BTT1O UNIT 1

Information ManagementDemonstrate an understanding of the information technology terms used in business.

•Define key information technology terms.• Explain the concept of information technology.• Use current information technology terminology appropriately.

A COMPUTER THAT USES NUMBERS TO PROCESS DATA AND SOLVE PROBLEMS. ALL LETTERS, DIGITS, PUNCTUATION MARKS AND SPECIAL SYMBOLS CAN BE REPRESENTED BY NUMBERS (BINARY NUMBERS 1 AND 0). THESE NUMBERS ARE CONVERTED INTO ELECTRICAL SIGNALS THAT COMPUTERS CAN USE IN ITS OPERATION.

11001010 10000010 11110011 11010101 10111011

DIGITAL COMPUTER

•Do ArithmeticDo Arithmetic

• Follow Instructions Follow Instructions

• Store and Retrieve InformationStore and Retrieve Information

A COMPUTER IS AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE THAT CAN:A COMPUTER IS AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE THAT CAN:

WHAT IS A COMPUTER?WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

•APPLEAPPLE

• IBMIBM

• DELLDELL

• HEWETT PACKARDHEWETT PACKARD

MANUFACTURERS OF MANUFACTURERS OF COMPUTERSCOMPUTERS

•INPUTINPUT

• PROCESSINGPROCESSING

• OUTPUTOUTPUT

• STORAGESTORAGE

• CONTROLCONTROL

REGARDLESS OF THEIR SIZE AND ORIGIN REGARDLESS OF THEIR SIZE AND ORIGIN ALL COMPUTERS DISPLAY 5 BASIC FEATURES.ALL COMPUTERS DISPLAY 5 BASIC FEATURES.

FIVE BASIC FEATURES FIVE BASIC FEATURES OF A COMPUTEROF A COMPUTER

EXAMPLES:EXAMPLES:

• KeyboardKeyboard

POINTING DEVICES: ALSO USED AS INPUT POINTING DEVICES: ALSO USED AS INPUT DEVICES FOR COMMUNICATING WITH DEVICES FOR COMMUNICATING WITH COMPUTERS ARE:COMPUTERS ARE:

• MouseMouse

• JoystickJoystick

• Light PenLight Pen

• TrackballTrackball

• MicrophoneMicrophone

A GENERAL NAME FOR ANYA GENERAL NAME FOR ANY HARDWARE DEVICE HARDWARE DEVICE THAT CAN BE USED TO ENTER INFORMATION INTO THAT CAN BE USED TO ENTER INFORMATION INTO A COMPUTER SYSTEM.A COMPUTER SYSTEM.

INPUT DEVICEINPUT DEVICE

PAGE SCANNERPAGE SCANNER

IS AN INPUT DEVICE USED IS AN INPUT DEVICE USED TO COPY A TO COPY A PRINTED PAGE INTO THE COMPUTER'S PRINTED PAGE INTO THE COMPUTER'S MEMORYMEMORY AND TRANSFORM THE AND TRANSFORM THE IMAGE INTO DIGITAL DATA. VARIOUS IMAGE INTO DIGITAL DATA. VARIOUS SCANNERS CAN READ TEXT, IMAGES, SCANNERS CAN READ TEXT, IMAGES, OR BAR CODE.OR BAR CODE.

•Floppy DiskFloppy Disk

• Hard DiskHard Disk

• CD ROM CD ROM (Compact Disc-Read-Only-Memory disc)(Compact Disc-Read-Only-Memory disc)

• DVD DVD (Digital Versatile/Video Disk)(Digital Versatile/Video Disk)

THE MATERIAL ON WHICH INFORMATION IS STORED THE MATERIAL ON WHICH INFORMATION IS STORED BEFORE IT IS ENTERED INTO A COMPUTER SYSTEM.BEFORE IT IS ENTERED INTO A COMPUTER SYSTEM.

INPUT MEDIUMINPUT MEDIUM

AA GENERAL NAME TO DESCRIBE ANY HARDWARE GENERAL NAME TO DESCRIBE ANY HARDWARE DEVICE, WHICH CAN BE USED TO DISPLAY ANSWERS DEVICE, WHICH CAN BE USED TO DISPLAY ANSWERS OR INFORMATION GENERATED BY A COMPUTER.OR INFORMATION GENERATED BY A COMPUTER.

OUTPUT DEVICEOUTPUT DEVICE

•EXAMPLES:EXAMPLES:

• PrinterPrinter

• MonitorMonitor

•RESOLUTION:RESOLUTION:

THE CLARITY AND AMOUNT OF DETAIL THAT THE CLARITY AND AMOUNT OF DETAIL THAT A MONITOR CAN PROJECT.A MONITOR CAN PROJECT.

PRINTOUT OR HARD COPY:PRINTOUT OR HARD COPY:

WHEN THE INFORMATION APPEARS ON A PIECE OF PAPER.

INEXPENSIVE PRINTERS WHICH INEXPENSIVE PRINTERS WHICH FORM THE PRINT CHARACTERS FORM THE PRINT CHARACTERS WITH NUMEROUS TINY DOTS. TINY WITH NUMEROUS TINY DOTS. TINY HAMMERS THE SIZE OF PINS FORM HAMMERS THE SIZE OF PINS FORM THE DOTS BY STRIKING THE THE DOTS BY STRIKING THE RIBBON THAT HIT THE PAPER. RIBBON THAT HIT THE PAPER. (NOISEY, SLOW and OBSOLETE)(NOISEY, SLOW and OBSOLETE)

PRINTERSPRINTERSDot Matrix PrinterDot Matrix Printer

Laser PrinterLaser Printer

MOST EXPENSIVE PRINTER CAPABLE OF MOST EXPENSIVE PRINTER CAPABLE OF REPRODUCING REPRODUCING FINE QUALITYFINE QUALITY GRAPHICS, GRAPHICS, SCANNED PHOTOGRAPHS, AND TEXTUAL SCANNED PHOTOGRAPHS, AND TEXTUAL MATERIAL. IT WORKS WITH A COMBINATION MATERIAL. IT WORKS WITH A COMBINATION OF LASER LIGHT AND A PHOTOCOPYING OF LASER LIGHT AND A PHOTOCOPYING PROCESS, AND IS WELL PROCESS, AND IS WELL SUITED FOR PRINTING SUITED FOR PRINTING PROFESSIONAL- LOOKING FLYERS,PROFESSIONAL- LOOKING FLYERS, NEWSLETTERS, NEWSPAPERS AND NEWSLETTERS, NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES. MAGAZINES. (SOME CAN PRINT OVER 200 (SOME CAN PRINT OVER 200 PAGES PER MINUTE)PAGES PER MINUTE)

Ink Jet PrinterInk Jet Printer

A GUN TYPE PRINT HEAD A GUN TYPE PRINT HEAD MOVES ACROSS THE PAGE MOVES ACROSS THE PAGE SQUIRTING FINE JETS OF INK SQUIRTING FINE JETS OF INK TO FORM THE IMAGE. TO FORM THE IMAGE. (Inexpensive, colour, excellent for (Inexpensive, colour, excellent for home use, cartridge expensive)home use, cartridge expensive)

PlotterPlotter

ARE USED TO PRODUCE HARD COPY OF ARE USED TO PRODUCE HARD COPY OF MAPS, CHARTS, PICTURES, GRAPHS, and MAPS, CHARTS, PICTURES, GRAPHS, and CONSTRUCTION OR CONSTRUCTION OR ENGINEERING ENGINEERING DRAWINGS AND DESIGNSDRAWINGS AND DESIGNS. PRINTING IS . PRINTING IS DONE BY PENS. THE TWO MOST POPULAR DONE BY PENS. THE TWO MOST POPULAR TYPES ARE TABLE PLOTTERS AND TYPES ARE TABLE PLOTTERS AND ROLLER PLOTTERS.ROLLER PLOTTERS.

STORAGESTORAGEMICROCOMPUTER SYSTEMS HAVE TWO STORAGE AREAS:MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEMS HAVE TWO STORAGE AREAS:

INTERNAL MEMORYINTERNAL MEMORY - IS FOUND INSIDE - IS FOUND INSIDE THE PROCESSOR UNIT AND IS CALLED THE PROCESSOR UNIT AND IS CALLED MAIN MEMORY.MAIN MEMORY.

EXTERNAL MEMORYEXTERNAL MEMORY - IS FOUND OUTSIDE - IS FOUND OUTSIDE THE PROCESSOR UNIT AND IS CALLED THE PROCESSOR UNIT AND IS CALLED AUXILIARY STORAGE.AUXILIARY STORAGE.

INTERNAL MEMORYINTERNAL MEMORY

RAMDON ACCESS MEMORYRAMDON ACCESS MEMORY

(RAM)-(RAM)-IT IS AN ERASABLE MEMORY CHIP IT IS AN ERASABLE MEMORY CHIP WHICH IS USED TO WHICH IS USED TO TEMPORARILY STORETEMPORARILY STORE COMPUTER PROGRAMS. NICKNAMED COMPUTER PROGRAMS. NICKNAMED USER MEMORY. WHEN THE POWER IS USER MEMORY. WHEN THE POWER IS SHUT OFF, ALL INFORMATION SHUT OFF, ALL INFORMATION CONTAINED IN RAM VANISHES. (Like CONTAINED IN RAM VANISHES. (Like erasing the blackboad in a classroom)erasing the blackboad in a classroom)

READ ONLY MEMORYREAD ONLY MEMORY

(ROM)-ROM)-IS USED FOR THE PERMANENT IS USED FOR THE PERMANENT STORAGE OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE STORAGE OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE PROVIDED BY THE MANUFACTURER LIKE PROVIDED BY THE MANUFACTURER LIKE THE THE LANGUAGE PROCESSORLANGUAGE PROCESSOR AND THE AND THE OPERATING SYSTEM.OPERATING SYSTEM. THIS MEMORY THIS MEMORY CANNOT BE MODIFIED OR ERASED BY THE CANNOT BE MODIFIED OR ERASED BY THE USER. IT REMAINS INTACT EVEN WHEN USER. IT REMAINS INTACT EVEN WHEN THE POWER IS SHUT OFF. (NICKNAMED THE POWER IS SHUT OFF. (NICKNAMED FIRMWARE)FIRMWARE)

EXTERNAL MEMORYEXTERNAL MEMORYTHESE DEVICES CAN STORE INFORMATION ON THESE DEVICES CAN STORE INFORMATION ON

REUSABLE, LONG-LASTING MEDIA SUCH AS:REUSABLE, LONG-LASTING MEDIA SUCH AS:

•FLOPPY DISKFLOPPY DISK

• HARD DISKHARD DISK

• CD ROMCD ROM

• DVDDVD

FLOPPY DISKS, HARD DISKS, CD ROM, AND DVD FLOPPY DISKS, HARD DISKS, CD ROM, AND DVD ARE ARE RANDOM STORAGERANDOM STORAGE MEDIA RATHER THAN MEDIA RATHER THAN TAPE WHICH IS TAPE WHICH IS SEQUENTIAL.SEQUENTIAL.

FLOPPY DISKFLOPPY DISK

ARE INEXPENSIVE, LOW-VOLUME STORAGE ARE INEXPENSIVE, LOW-VOLUME STORAGE MEDIA FOR MICROCOMPUTERS. (3.5",2") MEDIA FOR MICROCOMPUTERS. (3.5",2") USED TO LOAD NEW PROGRAMS OR DATA USED TO LOAD NEW PROGRAMS OR DATA ONTO THE HARD DISK, TRADE DATA, ONTO THE HARD DISK, TRADE DATA, MAKE MAKE BACKUP COPIES, SAVE FILES AND PROGRAMSBACKUP COPIES, SAVE FILES AND PROGRAMS FOR MOVING FROM ONE COMPUTER TO FOR MOVING FROM ONE COMPUTER TO ANOTHERANOTHER

HARD DISKHARD DISK

ARE EXPENSIVE HIGH-VOLUME ARE EXPENSIVE HIGH-VOLUME STORAGE MEDIA FOR STORAGE MEDIA FOR MICROCOMPUTERS, AND MICROCOMPUTERS, AND MAINFRAMES. THE DRIVES SPIN AT MAINFRAMES. THE DRIVES SPIN AT 150 KM./HR., PROVIDING FAST 150 KM./HR., PROVIDING FAST RESPONSE. THE STORAGE CAPACITY RESPONSE. THE STORAGE CAPACITY RANGES FROM 1 TO 200 GIGABYTES RANGES FROM 1 TO 200 GIGABYTES AND MORE. AND MORE. THE COMPUTER’S THE COMPUTER’S PRIMARY FILING CABINET.PRIMARY FILING CABINET.

CD-ROM - (for reading CDs only)CD-ROM - (for reading CDs only)CD - Writer RW - (for reading and CD - Writer RW - (for reading and

saving onto CDs)saving onto CDs)CD-ROM - "COMPACT DISK-READ ONLY MEMORY"CD-ROM - "COMPACT DISK-READ ONLY MEMORY" ARE HIGH-VOLUME STORAGE MEDIA THAT CAN ARE HIGH-VOLUME STORAGE MEDIA THAT CAN STORE "STILL" PHOTOGRAPHS OR MOTION STORE "STILL" PHOTOGRAPHS OR MOTION PICTURES AND SOUND TRACKS AS WELL AS PICTURES AND SOUND TRACKS AS WELL AS NORMAL COMPUTER OUTPUT. THE UNIT CAN NORMAL COMPUTER OUTPUT. THE UNIT CAN RANDOMLYRANDOMLY LOCATE ANY FRAME IN FIVE SECONDS LOCATE ANY FRAME IN FIVE SECONDS OR LESS. THE NAME IMPLIES THAT YOU CANNOT OR LESS. THE NAME IMPLIES THAT YOU CANNOT CHANGE THE INFORMATION ON THE DISK, JUST AS CHANGE THE INFORMATION ON THE DISK, JUST AS YOU CANNOT RECORD OVER AN AUDIO CD. CAN YOU CANNOT RECORD OVER AN AUDIO CD. CAN STORE ABOUT STORE ABOUT 700 MB700 MB, OR ABOUT , OR ABOUT 500 TIMES500 TIMES AS AS MUCH INFORMATION AS A DISKETTE.MUCH INFORMATION AS A DISKETTE.

DVDDVD

((DIGITAL VERSATILE DISKDIGITAL VERSATILE DISK) HAS ) HAS REVOLUTIONIZED HOME REVOLUTIONIZED HOME ENTERTAINMENT. USING NEW ENTERTAINMENT. USING NEW COMPRESSION COMPRESSION TECHNOLOGIES, A SINGLE DVD TECHNOLOGIES, A SINGLE DVD (WHICH IS THE SAME SIZE AS A (WHICH IS THE SAME SIZE AS A STANDARD COMPACT DISK) STANDARD COMPACT DISK) CAN STORE AN ENTIRE FULL-CAN STORE AN ENTIRE FULL-LENGTH MOVIE. LENGTH MOVIE.

HOW THE COMPUTER HOW THE COMPUTER STORES INFORMATIONSTORES INFORMATION

BITBIT

A BINARY DIGITA BINARY DIGIT. ONE STORAGE . ONE STORAGE POSITION IN A COMPUTER POSITION IN A COMPUTER CIRCUIT THAT CAN BE EITHER CIRCUIT THAT CAN BE EITHER ELECTRICALLY ELECTRICALLY "ON""ON" OR OR "OFF"."OFF".

BYTEBYTETHE NUMBER OF BITS WHICH ARE THE NUMBER OF BITS WHICH ARE NEEDED TO CODE NEEDED TO CODE ONE CHARACTERONE CHARACTER (A (A LETTER, NUMBER, OR SYMBOL) IN A LETTER, NUMBER, OR SYMBOL) IN A PARTICULAR COMPUTER. USUALLY PARTICULAR COMPUTER. USUALLY EIGHT BITS = BYTEEIGHT BITS = BYTE

BINARYBINARY

1000001 = A1000001 = A

1000010 = B1000010 = B

1000011 = C1000011 = C

ASCII ASCII = American Standard Code for Information Interchange= American Standard Code for Information Interchange

KK = GREEK LETTER FOR 1 000 = GREEK LETTER FOR 1 000

KILOBYTEKILOBYTE = 1000 BYTES = 1000 BYTES

Y2KY2K = YEAR 2000 = YEAR 2000

MEGABYTEMEGABYTE - A MILLION - A MILLION CHARACTERS OR 1024 X 1024 BYTES CHARACTERS OR 1024 X 1024 BYTES OR 1024 K BYTES. REFERS TO MAIN OR 1024 K BYTES. REFERS TO MAIN

MEMORY OR DISK STORAGE MEMORY OR DISK STORAGE CAPACITY. IS EQUIVALENT TO CAPACITY. IS EQUIVALENT TO

STORING 125 ONE-PAGE BUSINESS STORING 125 ONE-PAGE BUSINESS LETTERS.LETTERS.

ONE SCREENFUL OF INFORMATION ONE SCREENFUL OF INFORMATION REQUIRES REQUIRES 4 K4 K OF STORAGE, SO A OF STORAGE, SO A

COMPUTER WITH COMPUTER WITH 16 MEGABYTES16 MEGABYTES OF OF MAIN MEMORY COULD HOLD MAIN MEMORY COULD HOLD 40004000

SCREENFULS OF INFORMATION.SCREENFULS OF INFORMATION.

GIGIBYTEGIGIBYTE - A BILLION BYTES. - A BILLION BYTES. USUALLY REFERS TO THE MEMORY USUALLY REFERS TO THE MEMORY CAPACITY OF SOME AUXILIARY CAPACITY OF SOME AUXILIARY STORAGE MEDIUM.STORAGE MEDIUM.

TERABYTETERABYTE - A TRILLION BYTES. - A TRILLION BYTES.

EXABYTEEXABYTE - ONE ZILLION BYTES. - ONE ZILLION BYTES.

SUMMARY (THE TRUTH AND SUMMARY (THE TRUTH AND NOTHING BUT THE TRUTHNOTHING BUT THE TRUTH))

BYTE = 1 ALPHABETIC CHARACTER OR NUMERIC DIGITBYTE = 1 ALPHABETIC CHARACTER OR NUMERIC DIGIT

1024 BYTES = 1 KILOBYTE OR 1000 BYTES1024 BYTES = 1 KILOBYTE OR 1000 BYTES

1024 KILOBYTES = 1 MEGABYTE OR A MILLION BYTES1024 KILOBYTES = 1 MEGABYTE OR A MILLION BYTES

1024 MEGABYTES = 1 GIGABYTE OR A BILLION BYTES1024 MEGABYTES = 1 GIGABYTE OR A BILLION BYTES

1024 TERABYTES = 1 EXABYTE OR A ZILLION BYTES1024 TERABYTES = 1 EXABYTE OR A ZILLION BYTES

AN AVERAGE PAGE OF TEXT HOLDS ABOUT 300 WORDS. ONE PAGE OF TEXT WILL AVERAGE OUT TO ABOUT 2000 CHARACTERS. THEREFORE 1 MEGABYTE WILL HOLD ABOUT 500 PAGES OF TEXT. 1,000,000 / 2000

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNITCENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

THE BRAIN OF THE COMPUTERTHE BRAIN OF THE COMPUTER. IT IS THE MAIN . IT IS THE MAIN COMPONENT OF THE COMPUTER. IT IS THE COMPONENT OF THE COMPUTER. IT IS THE COMPUTER. IT CONTROLS THE OPERATION OF ALL COMPUTER. IT CONTROLS THE OPERATION OF ALL COMPUTER EQUIPMENT. IT MAKES IT POSSIBLE FOR COMPUTER EQUIPMENT. IT MAKES IT POSSIBLE FOR THE COMPUTER TO THE COMPUTER TO DO ARITHMETIC, MAKE DO ARITHMETIC, MAKE DECISIONS, AND STORE AND MANIPULATE DECISIONS, AND STORE AND MANIPULATE INFORMATIONINFORMATION. THE CPU IS ALL CONTAINED WITHIN . THE CPU IS ALL CONTAINED WITHIN A TINY ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT CALLED A CHIP. THE A TINY ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT CALLED A CHIP. THE CPU OF A MODERN COMPUTER IS A TINY DEVICE, CPU OF A MODERN COMPUTER IS A TINY DEVICE, NOT MUCH LARGER THAN A THUMBNAIL. NOT MUCH LARGER THAN A THUMBNAIL. MANUFACTURERS INCLUDE INTEL AND MOTOROLAMANUFACTURERS INCLUDE INTEL AND MOTOROLA.EXAMPLES OF WHERE WE FIND CHIPS TODAYEXAMPLES OF WHERE WE FIND CHIPS TODAY (MICROPROCESSORS)(MICROPROCESSORS)

- CARS -TELEPHONES - VIDEOGAMES - TOYS - - CARS -TELEPHONES - VIDEOGAMES - TOYS - MICROWAVESMICROWAVES

- CALCULATORS - APPLIANCES - CALCULATORS - APPLIANCES

ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNITARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT -"ALU" A SECTION ON THE -"ALU" A SECTION ON THE MICROPROCESSOR CHIP. MICROPROCESSOR CHIP. THE LOGIC CIRCUITRYTHE LOGIC CIRCUITRY DESIGNED TO PERFORM OPERATIONS SUCH AS +,-,*, DESIGNED TO PERFORM OPERATIONS SUCH AS +,-,*, AND /. ALSO, IT CAN PERFORM LOGICAL AND /. ALSO, IT CAN PERFORM LOGICAL COMPARISONS. SUCH AS "IS A > B?".COMPARISONS. SUCH AS "IS A > B?".

OPERATING SYSTEMOPERATING SYSTEM - THE COMPUTER - THE COMPUTER MANUFACTURER MUST INCLUDE A PROGRAM WITH MANUFACTURER MUST INCLUDE A PROGRAM WITH THE MACHINE TO THE MACHINE TO MAKE THE COMPUTER FUNCTIONMAKE THE COMPUTER FUNCTION. . MUST BE PRESENT BEFORE ANY OTHER SOFTWARE MUST BE PRESENT BEFORE ANY OTHER SOFTWARE CAN BE RUN. EXAMPLES: CAN BE RUN. EXAMPLES: DOS, WINDOWS, LINEX, DOS, WINDOWS, LINEX, UNIXUNIX..

PROVIDES THE PROVIDES THE INTELLIGENCEINTELLIGENCE THAT ALLOWS THE THAT ALLOWS THE MICROPROCESSOR TO ACT AS THE "TRAFFIC COP" MICROPROCESSOR TO ACT AS THE "TRAFFIC COP" CONTROLLING THE PERIPHERALS AND THE FLOW CONTROLLING THE PERIPHERALS AND THE FLOW OF INFORMATION.OF INFORMATION.

LANGUAGE PROCESSORLANGUAGE PROCESSOR - (COMPUTER - (COMPUTER LANGUAGE) MANUFACTURERS’ SOFTWARE LANGUAGE) MANUFACTURERS’ SOFTWARE USED TO USED TO TRANSLATE INSTRUCTIONSTRANSLATE INSTRUCTIONS THE THE PROGRAMMER PROVIDES INTO ELECTRICAL PROGRAMMER PROVIDES INTO ELECTRICAL IMPULSES THAT THE COMPUTER CAN IMPULSES THAT THE COMPUTER CAN UNDERSTAND. EXAMPLES: BASIC, FORTRAN, UNDERSTAND. EXAMPLES: BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, AND C. COBOL, AND C.

HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGEHIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE - COMPUTER - COMPUTER LANGUAGE THAT IS LANGUAGE THAT IS LIKE ENGLISHLIKE ENGLISH EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: BASICBASIC

LOW LEVEL LANGUAGELOW LEVEL LANGUAGE - COMPUTER - COMPUTER LANGUAGE CLOSE TO WHAT THE COMPUTER LANGUAGE CLOSE TO WHAT THE COMPUTER UNDERSTANDS EXAMPLE: UNDERSTANDS EXAMPLE: MACHINE MACHINE LANGUAGELANGUAGE 10111101 10111101 “BINARY”“BINARY”

SPEEDSPEEDHOW FAST IS THAT COMPUTERHOW FAST IS THAT COMPUTER

NEVER FAST ENOUGHNEVER FAST ENOUGH

MEGAHERTZ -MEGAHERTZ - (MHZ.) IS 1 MILLION CYCLES, OR (MHZ.) IS 1 MILLION CYCLES, OR PULSES, PER SECOND. FOR EXAMPLE, A PULSES, PER SECOND. FOR EXAMPLE, A PARTICULAR PROCESSOR RUNNING AT A CLOCK PARTICULAR PROCESSOR RUNNING AT A CLOCK SPEED OF SPEED OF 600 MHZ600 MHZ. CAN PERFORM . CAN PERFORM 600 MILLION600 MILLION INSTRUCTIONS IN INSTRUCTIONS IN 1 SECOND1 SECOND..

GIGAHERTZ -GIGAHERTZ - (GHz.) IS 1 BILLION CYCLES, OR (GHz.) IS 1 BILLION CYCLES, OR PULSES, PER SECOND. TODAY'S PERSONAL PULSES, PER SECOND. TODAY'S PERSONAL COMPUTERS RUN AT A CLOCK SPEED OF COMPUTERS RUN AT A CLOCK SPEED OF 2.4 GHz2.4 GHz. . WHICH MEANS THEY CAN PERFORM WHICH MEANS THEY CAN PERFORM 2400 2400 MILLION INSTRUCTIONS IN 1 SECONDMILLION INSTRUCTIONS IN 1 SECOND OR WE OR WE COULD SAY COULD SAY 2.4 BILLION INSTRUCTIONS2.4 BILLION INSTRUCTIONS IN 1 IN 1 SECONDSECOND

TYPES OF COMPUTERSTYPES OF COMPUTERS

SUPERCOMPUTERS SUPERCOMPUTERS - THE MOST POWERFUL - THE MOST POWERFUL COMPUTERS AVAILABLE TODAY. THEY ARE COMPUTERS AVAILABLE TODAY. THEY ARE USED BY LARGE ORGANIZATIONS (SUCH AS USED BY LARGE ORGANIZATIONS (SUCH AS BANKS, INSURANCE COMPANIES RESEARCH BANKS, INSURANCE COMPANIES RESEARCH LABS, NASA) TO SOLVE COMPLEX LABS, NASA) TO SOLVE COMPLEX MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS AT RATES MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS AT RATES EXCEEDING EXCEEDING 3 TRILLION3 TRILLION OPERATIONS PER OPERATIONS PER SECOND. THEY COST BETWEEN SECOND. THEY COST BETWEEN $3 MILLION$3 MILLION AND AND $30 MILLION$30 MILLION, AND CAN BE AS LARGE AS AN , AND CAN BE AS LARGE AS AN ENTIRE ROOM. WE COULD NOT SEND THE SPACE ENTIRE ROOM. WE COULD NOT SEND THE SPACE SHUTTLE INTO SPACE OR PROBES TO MARS SHUTTLE INTO SPACE OR PROBES TO MARS WITHOUT THE WITHOUT THE SUPERCOMPUTER.SUPERCOMPUTER.

MAINFRAME COMPUTER - SECOND MOST POWERFUL COMPUTER, A LARGE, MULTIUSER COMPUTER SYSTEM DESIGNED TO HANDLE MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF INPUT, OUTPUT, AND STORAGE. USUALLY COMPOSED OF ONE OR MORE POWERFUL CPUs CONNECTED TO MANY TERMINALS. USED BY LARGE ORGANIZATIONS. EXAMPLES: SCHOOL BOARDS, INSURANCE CO., UNIVERSITIES, AND COLLEGES. THEY COST BETWEEN $100,000 AND SEVERAL $MILLION. OPERATE AT SPEEDS EXCEEDING 125 MILLION INSTRUCTIONS PER SECOND

In the early days of computing, mainframes were huge computers that could fill an entire room or even a whole floor! As the size of computers has diminished while the power has increased, the term mainframe has fallen out of use in favor of enterprise server. You'll still hear the term used, particularly in large companies to describe the huge machines processing millions of transactions every day.

PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC)PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC) - THE MOST - THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF COMPUTER FOUND IN AN COMMON TYPE OF COMPUTER FOUND IN AN OFFICE, CLASSROOM, OR HOME. THE PC IS OFFICE, CLASSROOM, OR HOME. THE PC IS DESIGNED TO FIT ON A DESK AND BE USED BY DESIGNED TO FIT ON A DESK AND BE USED BY ONE PERSON AT A TIME; ALSO CALLED A ONE PERSON AT A TIME; ALSO CALLED A MICROCOMPUTER. THEY COST BETWEEN $ 600 MICROCOMPUTER. THEY COST BETWEEN $ 600 AND $15,000.AND $15,000.LAPTOPLAPTOP - ARE PORTABLE COMPUTERS THAT - ARE PORTABLE COMPUTERS THAT WEIGH LESS THAN 5 KG. THEY POSSESS ALL THE WEIGH LESS THAN 5 KG. THEY POSSESS ALL THE KEY COMPONENTS THAT PCs HAVE, AND KEY COMPONENTS THAT PCs HAVE, AND PERFORM MOST OF THE SAME FUNCTIONS. PERFORM MOST OF THE SAME FUNCTIONS. THEY COST BETWEEN $1200 AND $ 3500.THEY COST BETWEEN $1200 AND $ 3500.

PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT - (PDA) ARE TINY COMPUTERS THAT FIT INTO THE PALM OF THE USER'S HAND. THEY ARE LIGHTWEIGHT AND PORTABLE, BUT HAVE LIMITED STORAGE SPACE. HANDHELD RELY ON A SMALL KEYBOARD FOR INPUT, PALM SIZE USERS USE A PEN-LIKE STYLUS TO WRITE OR DRAW ON THE SCREEN.

A personal digital assistant, or PDA, a remarkable, tiny, fully functional computer that you can hold in one hand. And unlike that paper organizer, a PDA can hold your downloaded e-mail and play music.

WEARABLE -WEARABLE - The latest trend in computing is wearable The latest trend in computing is wearable computers. Essentially, common computer applications (e-mail, computers. Essentially, common computer applications (e-mail, database, multimedia, calendar/scheduler) are integrated into database, multimedia, calendar/scheduler) are integrated into watches, cell phones, visors and even clothingwatches, cell phones, visors and even clothing!

These days, cell phones provide an incredible array of functions, and new These days, cell phones provide an incredible array of functions, and new ones are being added at a breakneck pace.ones are being added at a breakneck pace.

Depending on the cell-phone model, you can: Depending on the cell-phone model, you can:

Store contact information Store contact information

Make task or to-do lists Make task or to-do lists

Keep track of appointments and set reminders Keep track of appointments and set reminders

Use the built-in calculator for simple math Use the built-in calculator for simple math

Send or receive e-mail Send or receive e-mail

Get information (news, entertainment, stock quotes) from the Internet Get information (news, entertainment, stock quotes) from the Internet

Play simple games Play simple games

Integrate other devices such as PDAs, MP3 players and GPS receiversIntegrate other devices such as PDAs, MP3 players and GPS receivers