Upload
cirnatu-dana
View
231
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Spinach Outbreak as Part of Broader Concerns about
Produce Safety – A FDA Perspective
Robert L. Buchanan, Ph.D.DHHS Food and Drug Administration
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
Presentation
Goal:1 To put the current spinach outbreak in
context as part of the almost decade- long FDA initiative to improve the microbiological safety of produce
2 Identify 1• Successes 2• Improved understanding of factors affecting
produce safety 3• Continuing challenges 4• Need for integrated programs
Presentation
1 Historical perspective – Major events
2 Current situation
3 Commodity specific associations
4 Research foundation
5 Concluding remarks
Identification of Increased Incidence of Produce Related Outbreaks in Early 1990s
25
Fruits
20
Vegetables
15
10
5
074
7678
8082 84 86 88 90
Two year period beginning in year
Source: CDC Foodborne
Early Food Safety Outbreaks
1 Unpasteurized Juices 1 Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7,
Cryptosporidium parvuum
2 Sprouted Seeds 1 Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7
3 Berries 1 Cyclospora cayetanensis
4 Leafy vegetables 1 Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella,
Shigella
Historical Perspective
1 1997. Multiple government agencies launch the National Food Safety Initiative (FSI)
2 1997. Several outbreaks associated with fresh and fresh-cut produce and sprouted seeds lead to the expansion of FSI to include the Produce and Imported Food Safety Initiative (PIFSI)
3 1998. Labeling of fresh, untreated juices
Historical Perspective
1 1998. Guidance on “Critical Controls for Juice Safety” 1998. FDA publishes “Guide to Minimize Microbial Food Safety Hazards for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables”
2 1999. FDA publishes guidance for the production of safe sprouts
3 2001. Final “Juice HACCP Rule” publishes
Current Situation1 Continue to have
outbreaks associated with produce 1 Bacterial – Primary
Production?
2 Viral – Food service sector?
2 Largely associated with specific fruits and vegetables
Category Outbreaks Illnesses
Processed 43 3,026
Produce 63 8,040
Sprouts 25 1,565
Seafood 120 2,567
Eggs 234 6,572
1998-2006* Produce Outbreaks by Commodity
Tomatoes 11 Green onions 3
Cantaloupe 7 Mango 2
Melons 1 Almonds 2
Honeydew melon 2 Parsley 1
Raspberries 5 Basil 4
Romaine lettuce 4 Green grapes 1
Lettuce 10 Snow Peas 1
Mixed lettuce 1 Basil or Mesclun 2
Cabbage 1 Squash 1
Spinach 1 Unknown 3
*as of August 7, 2006
1998-2006 Produce Outbreaks
1 5 commodity groups make up >75 percent of produce related outbreaks
Commodity % produce outbreaksLettuce/leafy greens 30%Tomatoes 17%Cantaloupe 13%Herbs (Basil, parsley) 11%Green onions 5%
Total % of 5 top commodities 76%
1 Association with specific geographical locations and growing seasons 1 Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli –
Lettuce/Spinach – California - Fall crop 2 Salmonella spp. – Tomatoes – Eastern United
States 3 Salmonella spp. – Cantaloupes – Mexico 4 Cyclospora cayetanensis – Raspberries -
Guatemala - Spring crop 5 Salmonella Enteritidis – Almonds – California 6 Salmonella – Mangoes - South America
Success Stories?
1 Cantaloupes: 1 Worked with Mexico to establish mandatory GAP
program for product exported to U.S.
2 Raspberries: 1 Worked with Guatemala to develop a mandatory GAP
program for product exported to U.S.
3 Mangoes: 1 Change the way mangoes heat treated for Med fly larva
4 Sprouts: 1 Guidance on seed treatment and irrigation water
testing
5 Raw Almonds: 1 Implementation of bactericidal treatment
Ongoing Challenges
1 Leafy Greens 2 Tomatoes 3 Green Onions 4 Cantaloupe 5 Parsley, Cilantro,
Culantro
1995 3 - E. coli O157:H7 105cases
1996 2 - E. coli O157:H7 68cases
1997 1 - Cyclospora 12cases
1998 2 - E. coli O157:H7 6cases
1999 6 - E. coli O157:H7 86cases
2002 2 - E. coli O157:H7 53cases
2003 3 - E. coli O157:H7 60cases
2004 2 - Cyclospora 95cases
1 - Salmonella 79cases
1 - E. coli O157:H7 6 cases
2005 1 - E. coli O157:H7 32cases
2006 1 – E. coli O157:H7 191 cases
Tomato Outbreaks
1998 S. Baildon 86 cases 2000 S. Thompson 29 cases 2002 S. Newport 512 cases
S. Newport 12 casesS. Javiana 90 cases
2004 S. Javiana 471 casesS. Braenderup 123 cases
2005 S. Newport 71 casesS. Braenderup 73 cases
S. Enteritidis 73 cases
Recent Activities1 2004. FDA Produce Safety Action
Plan 2 2005. Public meeting on sprout
safety 3 2005 - 2006. Work with industry on
commodity specific guidelines Melons, Lettuce and Leafy Greens,
Fresh Tomatoes
4 2006. Meet with tomato industry on need to control Salmonella
5 2006. Lettuce Initiative
Produce Safety Research1 During the past 10 years, government
and industry invested in increased intramural and extramural research activities in areas of
1 Detection of pathogens on produce 2 Microbial ecology of produce 3 Sources of contamination 4 Growth of pathogens on produce 5 Assessment of potential intervention
technologies 6 Risk assessment
Manure and Sewage Sludge Management
1 Inadequately treated animal and human waste are potentially important sources of contamination for produce 1 Run-off can
disseminate
2 Desiccated feces can be airborne
Contamination of Agricultural Waters
1 Irrigation and other agricultural water can be a major source of contamination of produce
2 Identification of point and non-point sources of microbial contamination is foundation for reducing risks associated with irrigation waters
Water as a Source of Enteric Pathogens
1 Irrigation techniques that bring water into direct contact with produce increase potential for contamination
2 Affected by the topographical characteristics of produce
Topography of Produce Influences Potential for Contamination1 Leafy vegetables tend to have elevated
levels of bacteria due to large surface area 2 Bacteria tend to accumulate in certain
areas or structures (e.g., stomata) 3 Bacteria tend to adhere and accumulate at
cut surfaces 4 Once internalized, pathogens are difficult to
remove 5 Leafy vegetables can support the growth of
pathogenic bacteria including E. coli O157:H7
Personal Hygiene of Farm Workers
1 As with any food worker, farm personnel can be a source of contamination
2 Need adequate training and supervision in appropriate hygiene
Animals as a Source of Enteric Pathogens1 In addition to
domestic animals, feral animals can also be a source of human pathogens 1 Deer
2 Birds
3 Insects
4 Reptiles
5 Amphibia
2 Importance as vector unknown
Internal Contamination of Produce
1 Infiltration can occur during harvesting and processing
2 Some studies suggest that infiltration through root system or during flowering may lead to the presence of pathogens, including E. coli O157:H7 in mature plant
3 Infiltration impacts efficacy of potential post- harvest treatments
Removing Contamination from Produce
1 Washing helps reduce levels of pathogens adhering to surfaces of produce but only to a limited degree
2 Washing has little effect if pathogens are internalized
3 Wash water can serve as a vector or a vehicle for cross-contamination
Produce Safety Research
1 This scientific information is the basis for evolving guidance 1 Guide to Minimize Microbial
Food Safety Hazards For Fresh Fruits and Vegetables, October 1998
2 Updated version out for comment
3 Commodity specific guidance developed by industry
2 Also basis for questions posed in epidemiological evaluations
Epidemiological Investigations of Outbreaks
1 Use data to identify factors that may contribute to outbreaks
2 Provide advice on priority research areas
3 Identify issues such as 1 Environmental
conditions
2 Handling practices
3 Geographical setting
4 Seasonality
Concluding Remarks1 FDA is committed to ensuring the produce
consumed in the United States is safe and that public health is protected
2 FDA is committed to working with the industry, the research community, and other interested stakeholders to find solutions to this public health concern so that consumers can have confidence in this important part of a healthy diet
3 Need for an integrated approach