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Buddhism. “What are you?” “I am awake.”. Buddha (-563 - -483). Four Passing Sights. Old age Disease Death Monk. Quest for fulfillment. Self-indulgence (path of desire) Asceticism (path of renunciation). No Self. There is no self to fulfill - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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BuddhismBuddhism
“ “What are you?”What are you?”““I am awake.”I am awake.”
Buddha (-563 - -483)Buddha (-563 - -483)
Four Passing SightsFour Passing Sights Old ageOld age
DiseaseDisease
DeathDeath
MonkMonk
Quest for fulfillmentQuest for fulfillment Self-indulgence (path of desire)Self-indulgence (path of desire) Asceticism (path of renunciation)Asceticism (path of renunciation)
No SelfNo Self There is no self to fulfillThere is no self to fulfill No-self (No-self (anatman, anattaanatman, anatta): there is no self): there is no self Idea of self —> desire —> sufferingIdea of self —> desire —> suffering
Absent selfAbsent self
Introspect: what do you see?Introspect: what do you see? Thoughts, feelings, perceptions. . . .Thoughts, feelings, perceptions. . . . You don’t find anything elseYou don’t find anything else You don’t find yourselfYou don’t find yourself There is no self or soulThere is no self or soul A person is just a bundle of thoughts. . . .A person is just a bundle of thoughts. . . .
Absent SelfAbsent Self Self-knowledge?Self-knowledge? Knowledge of others?Knowledge of others? No self: no essence No self: no essence
within me to knowwithin me to know The best I can do is The best I can do is
understand patterns understand patterns in bundle of thoughtsin bundle of thoughts
Buddhaghosa (-400)Buddhaghosa (-400)
There are 89 kinds of There are 89 kinds of consciousnessconsciousness
Nothing unifies themNothing unifies them There are only There are only
streams of streams of consciousnessconsciousness
Nothing unites past, Nothing unites past, present, and futurepresent, and future
BuddhaghosaBuddhaghosa
A living being lasts A living being lasts only as long as one only as long as one thoughtthought
People, minds, People, minds, objects are only ways objects are only ways of speakingof speaking
People and passengersPeople and passengers Jane flies from Austin to Houston and Jane flies from Austin to Houston and
back <———————————>back <———————————> She is one personShe is one person She is two passengersShe is two passengers ‘‘Passenger’ is just a way of countingPassenger’ is just a way of counting Buddhaghosa: every noun is like Buddhaghosa: every noun is like
‘passenger’‘passenger’
Questions to King MilindaQuestions to King Milinda
““there is no ego here to be found”there is no ego here to be found” ““there is no chariot here to be found”there is no chariot here to be found” No one element is the wholeNo one element is the whole The combination isn’t the whole; parts The combination isn’t the whole; parts
could change while object remains the could change while object remains the samesame
Reincarnation?Reincarnation? There is no soul to There is no soul to
occupy a different occupy a different mind or bodymind or body
But there is a cycle of But there is a cycle of birth and deathbirth and death
Reincarnation?Reincarnation? There are There are
connections between connections between lives through cause lives through cause and effect, similarity, and effect, similarity, etc.etc.
We construct people We construct people (like “passengers”)— (like “passengers”)— we can do so across we can do so across bounds of deathbounds of death
Buddhist selfBuddhist self
Consciousness-onlyConsciousness-only
Vasubandhu’s idealism Vasubandhu’s idealism —> Dharmapala —> —> Dharmapala —> Xuanzong (596-664)Xuanzong (596-664)
Idealism:Idealism: Everything Everything depends on minddepends on mind
No-self:No-self: There is no mind There is no mind
Xuanzong’s mindXuanzong’s mind Five sensesFive senses
SightSight HearingHearing TouchTouch TasteTaste SmellSmell
Sense-center consciousnessSense-center consciousness Thought-center Thought-center
consciousnessconsciousness Storehouse consciousnessStorehouse consciousness
Arguments vs. unified selfArguments vs. unified self Universal, “extensive as Universal, “extensive as
empty space”empty space” PerceptionPerception: How can it be : How can it be
happy or suffer?happy or suffer? MentalMental causationcausation: How : How
can it cause the body to can it cause the body to act?act?
IndividuationIndividuation: How can : How can you and I differ?you and I differ?
Arguments vs. unified selfArguments vs. unified self Coextensive with the Coextensive with the
bodybody If I gain weight, does If I gain weight, does
my soul expand?my soul expand? If I cut my hair, do I If I cut my hair, do I
lose part of my self?lose part of my self? Inside the bodyInside the body
Then the self is neither Then the self is neither one nor eternalone nor eternal
Arguments vs. aggregate selfArguments vs. aggregate self The self is neither one nor eternalThe self is neither one nor eternal An aggregate of what?An aggregate of what?
Thoughts, feelings, etc.? But these can Thoughts, feelings, etc.? But these can change while I remain myselfchange while I remain myself
Matter? Matter? But thoughts are But thoughts are intentionalintentional: they are about things. : they are about things. Matter isn’t about anything.Matter isn’t about anything. So, thoughts aren’t matter.So, thoughts aren’t matter.
David Hume (1711-1776)David Hume (1711-1776)
Hume’s Argument vs. SelfHume’s Argument vs. Self Source of idea of self?Source of idea of self?
We do not find it in We do not find it in experienceexperience
All identity through change is All identity through change is imposed by us, not there in imposed by us, not there in the worldthe world
HeraclitusHeraclitus Example: Example:
Heraclitus: can’t Heraclitus: can’t step in same river step in same river twicetwice
Example: ship of Example: ship of TheseusTheseus
Imposed identityImposed identity Mental states link to other mental states: Mental states link to other mental states:
memory, intention, desire, similaritiesmemory, intention, desire, similarities We construct the idea of selfWe construct the idea of self
Self as CommonwealthSelf as Commonwealth
Self is not a unified thing— best compared to a Self is not a unified thing— best compared to a commonwealthcommonwealth
Questions about identity aren’t about the world, Questions about identity aren’t about the world, but about languagebut about language
Buddhist ethicsBuddhist ethics
Four noble truths: 1Four noble truths: 1 Life is painful (Life is painful (dukkhadukkha))
““Now this, O monks, is the noble truth of pain: Now this, O monks, is the noble truth of pain: birth is painful, old age is painful, sickness is birth is painful, old age is painful, sickness is painful, death is painful, sorrow, lamentation, painful, death is painful, sorrow, lamentation, dejection, and despair are painful. Contact dejection, and despair are painful. Contact with unpleasant things is painful, not getting with unpleasant things is painful, not getting what one wishes is painful. In short the five what one wishes is painful. In short the five khandhaskhandhas of grasping are painful.” of grasping are painful.”
Four Noble Truths: 2Four Noble Truths: 2 Desire (Desire (tanhatanha) causes pain) causes pain
““Now this, O monks, is the noble truth of Now this, O monks, is the noble truth of the cause of pain: that craving which the cause of pain: that craving which leads to rebirth, combined with pleasure leads to rebirth, combined with pleasure and lust, finding pleasure here and and lust, finding pleasure here and there, namely, the craving for passion, there, namely, the craving for passion, the craving for existence, the craving for the craving for existence, the craving for non-existence.”non-existence.”
Four Noble Truths: 3Four Noble Truths: 3 Eliminating desire can eliminate painEliminating desire can eliminate pain
““Now this, O monks, is the noble truth of Now this, O monks, is the noble truth of the cessation of pain: the cessation the cessation of pain: the cessation without a remainder of that craving, without a remainder of that craving, abandonment, forsaking, release, abandonment, forsaking, release, nonattachment.”nonattachment.”
Four Noble Truths: 4Four Noble Truths: 4 The Eightfold Noble Path (the The Eightfold Noble Path (the
Middle Way) eliminates desire: Middle Way) eliminates desire: RightRight ThoughtThought IntentionIntention SpeechSpeech ConductConduct LivelihoodLivelihood EffortEffort ConcentrationConcentration MeditationMeditation
Right Thought, IntentionRight Thought, Intention Right Thought:Right Thought:
DhammapadaDhammapada: “Everything : “Everything you are is the result of what you are is the result of what you have thought.”you have thought.”
You must know the Four You must know the Four Noble TruthsNoble Truths
You must avoid harmful You must avoid harmful thoughtsthoughts
Right Intention:Right Intention: You must try to eliminate You must try to eliminate
selfish desireselfish desire
Right Speech, ConductRight Speech, Conduct
Right SpeechRight Speech Avoid saying harmful Avoid saying harmful
thingsthings Right ConductRight Conduct
Avoid harming othersAvoid harming others Obey the five restraintsObey the five restraints
Ethical restraintsEthical restraints
Do not killDo not kill Do not stealDo not steal Do not lieDo not lie Do not be Do not be
unchasteunchaste Do not ingest Do not ingest
intoxicantsintoxicants
Right Livelihood, Effort Right Livelihood, Effort Right LivelihoodRight Livelihood
You must enter the right You must enter the right careercareer
Avoid what requires you, Avoid what requires you, or even tempts you, to or even tempts you, to harm othersharm others
Right EffortRight Effort You must work constantly You must work constantly
to avoid selfish desireto avoid selfish desire
Right Concentration, MeditationRight Concentration, Meditation Right ConcentrationRight Concentration
You must develop mental You must develop mental powers to avoid desirepowers to avoid desire
““binding mind to a single binding mind to a single spot”, as in Hindu meditationspot”, as in Hindu meditation
Right MeditationRight Meditation Like Hindu meditationLike Hindu meditation cessation of fluctuationscessation of fluctuations illumination of object as illumination of object as
object, empty of what it isobject, empty of what it is
Two kinds of BuddhismTwo kinds of Buddhism Theravada Theravada
BuddhismBuddhism Southern Canon, Southern Canon,
early writingsearly writings Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia Ideal: Ideal: arhatarhat
Mahayana BuddhismMahayana Buddhism Northern Canon, Northern Canon,
later writingslater writings China, Korea, China, Korea,
JapanJapan Ideal: Ideal: bodhisattvabodhisattva
Two idealsTwo ideals
ArhatArhat: saint who attains enlightenment, : saint who attains enlightenment, experiences experiences nirvananirvana. Chief virtue: wisdom. Chief virtue: wisdom
Mahayana IdealMahayana Ideal BodhisattvaBodhisattva: one who postpones his/her own : one who postpones his/her own
enlightenment to promote the enlightenment of enlightenment to promote the enlightenment of others. Chief virtue: compassionothers. Chief virtue: compassion
Six perfections of the Six perfections of the bodhisattvabodhisattva
CharityCharity Good moral character Good moral character
(concern for others)(concern for others) PatiencePatience EnergyEnergy Deep concentrationDeep concentration WisdomWisdom
Arguments for the Arguments for the arhatarhat ideal ideal The goal is to eliminate suffering; the The goal is to eliminate suffering; the
means, enlightenmentmeans, enlightenment If If bodhisattvasbodhisattvas help others to help others to
enlightenment, they help them become enlightenment, they help them become arhatsarhats
If it is good to help others to If it is good to help others to enlightenment, it is because enlightenment, it is because enlightenment is the goalenlightenment is the goal
Theravada Temple, LaosTheravada Temple, Laos
Theravada temple, BurmaTheravada temple, Burma
Theravada temple, MandalayTheravada temple, Mandalay
Temples, Bagan, BurmaTemples, Bagan, Burma
Theravada temple, ThailandTheravada temple, Thailand
Arguments for the Arguments for the bodhisattvabodhisattva ideal ideal
If your ideal is the If your ideal is the arhatarhat, you seek your , you seek your own enlightenmentown enlightenment
That is a selfish desire; it leads to sufferingThat is a selfish desire; it leads to suffering Concern for self presupposes that you Concern for self presupposes that you
have a separate selfhave a separate self Only Only bodhisattvabodhisattva ideal leads you beyond ideal leads you beyond
yourselfyourself
Mahayana templesMahayana temples
Mahayana TemplesMahayana Temples