RAM stands for Random access memory. Random meaning content stored can be

accessed in any order.

Sequential memory requires mechanicalmovement to access information. Examplesare: disks and tapes

RAM can be written and read. ROM (Readonly memory) can only be read.

The RAM is volatile, which means if thepower is off the contents are lost

When you run software on your computer,the software is read from disk into RAMwhen you start the program. The code inRAM is then used by the CPU to performyour actions (clicking with the mouse,inputting data).

RAM is used because it is much faster thanreading directly from disk or tape

Never touch the gold contacts on the chipsince this ESD could damage the chip andoil from your fingers could cause a poorconnection. Hold it by the side edges


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RAM Form Factors

SO-DIMM

DIMM

SIMM 72 pin

SIMM 30 pin

Small outline DIMM

Used in laptops

Comes in 72, 144,

200 pin styles

Dual In-line MemoryModule

Comes in72,144,168,184 pin

styles

Introduced onPentiums

Single In-line Module

Was used on 386sand 486s


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RAM Types

72-pin SIMMs and 168-pin DIMMs, 2notches

synchronous DRAM

synchronized with the system clock and canrun at the same speed as the CPU and bus

no wait states

SDRAM

72-pin SIMMs and 168-pin DIMMsExtended Data out RAM Takes 1 process

wait states to read or write

EDO RAM

Dual ChannelDDR SDRAM

DDR2

DDR SDRAM

DRAM

uses two channels to load data into memory,doubling the data rate memory sticks arepaired

twice as fast as DDR

184-pin DIMMs1 notchdouble data rate SDRAM data read/writedone on rising and falling edges of the clocksignal

30-pin and 72-pin SIMMsDynamic RAM

2 processor wait states to read or write


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RAM Installation

2

1

Push the chip down with your thumbs into

the slot. If necessary uses your finger topull the locking levers up into the lockedvertical position.

Fill the RAM slots from lowest number to

higher. Pull the locking levers so that theyare no longer vertical. Hold the RAM overthe slot and line up the notches.


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5. Power Supply converts AC into DC power types of connectors

ATX: power to the motherboard P4: additional power for Pentium 4

CPU IDE: power to hard drive and

CD/DVD Floppy: self explanatory


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Power Supply Installation

2

1

Attach motherboardpower connector

Bolt to case


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5. Hard Drive a hard drive (hard disk, or hard disk drive) is used to

store operating system, software and data disk size is currently measured in gigabtyes for

workstations or terrabytes for servers drives tend to spin at 7,200 RPM for workstations and10,000 RPM for servers, though older computers willhave 5,400 RPM

common types of drives are IDE or Parallel ATA: most common and cheap SATA (serial ATA): new SCSI (small computer system interface): fast but expensive

we will limit only cover IDE (also called Parallel ATA)drives since they are by far the most common.

IDE Drives can be set to be a master or a slave. Master is bootable and usually contains an operating

system. There can be only 1 master on a single IDE cable,but if the motherboard has X connectors, there can be Xmaster drives

Slave is usually not bootable and usually contains data Using jumpers on the rear of the drive, the drive can be setto master, slave or cable select

Cable select mean that if the drive is put on the far end ofthe cable, it will be a master, if put in centre then a slave


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Hard Drive Installation

4

3

2

1

Insert the drive into the rails and secure with twoscrews on each side.

After matching up the cable notch, attach the far end ofthe IDE cable to the drive. Then attach the powerconnector.

After matching up the bump on the cable, to the notchon the connector, insert. Old connectors dont have anotch, but have pin 20 missing.

Locate the primary IDE connector on the motherboard.Generally it will be blue and/or named primary IDE orIDE 1 . Take the controller end of the cable. This willeither be blue, or at the end of the cable with only 1connector on it. Take the controller end of the cable.This will either be blue, or at the end of the cable withonly 1 connector on it.


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7. CD/DVD Drive CD stands for Compact Disc, while DVD stands for

Digital Video Disc or Digital Versatile Disc CD and DVD drives write and/or store data optically.

Hard drives store data magnetically

CD typically hold 700 megabytes, while DVDs hold 4.7to 9.4 gigabytes

Types of CD/DVD drives CD-ROM: reading of information on the CD CD-Writer: reading but also writing (burning) of information

to the CD DVD-ROM: reading of DVDs and CDs DVD-Writer: reading and writing of DVDs and CDs

Types of CD/DVD media CD-ROM: read only CD-R: write to once CD-RW: write many times DVD-ROM: read only DVD-R and DVD+R: write once. Minus and plus are

competing standards

DVD-RW and DVD+RW: write many times. Minus and plusare competing standards

DVD-RAM: write many times, yet another standard

Installation use the hard drive instructions, except connect to the

secondary IDE connector on the motherboard if the motherboard doesnt have a secondary connector, use

the connector on the middle of the IDE cable


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8. Floppy Drive floppy drives store data

magnetically on floppy disks

they are called floppybecause unlike hard discs,the magnetic media is notrigid

floppy drives no longer astandard component oncomputers


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9. Network Card

also called a network interfacecard or NIC for short connects the computer to a

network to allow sharing of dataand resources

Network types Ethernet Token ring


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Network Card Types

USB

ISA

Built into motherboard

PC Card

PCI


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Cable Connector Types

coaxial

4 twisted pairs

large the phone jack, which is RJ-11

BNC

RJ-45


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Network Card Installation

Insert PCI vertically into slot. Push down gently.2

Secure with a screw.3

1 Unscrew and remove the expansion slot cover.


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10. Video Card

also called a graphics card, graphicsadapter, video board, display adapter,video adapter

allows a monitor to be connected tothe computer

can use AGP, PCI, ISA and PCIExpress slots. AGP is currently themost common. See the motherboardsection for a description of theexpansion slot types


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Video Card Connector Types

Designed to maximize quality of digital devices such as LCDmonitors and digital projectors

Both digital and analog

3 row DB 15 connector

Analog

DVI

VGA


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Video Card Installation

Insert the video card vertically into the slot. AGP cardlock may have to be moved to the side.

2

Secure with a screw3

1 Unscrew and remove the expansion slot cover.


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11. Monitor Connects to the computer via the

video card

Two major types CRT Cathode ray tube

Can display a variety of resolutions Higher quality

Cheap LCD

Liquid crystal display

Currently the standard

Can display various resolutions but has

native resolution that will be the most crisp Thin and light weight Use less power

Reduced viewing angle


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Monitor Characteristics Size

Measured diagonally in inches

For CRTs this is not the viewable size, but the size of the tube Resolution:

Horizontal pixel count by vertical pixel count. Example 1024x768

Response time For LCD monitors, the amount of time in milliseconds to go from

active to inactive to active again. Lower is better Contrast ratio

Ratio of the brightest colour intensity to darkest colour. Higher theratio the better the display. Example 800:1

Inputs

analog VGA DVI (DVI-D is digital, DVI-A is analog and DVI-I is both)

number of colours


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12. Keyboard

communicates witha receiver that willcommonly beplugged into a USBport

Wireless

hot swappableUSB

losing out to USBas most commonPS/2

5 pin

not used anymoreDIN


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13. Mouse

communicates witha receiver that willcommonly beplugged into a USBport

Wireless

hot swappableUSB

losing out to USBas most commonPS/2

not used anymoreSerial


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Test It! Connect

Keyboard Mouse

Monitor

Power cable to computer

Boot computer

Troubleshoot if necessary


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BIOS stands for Basic Input Output System

the BIOS is a minimal amount of software anddata that allows your computer to start (boot),recognize the components in the system, then

hands off control to an operating system the BIOS is stored in flash memory on the

motherboard. Note: flash memory is currently

used, but previously CMOS (complementarymetal oxide semiconductor) was used


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POST Stands for Power-on Self Test Done by the BIOS

Determines which components are connected to the computer and ifthey are working A series of beeps indicates the status of the system Typical post codes

short beep - Normal POST - system is ok

2 short beeps - POST Error - error code shown on screen No beep - Power supply or system board problem Continuous beep - Power supply, system board, or keyboard problem

Repeating short beeps - Power supply or system board problem 1 long, 1 short beep - System board problem

1 long, 2 short beeps - Display adapter problem (MDA, CGA) 1 long, 3 short beeps - Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) 3 long beeps - 3270 keyboard card

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