Budget and German History1

7/31/2019 Budget and German History1

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Education----Outlay on Higher Education increased 9 fold in the Eleventh Five Year Plan. Ordinance

promulgated for establishing 15 Central Universities. In addition to 6 new Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs)

in Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Orissa, Punjab and Gujrat which started functioning in 2008-09, two more

IITs in Madhya Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh are expected to commence their academic session in 2009-10. 5

Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) announced earlier have become functional. 2 new

schools of Planning and Architecture at Vijayawada and Bhopal have started functioning. Teaching is expected

to commence from academic year 2009-10 in four out of six new Indian Institute of Management proposed for

the Eleventh Plan in Haryana, Rajasthan, Jharkhand and Tamil Nadu.

500 ITIs upgraded into centers of excellence. National Skill Development Corporation created in July, 2008 with

initial corpus of Rs 1,000 crore.

Social Sector22 States and Union Territories initiated process to implement Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana

for BPL familities in the unorganised sector and 60 lakh thirty two thousand persons covered for death and

disability under 'Aam Admni' Bima Yojana (AABY). Public Sector Enterprises .146 lakh persons benefited under

Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme in the current financial year.

Financial sector As a result of initiating process of amalgamation and recapitalization of Regional Rural Banks

(RRBs) with negative net worth, 196 RRBs merged into 85 RRBs.

Budget Estimates Rs.30,100 crore allocated for National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme for the year

2009-10. In 2008-09 employment of 138.76 crore person days covering 3.51 crore household already

generated.Rs 8,000 crore allocated for Mid-day Meals Scheme for the year 2009-10.Rs.7,400 crore allocated for

Rajiv Gandhi Rural Drinking Water Mission, Rs 1,200 crore for Rural Sanitation Programme, Rs 12,070 crore

for National Rural Health Mission, Rs 40,900 crore allocated for Bharat Nirman for the year 2009-10.Major

subsidies including food, fertilizer and petroleum estimated at Rs 95,579 crore.

GERMANY HISTORY

Middle Ages

In the first centuries the Merovingian kings of Gaul conquered many German tribes, these Colonists of Gaulwere also focused in change the religion. The missionary activity funded monasteries at Wrzburg, Regensburg,

Reichenau, and other places. Many years later, from 772 to 814, the king Charlemagne extended his empire into

northern Italy and the territories of all west of Germany, including Saxons and Bavarians. When Charlemagne

was confirmed as emperor of Rome, the Holy Roma Empire was established. The years passed and the empire

was divided into several parts because of the many fights between Charlemagnes grandchildren, this division

gave place to the beginning of the Frankish Kingdom under the government of Duke Henry of Saxony. The time

between 1096 and 1291 was the age of the crusades and knightly religious orders were established: The

Templars, the Knights of St. John and the Teutonic Order, many towns, castles, bishops palaces and

monasteries were founded in this age. But from 1300 The Empire started to lose territory on all its frontiers. In

the 15th century the king Maximilian I tried to reform the Empire but it was frustrated by the continuedterritorial fragmentation of the Empire.

Germany Reformation

In the 16th century began the Germany reformation under the philosophy of Martin Luther and his 95 theses

against the abuse of indulgences to the church. Luther translated the Bible establishing the basis of modern

German. By 1555 the era of religious tensions seemed to end with the Peace of Augsburg. In the 17th century

the Thirty Years War devastated Germany, and the religious tensions continued, and the conflict was widened


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into a European War by the intervention of King Christian IV of Denmark, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and

France under Cardinal Richelieu, the regent of the young Louis XIV. Germany became the main theatre of war

and the scene of the final conflict between France and the Habsburgs for the predominance of Europe. The war

resulted in large areas of Germany being laid waste, in a loss of something like a third of its population, and in a

general impoverishment. Finally, the war ended with the Peace of Westphalia and the German territory was lost

to France and Sweden; Netherlands also left the Holy Roman Empire. The Holy Roman Empire was formally

dissolved on 6 August 1806 when the last Holy Roman Emperor Francis II resigned and the Confederation of the

Rhine was established under Napoleon's protection. Later with the Wars of Liberation began the destruction of

Napoleons army and Germany was liberated from French rule.

Germany Confederation

After the fall of Napoleon, European monarchs and statesmen convened in the Vienna in 1814 for the

reorganization of European affairs. On the territory of the former "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation",

the German Confederation (Deutscher Bund) was founded, a loose union of 39 states (35 ruling princes and 4

free cities) under Austrian leadership, with a Federal Diet (Bundestag) meeting in Frankfurt am Main. In 1867

the German Confederation was dissolved. In its place the North German Confederation (German Norddeutscher

Bund) was established, under the leadership of Prussia. Austria was excluded, and would remain outside German

affairs for most of the remaining 19th and the 20th centuries. The North German Confederation was a transitory

group that existed from 1867 to 1871, between the dissolution of the German Confederation and the founding of

the German Empire, led by Otto Von Bismarck who was declared chancellor. With it, Prussia established control

over the 22 states of northern Germany and, via the Zollverein, southern Germany.

German Empire

In 1871 The German Empire was funded with 25 states, three of which were Hanseatic free cities, and the

Chancellor was Bismarck. It was dubbed the "Little German" solution, since Austria was not included.

Bismarck's domestic policies as Chancellor of Germany were characterized by his fight against perceived

enemies of the Protestant Prussian state. Other Bismarck's priority was to protect Germany's expanding power

through a system of alliances and an attempt to contain crises until Germany was fully prepared to initiate them,

then in 1879 Bismarck formed a Dual Alliance if Germany and Austria-Hungary, later Italy joined to the Dual

Alliance to form a Triple Alliance against France colonial policy. In spite of Bismarck policies, the 29 year old

Wilhelm II removed Bismarck of his chancellor position. In 1898 the Triple Alliance was dissolved by

differences between Austria and Italy and Germany was increasingly isolated.

First World War

Imperialist power politics and the determined pursuit of national interests ultimately led to the outbreak in 1914

of the First World War, sparked by the assassination of the Austrian heir-apparent Franz Ferdinand and his wife.

Germany fought on the side of Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire against Russia, France,

Great Britain, Italy, Japan and several other smaller states. Fighting also spread to the Near East and the German

colonies. The entry of the United States into the war in 1917 following Germanys declaration of unrestricted

submarine warfare marked a decisive turning-point against Germany. On November Kaiser Wilhelm II and all

German ruling princes abdicated and the Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann proclaimed a Republic who

signed the end of the war at Compigne. After First World War, Germany was obligated to cede many areas,

allied troops occupied the left German Bank of the Rhine for a period of 5-15 years, and the German army was

to be limited to 100,000 officers. Furthermore, Germany and its allies were to accept the sole responsibility of


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West Berlin and West Germany. Hundreds of thousands of people took advantage of the opportunity; new

crossing points were opened in the Berlin Wall and along the border with West Germany.

New Germany, France and other European countries formed the European Union. After all, Germany became

into a country of remarkable diversity, with cultural differences, although Germans will never forget the dark

past.

DEUTSCHE LITERATUR

Heinrich Theodor Bll (December 21,1917 July 16,1985) was one ofGermany's foremost post-World War

II writers. Bll was awarded the Georg Bchner Prize in 1967 and theNobel Prize for Literature in 1972.Bll

was born in Cologne, Germany, to a Catholic, pacifist family that, later, opposed the rise ofNazism. He

successfully resisted joining the Hitler Youth during the 1930s.His works have been dubbed

"Trmmerliteratur"the literature of the rubble. This is fitting in that typical postwar German usage of "rubble"

implicitly refers to the rubble of World War II air-raid damage which gradually diminished over two decades as

West Germany emerged from said "rubble". He was a leader of the German writers who tried to come to grips

with the memory of the War, theNazis, and the Holocaustand the guilt that came with them.Bll was

particularly successful in Eastern Europe, as he seemed to portray the dark side ofcapitalism in his

books.Heinrich Bll died in 1985 at the age of 67. His memory lives on at, among other places, the Heinrich-

Bll-Foundation. A special Heinrich Bll Archive was set up in the Cologne Libraryto hold his personal papers,

bought from his family, but large amounts of the material were damaged, possibly irreparably, when the building

collapsed in March 2009.

Karl Georg Bchner (17 October 1813 19 February 1837) was aGermandramatist and writer of prose.In

1835, his first play,Dantons Tod(Danton's Death), about theFrench revolution, was published, followed by

Lenz (first partly published in Karl Gutzkow's and Wienberg'sDeutsche Revue, which was quickly banned);

Lenz is a novellabased on the life of theSturm und Drang poetJakob Michael Reinhold Lenz. In 1836 his

second play,Leonce and Lenaportrayed thenobility. His unfinished and most famous play,Woyzeck, was the

first literary work in German whose main characters were members of the working class.

Walter Bendix Schnflies Benjamin (15 July 189227 September 1940) was a German-JewishMarxist

literary critic,essayist,translator, andphilosopher. He was at times associated with the Frankfurt School of

critical theoryand was also influenced by the writings of his younger contemporaries Bertolt Brecht,In 1932,

during the turmoil preceding Adolf Hitler's election as Chancellor, Walter Benjamin left Germany to spend a

few months on the Spanish island ofIbiza. Then he moved toNice, where he considered committing suicide.

With the Reichstag fire, in 1933, as Hitler assumed power and started the persecution of the Jews,

Faust or Faustus (Latin for "auspicious" or "lucky") is the protagonist of a classic German legend who makes a

pact with the Devil in exchange for knowledge. Faust's tale is the basis for many literary, artistic, cinematic, and

musical works, such as those by Christopher Marlowe,Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Thomas Mann,Hector

Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Charles Gounod,Gustav MahlerandF. W. Murnau. The meaning of the word and name

has been reinterpreted through the ages. "Faust" (and the adjective " Faustian") has taken on a connotation

distinct from its original use, and is often used today to describe a person whose headstrong desire for self-

fulfillment leads him or her in a diabolical direction.

Theodor Fontane (IPA: [ t? eodo f n ta? n?] ;30 December181920 September1898) was a

Germannovelist and poet, regarded by many to be the most important 19th-centuryGerman-languagerealist

writer.

Immanuel Kant (IPA: [ manu l kant] ; 22 April 1724 12 February 1804) was an 18th-century German
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philosopher from the Prussiancity ofKnigsberg(nowKaliningrad, Russia). He is regarded as one of the most

influential thinkers of modern Europe and of the lateEnlightenment.Kant believed himself to be creating a

compromise between theempiricists and therationalists. The empiricists believed that knowledge is acquired

through experience alone, but the rationalists maintained that such knowledge is open to Cartesian doubt and

that reason alone provides us with knowledge. Kant argues, however, that using reason without applying it to

experience will only lead to illusions, while experience will be purely subjective without first being subsumed

under pure reason.

Boris Franz Becker (born 22 November 1967, in Leimen,West Germany) is a former World No. 1 professional

tennis player from Germany. He is a six-time Grand Slam singles champion, an Olympicgold medalist, and the

youngest-ever winner of the men's singles title at Wimbledon at the age of 17. Since he retired from the

professional tour, media work and his personal life have kept him in the headlines.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe(helpinfo) (IPA: [ jo han v lfga f n g t ] , in English generally

pronounced/ g t / ;[1] 28 August 1749 22 March 1832) was aGerman writer and according to George

Eliot, "Germany's greatest man of letters and the last truepolymath to walk the earth."[2] Goethe's works span

the fields ofpoetry,drama,literature,theology,philosophy,humanism and science. Goethe'smagnum opus,

lauded as one of the peaks ofworld literature, is the two-part drama Faust.[3]Goethe's other well-known literary

works include his numerous poems, the BildungsromanWilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship and theepistolary

novelThe Sorrows of Young Werther(German title: "Die Leiden des jungen Werther").

Goethe was one of the key figures ofGerman literature and the movement ofWeimar Classicism in the late 18th

and early 19th centuries; this movement coincides withEnlightenment,Sentimentality (Empfindsamkeit),Sturm

und Drangand Romanticism. The author of the scientific text Theory of Colours, he influencedDarwin with his

focus on plant morphology.[4][5] He also served at length as the Privy Councilor (" Geheimrat") of the duchy of

Weimar.

Goethe is the originator of the concept ofWeltliteratur("world literature"), having taken great interest in the

literatures ofEngland,France,Italy,classical Greece, Persia, the Arab world, and others. His influence on

German philosophy is virtually immeasurable, having major effect especially on the generation ofHegeland

Schelling, although Goethe himself expressly and decidedly refrained from practicing philosophy in the rarefied

sense.

Hermann Heese First World War broke out, and each year brought me more and more into conflict with

German nationalism; ever since my first shy protests against mass suggestion and violence I have been exposed

to continuous attacks and floods of abusive letters from Germany. The hatred of the official Germany,

culminating under Hitler, was compensated for by the following I won among the young generation that thought

in international and pacifist terms, by the friendship ofRomain Rolland, which lasted until his death, as well as

by the sympathy of men who thought like me even in countries as remote as India and Japan. In Germany I havebeen acknowledged again since the fall of Hitler, but my works, partly suppressed by the Nazis and partly

destroyed by the war; have not yet been republished there.nfluence me as much as Indian and, later, Chinese

philosophy.Siddhartha, also The Nobel Prize in Literature 1946.

Einstein, 1921 nobel prize , physics--Albert Einstein was born at Ulm, in Wrttemberg, Germany, on March

14, 1879.He became a German citizen in 1914 and remained in Berlin until 1933 when he renounced his

citizenship for political reasons and emigrated to America to take the position of Professor of Theoretical

Physics at Princeton*. He became a United States citizen in 1940 and retired from his post in 1945.
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aturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schellinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schellinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1915/index.htmlhttp://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html#footnotehttp://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html#footnotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningradhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_doubthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leimen_(Baden)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ATP_number_1_ranked_playershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon_Championshipshttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/De-Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_helphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Eliothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Eliothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnum_opushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe's_Fausthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildungsromanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Meister's_Apprenticeshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistolary_novelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistolary_novelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sorrows_of_Young_Wertherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Classicismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimentalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Dranghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Dranghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_Colourshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe#cite_note-darwin1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe#cite_note-Opitz-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geheimrathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schellinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1915/index.htmlhttp://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html#footnote


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economic collapses on the newly-formedWeimar Republic, its founders and the Treaty of Versailles. Resulting

from this, and because German students were so used to being governed by a single figurehead, it was not hard

for the German National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) headed by Adolf Hitlerto convince most

students to join its student organization (the NSDStB National Socialist German Students' League) and to

abandon democracy. When Hitler gained full control of Germany in 1933, the universities were generally pliant

towardsNazi policies. This explains in large part why so many students and professors worked together with the

Nazi regime.

Following the end of the Second World War in 1945, students returning from the European battlefields and their

professors wanted to resume normal academic activity as quickly as possible. TheAllied forces agreed that

everyday life should be restored quickly, and so removed only a few professors from the posts they had already

held during the Nazi regime. German students were hence allowed to return to work very quickly, but the

university system was not fully denazified. As a result, students kept their nationalist and conservative traditions

in student fraternities while leftist student organizations like the SDS (German Socialist Student Union)

remained insignificant, and this situation continued until the 1960s.

Consequently, by the advent of the 1960s the university system was still deeply conservative in its political

leanings, with these attitudes being reflected in the lack of a say for students in the governance of theiruniversities. Similarly, in central government, many politicians and administrators from the Nazi era had

survived, leading to a tendency towards authoritarian government and successive conservative administrations.
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Documents

Budget and German History1