b.tech. Biotechnology Notes (17)

8/6/2019 b.tech. Biotechnology Notes (17)

1/72

P5 r\ '5o

Classificatioo Costs.byDcpendiq on rh6 ldiabiliy belaviou, costs(r)scmi{&i;blci6rs,ajoiL(.)Fiedsorts..

:,T;vdiableao;i!' *6ithat rd; tovary;nrccprdaesithlw'el' of acdviiysidri! the rcloridt rdic!'md 1!it rj! ; cird pedodof!ioe. Ite prihe p oduclccrs ie, dr ecrm"re.iJ],dnectbboq oddiEcr ex?@* teld to vJry in di.d proporloq io ibe levelolactiyity.An nsfNe in ne \ oluie me8 apropdtuonniedese. ia ihe.ioralx.iriable &:6 dd n deeikjr volw. ii! leadb adolo4io@G d;ciire inJhe toti;irarable aosLs.l.r-e is :]inerelatiocluDbetwen vol@e md vdiable costs. hd d {slerpij @! va,iablec9sr.hNe d.*plicn phy;cal reb;obbji.nrith;.. sq9cr4Eesgr or4trvly e'iela[oolio ]awo LheuDut alld dtlut rl,aefore, vdirn]ecosrs also knoM 6 '?,si;?*eacirr:_,lt-t vaiiabh cosue ro' osilercd cosas.Someot ihe vsiable compinols *bich qer;nieda Ak.titbna', varizble u b'ma suchcosL5 il vryvir!nudualios h ihe eyels f.ictiv y;{elybecaGe of tle pblcy of+gnjndsemggLfde vdisble lmmrorrsedched der{elop$sror advtuem"Dt sosc,Ntuch d! dEcrlq94u, by laltr mayincrede viih ilal6ed acrivitj &il ininbsemdr ma) decide ospndhde tn periodsof ircresed al(riviry-.

ilheiled c6tis a 6|rhattoilsbte uafJ*red by chdc* t! ahlevelof actility duinsa sivsp.riodof t@E'{hefi xedcoslsr@atd. cdtalt id loral reeddls of .h&zes i! ldde uD ro.a cedal!levelorospnr.hei uc nd aite;LJby;na,86n ihenol,$eor


2/72

+l99"it ebhFttl"o,ufta9.q9d rassrfluon'lrhe-Idrop:!f"$;.8;ofcus!._EF;"-;"ilffi."stsd;,ub!x"d A d-u,jl-i;

"n".c;J.hil;i,,,,fJ"?i::I"i1.i*p##il*il*#"e:iii:

ir*',iTtrffi,*Tfi"g"J,*-T#;*.":L:':*.; - ' l a siv6 d.cirioL' rc,EEl3Dar csrids rccrinjque i, b4ed ;, k";;,j -". _-_'n""a4""***L. i"i-ii-p''iH.,iHi,"jffDsepere EerE@r ofq@edldiaueGrs Forlu& rqed @sG dd lqiableabG cc,!**;::t'ilr9.*l*itr ffi-Hfi le.Lsi.x*,ii'r"q." :::;',F, fi;".ili:.iffiiif,,P,Tlt,*BitT-b.rjf l.'f l9p.'1?.rfrqsllas*pmrr.aarysji;J;.;J ;;H;;Hf;*:"+|.l".i_T:lf:9..*,i . .y"!".q .p.orc "bbhJ. *.d,1,.,


3/72

PMomc.5'A4urg. :

ift

dirc_ctrc6:B.iulDN dser nhrcrids, d ccr liiou qd ii{iqbl.choryc.t ro rt,c producr c6tj Forom.Dur!!onortKl m:1,aI c*,s "hou,., . .l4.ir !.d !::b lsiili.olagramlt|a{crssodauonot coaiBohavtournlkH;;*j#ffi :::;:il:::',-*","".,",",n"* .,oo".l,lljl


4/72

. (scli,e plrcce.&- v'idi$li .iE! A\l)Lqd'ffiFP+"

' lr.-t$"dfi;|.r'v6do : I

i,{rgi! or:ar.ry {uniii) (Adual !516 - Brcal:.vd uikJBlcakr.n sits s t6 to Tobl prcdedonudcro .r aaldy s ft'a; olal Freaiibitd, hd&rl' . $. rductio! b c.!jq pde trcE Ri s! to R! 1(,iF. ul @bbid.s 15. rde lev.l ofpleumo4v@or.


5/72

' , 'u - : , ih 'ir'-r' dttlprofit opponuid* bysrudyins hc [email protected]. voliime sdll:::{"{*:trili:i:';ii:frfi;';ffiS'"H#fri,;H$:tffiE bplcru8gRqs4+kYrri.sdysE mw4 oc rct quc5uo or dcma.u.oa? orDe!.Flot l.bou cos. narqial csr. ffrcd cons. volune or sat6 hov!@ prctu l'_gvngiidyltj lt:au$d inprofirpl"siJlgands agddc o m.Ibs racricddedd;* ;" ".t-.ff-dii'*f;i+ iPrccdu. cwdalysis conbinq the @nc.ptsdd rechniquesired a$;'ibi:hidillt!folowins Lh.puedift sjve b.low: _Establishing fixad aDd dtable @ts rel:lrrd 10prcducts.Cdcd lngrhe relarioship tJerweensEles olurh. dd revenuc by referd.c.o lduqr. Norkinsour hep,ofir.volme t/gEiiobycslcul?lincconribudon sals revduehi,a ldiable @sU a aproponid of sats @enue. Ushg dilLr.ndal @stio8o.l sditjviry dalysls to 6s6t rhe ibpaci of [email protected] o! activny ia;15 on Gts ud prc6;i. DEwioc up reat+ro clalts which s6tiish rh. ioi

eLon fte br'ei!+vo alalysis '. -*ei".iii.ti *dorp indicare ekva,I prcEt-ai djrrdedi volua or sar'$ ar;ve d; brca}-er; poulr Dele@ilios lhe cBulative or cd6bl!d effe.crof eachprodeioa prolibbiljiy ierrog ne cu'lEve or coEu{ er.cr or ead prNes th. .trecqr oI chdgs ir ihe ftoducl bi*.Theooi@!i$ of .adr of tlre abde r!,iia&si ti':d!Jvd!uc1l qustiodias0!915: ,'(a) wha!$16 revdue oort !e.c

achidveiqaaoidrsiEins l&a

p-"ir".raip'rr*u.o!vr'li.rys"i.ppidi;'L r"ur-,"eiq;r"ai. PIMbS dd fott@tilC of prcfit a1@ios lev.l5 of activitj'.' U*ld id d*elo'pnefiqdblebudd;t {d aij,lt6ii;lpri!p6q..:lPs rn. dEa8o@l b decNoD al(ilg e iie rouowing ttPc.r ued(0 lddrGedor of 6c milrmM vol@e oI lctivity r.ha! he qidTri

rd) whar lvcl of sal$ rddud bst be aclieved ro rs.ljp,!fir rae4 ?cj vn.ra.e rle iiriiitio.s or o';reaeor dcci*c inqrs p* rrit r fi*ea ists o:O .t{h"i !' thcoBliuls sd of prcdstt &oe iho roiltlof lidw of Fobat(d wlat eff.t win erie c!ds6 hai on rc6js ? ..

rbe@npey toitrjdsbd rhc Eplietibin of chde6 i! saleivoluFE cosrs r pricg3.t'rLnowldse ot aostbehiviou p.iieru eil prcEt volirbe raladoBbils prcvids i'achl

(DlBi;hai!rdDdceri@tage en .s9qt sal6


6/72

'toqb.rs saar"*;i . .. ...:;W,,,'Ir:c-?:r,:roiod.ok,""-,"^",.,."".",:1":""'*'"'."* i'l$ii'.lj',lltfilHf;*T--,:':',Fq;ii,'#;$'i#i'ifl. c;..r""".,.i,"'rfi#lTil,lii,i;*.s ; Eva.rua* rhe hpad of cost ad.F ^" -. a. t'* o "l*" ,a"r:o"}ip *rrl u. .ru,,"."'lilli;Jffff::"*'11.5.5, -r,,tr;1i::l#iihiii:i,:,i:i:1,ffr r::,:H;i:"irH.I:.#"#,:i*::',,.."$iirffi;*19,i:

.i,f"Iffii:?::'r"rr1ifurftT,ff{,i:1_ri;::'*+ -a**.-i. -ap"r""f iii[?N.' r -"" "* u".*ry'*;;;;l'j:::l^:1:":.-i. -a p"r,r"a*i""I;'ffi ",t:;*;.,i,::,ffi:}?l1i;SflJ::.trH":'j,;T"t'frl'iuil"H#"*sH"ll:*f:""T'.*:#ft-qfr"#,fl*"$*-"?i*ffxffn:J:r",r;


7/72

,1 .. . . ' . . i : i r$i i r :"r i t{ i

lllustFIor l.6 r . , L?ORI-.d-rcpodstheilolqsingri lbfdyr

sclcct scalaor;rb6t aid trtJa! os!son verri.r.lu.i:,. inrhc honbrr'rsd; lnc Aiiide rhcchantnio {o;ada rhe owJ pan fluG';presiniinsbs nra;'sd dic afuaaldvo dlc t;c rcr,,6.nrs ft; Plb:fi1On heve.licaldis, thc arcabclow rhc solcsin rcpr.scdts ixcdcosts d

172 Pd 16 M"-oo.-, A"d"o4,.-tJ / . ftcfolosins{cr',u.in\olvcdtnconsrrucrionolnrolii+olunr.d,dr:7' Hlltrd sch., d $rrc k; sd6 on hsi@nLar ds.

uiih th. Eatb.Dalia.l .q:rysir,


8/72

cr$prd13 &dkN od cosr'vdtrEdl turtshR.lqqP = *,:r,* ' ' '

oI slf;ry = Actualsd6 - BE;al.s = 2.OO,OOO:5,OOO = R!750006ly.lr*ldc!ds.tnscUlnsPrte Thc.ftccbo.rhcpoknri2lprcfi sofconri:nplakd .prie .hans$ c.n be rcprermred on aproficvolm. chd as slEwn in FrelE l&t

113Tncd cdtv.n Poinr =-

ffi


9/72

- ' -c, TIE ldiosln8 I'fomdio'.l B C Lld. sclleth.. !.oancb A, A sd

costrud ! bdd-llsducl pr' chd

s.5

l4bRa6qm0g4!9

= ,t2.357ti


10/72

td n4rc b $t6 volu' utsrkdu"tioa nI ddh6! Fu

:. ,- = 9j-x root,', (0 tddd4o It sdd volu'

Indi4 itr contibunJnP+

iiiii i. t"ii * p-o''i'-t""Aav.ldsFdt E4'd6 (t)

e'q!tr o $v'niseBtnt *Pddituev) rh. bd49 !oTl*cu:oao,:niddidorat s'r6 'shoDrdh


11/72


12/72

*ffiSntr*tt=L$g:'rjr#T:!iiH""'ffi:;g:i:#ffi+$!,*r*Hr:ffi;[*ffi-i*d**t*sit**-l*:**ff-i:,t1-1Elg+ili,d#-{'*F3.$rigiiflg,tr$:pffS"il#};:*,;"*y;]r::*,qgg1L'1*un";*rr;;#"frrnfifilA'*1ii'=-ffi:$#ffi":wf


13/72

ad|vo8olABc (0'3.1)tlvo8 ol ABC (0'3.1Flliharr obje.tircs or ABc sysrN ort c r:uo$ _ ..{ or r6ft6 |ed to sid @;ls,ddiilo *" tl'h intomation toLnproveprodu.r niir drl priclngd.cisiotu.pir.. impodant obj{dves of ABc sysicms e smmad..d }Flnst To idcnrity valueadded &!ir ilies in traisacdoN.iboctdk,out ways a.limliate lon-vahe added cdvitis.

. To mp.ove he ac@cy of product 6rs !y @tefdly chdglng the rrpe and umbd

dc!4,ouL ways ra.Muare !idttaali.+3u,lo iefoii$ to tlilnie ri.tua. Aedoiltrated bJ tuig;i*: .l ,

fitris coatpool.C6t poolsde sihils 1ocost enrres in tladitioral costststehs. Costs

o ideirtiry:hcpppgtfl{fr:ti6lor i4prcle;e andredrdion of.cosll ,r


14/72

232 P.d o@ 6r [email protected] oi colectedbn rh.blsk or acliily rb.i drivcsdE aiiai! rcsardt& ofconvqtolat- r*dp^nE.nrll boundari4 thc ncriviryGr pool s thd oratcosre;isncd ro u aciiiiiy. ri !tlc sum ot dU h. coslelemots asignd i s..!i!iiy.Stcp5.Sol.crlon ol ActlvltyCd. DrtvdCrMA otficirl reminolo$' d.lin6 a @st drlv.r s hz) /a.ro I whi.h qut6 a chaat in thac6tolaractivityL& E quoliDol patbrccitel ty an.aiwjt k e.!.kminins la.id in h.w* requne.l br that dcn'if 4nd th.t4or.'6tects th. Bour@ tiqlited. A; adiliq tu thav. mnbiple @st dnv.B $:tocittd with U'.Thc nexrstpin ABCsysrmis toidentjly thc factoF wnidtderemine (hecons ofd acrMry.Tlr.se re caled L '@r driu.,J: cosl .lrivs d eused o rBce corr ro u oducc bv Bina.neasue oI raoucs consbed by eachacriviLy. osr driv6 co 6e defined;s dr;eactiviri esor irdsactioN ihar de signifidt detcbinsts of.Gt Cos!dtilsi5 a actorihatdelmines rhe wort load ed efforkquired of d acriviry dd rle eourcs neede


15/72

ch.pt6 3 A.iMt Bd!; c6||iorsnt catogodd ol CoBtpoot! md tts CoslDrlvorsi lDport&r cst poob ud iIs cct driv* arc siv.! bloM

oI od.r 3our6 lclstondr tocnidn'

No, l tsmtp!tu/componsnrs

Na ol matedal ovemonGNo.oI dock.hotusovdkc'ep.nde.wsishwolumsoImdtiiat3No,otmarEd.thdv.hsnrsN._ or Ejacts

Sdch sLs .No.o{.d-up3 .No. ot suppll.!

Nq oituchin .hangosNo.of od. aoardh.nse3No. lpgEonnolupowisedNo.ofh.chino .yout hansesNo,ol pDdlctton bdchotNo.ot3dtlps

No. otmachtng b.eiekiow.s

A.livily|9v|3

No. re.olnesdnghansesMaiibndncsschedut.


16/72

' '$ l ,q[b

rir#:inlffi* i ji'ij.'11119131r"-11,.,,",,,,1;1"T:yy*'*',i'iy*Tjir,r.,,,.rh"

9001a2'.

143r1 IJ2s7

*r*F*ffiDinsoc. r36oe ;;;'; 34on l;i6;--

aG;-

t4Lo7Ir7 :-

rmj#-lin*e3*Ts-@;o,"*^-,**"jJ.ill?,.Htfl1"ffffffin"*-;:',rur1lr*m:::::-*,"..,-lJll".*j;:#*t*ffi*H*ml,t*ffig[1+t*,p*::**gH'*;"*,n::m$:*;tt,.x;s;:""T;:ffi .:


17/72

a.lMly6llddcBlt! t41

. I l/^al::!:-nt:l,ntdto.v.req!i* d$;'hfrt or cosrRt6. By 'he!rccas or Asc.. ac.ulF cc t FtB.m be d.rsini!..lAccuate ss-or it "qinr" l, ".*._inc rc. prcp.! varuaLionor ilvarory ed sldaly ir rhebs" "r *.,i-r+..i,ii""'.. n herpi meageE in tuire of comperitjvsdlilE Drjc6.. rlfomarion resardinc @paciryuiilh.rion s avai;bk for dcjsionmakirs.. Ithlpsinidentifyjrgddelihirariorof boulerects. ; n dtc produ.tionfor haxihbing. . It idenrif[s no!-value added activities, or eff


18/72

ft "piq-,q-e.t!sEhrd_dii--;

N@ rh. c6e fo. declin. h gotuabitity.d b. eatyrd ud n.d.Gt@{LFlexibleBudgetingneible budset 6 a budserwhi.h,by recosnli!s rhediffer;!ce in behavloNbetwae;tued

conFiburion marsid variMc.

sd luLbl" cosrsn retariobonurLuLjo; in;upur, rmo"*, "..!h;r;ti; i;;;;."d n ts dsicned to chese in r.tarion ro rle tvlot acrivjiysctualy atrain;il A fld:ueoudeerE one bat rlkes accour or a rdge ofF$it ic vot@s,h i, s;nerin* reteRd lo6 a nulti-lol@e budgei-Thetuse of posibl. ourDursbav be k!o; s ihe ,relevdrninse . rreri,e a budser al$ plee wbo &e orisioafbudeei , dCibemlelvudded rotlreac@ur-or_cldee algviry l*ets. Th. oenbL budceib bded o! rhjfu


19/72

'.-:lir Thc rncdroddf dcrcnbins tlrc fixcd md vonal,lcclsncnlr of costilsbB

fldiu. budset $ smffiised s follNs:

Md hda rhc flcx.d cd b._cutul. rcbdon b (hscon cct bddsd.d i

l,Ti:

A fluible budselral,*accoul oI a r"nseotposible olhs Fl.rble budge! able eorldisation oq edid 6 Dd omcn.e sd inLoneevele:asiventrceof sa-lsevlsdacu'jrv l."eL.I" p epdad;b oI nsible budEets,d$t de @beclassjlied io liile4 viiriablead se; i-veb[ G6. shce tued . cts do ot vary si|Jl short.tu tluctu.tioit frxed@stis 6timar.d ro be un(om lor aI levelsof.cLivitv, buLLhe eiable @sls-ire esd@redvolme depesdar:Tlrepreletion of fletbk buddets,equiF Lie *mi-vdriibl.i S!9ri otesecresaiedn fted ud ldiable @mponsls, Ihe distinclio! besed flxed budsel dd

l. Costsdi !d clasified a@rdiry 1o lleirvafrbilty, iz.Fu.4 vdisble &d s.s.2, It is tnfl.xtll. dd.r.B!i* the B4c. ddpadof thcaol$.of buarsadvit,3 Ii .3$in6 riii cddnilN wdd FE insbdc4, AcMi. f@6 !s of resrnE is dil6cdf

5, Adusl @d bu.lg::eC !-j.oerc .Mdbc@nedy coBpeaif tlcrclr.oloutPu!; . djf"tr,6. ftis budg.t ba a lnnikl applerton and 5h.ff.divc a a lool for 6t @ni'ol7. AI @nditio6 sll rdah iDalt*d is m. wealistic dFrlarion on the pd of the

3. c.sts clmot he scqbtt d if dere G achdg. in lhc circmtucs.

Ccs -..L!d6.d *ddrls lo d'. "a@

ol th. buiMi5. Q.epadjd d r..liida rlrc. rh. chdgedplu fuu6 e pl&.d agaiBt sduar 66,o. lhis budsct bs E;. appledffi ald


20/72

Dntd@rcdrt: a @&6B@!i4

ovddn (2ooox9xo5o)Factoryov.rBadDpE@ d @ p6ducli@ nachitr" (fix'd)AdDintFtioa ErtPoiB (fi cd)s.nn'g&ddr3tibudolltFa!6 .l/arbbL @Rc r

,0,i6t,0oo

l9,000

ZeroBaseBudietlqgCZBB) '*Yalct.d cL nmea buds4 !;ZBB iri a Eernod of budsetilg whqebv all acliljries e rromdatetl It ti d aDDrcacho budsel retiew ald .wlutioo rhat requir6 a m{aGt @n^riFv tl'e 6orc iduesed for .11aclrviiid ed Fojel' ircluding oo gosg acDuu6i"a Jrei"cr.. io r."t o'ao. e.ch firctional budeet st.fu urh the supbotr st h'tuciioi ao* ""t,*i* -a i! 's a( zdo cosL 'cemdrs ol ccrs-* @dp{'l.wrlin lwelt5 of bdefi! culmilalils i! ibe Plded mdimu bs'hl lor a sven DuostEs6sL ZBB b a r.volutio!.lv coBpt of plaDirs ihe futur acliviriB &d there s a snarPconudioion fro orvodonal budsetin&ZBB Eavb.b.nqrcm'da D'n@a tusaMs,or bud!.dns frd i!. becndins sfiout uv ret@ce io dv bae_pdl budsc $d acrualbappdhg. ZBts My bc defi!.d 4 aPlalniig 3d buds'tup bmdagd io jEuly bE ob@ bua. '"q"*, . *-^ -,rcn i&tch (b4e *rc ba4 dd.r'irs_rru uito if p*r to-cI maEsq to qtifv ihv be+outd Pad.dv mon'val aurhe lDorcach rcauirs tlta! a[ acLiviti !e ala]vsed it decisioDPackass wdo {e*J"jia ty .y"t isti" u"uryskMd rankcd ! ordd or nEPorbceIt i:,a o@alsetl sysrenof budsednstorrhcactiviti* oftn Fhrise 4 il 4ch activirvwePbeirgperfomed ior tle fini time ta frcd zdo_bae Tle buds;tjnBof-ahddio-! $e sranis irii scnrh or zm od not on the bas of trsds d historical ullJs tdjusred idi"nau." *a o,t* rcnalonr ILslatu rom hebaic Premi*$at tle budsetor $e nexr'.* i. *ro -a **v

p-."* or crPddjture ha then o be uLifi'd in irsetrrtetv i' orderi;A;fi;;;ilili;;" ouai"rne u*a* orp'*i!hs shirtsoelchmlsse .roitiirv- iii 'iJ -"liii;i;'ra bes;dr at ardd t. ildiele wbatwourdapp'ni lbei,-pi,.a"u'iLv'.dt.*i"o.yt-d.."::-""1_"r..*Yl5i;#:l.;"tf ;;i :i:ltemlive tor eachact'vily df". i"J i- . *i-.r#* "blishedcriviti.s llDve robecompredwirhalrsatjv'ii":riii'ri,i" iiii'**.i.i;. ,t'at'hevwould c duins rr'ebudsetarrrdine Periodbeb;ic required.ntsor apPucationf zaB ue a fouow*rai ftde mut lave abudgetinssFtem si&io ihe org@4albo

ilj rtr"q'ii'*.-"e"*'- a-eloP qDalitative edws for u'e in F'domance cvalua_


21/72

cif$ea

$!jectiv.eProgrammeudgetingPPBS)Prosrod. budselirgwd l,EL n'rodu"ed n tne Us depffe;r ot detenc in I96l Bvle6_sG udlilalion 4on. dtremelv common n fe'l-al & n'll s lo(rl3o\emmcnt or

omdisrion s opeFlio6 to b availabl. o sI muasem'nr'rnc scue r esour * wiUbe attocated oreefftLlentlvo ac ivitig anddcpartmatpot rh. orqdislrion a(cording to prior v ot prcdmmes l his stsFm wecc ourin lhcrsay ud r.duc6 rhc co5tof produclionbecdu'evcry budseL roposeE.r"lu,i.d ;n th baii of cosFb{efil analvtis

! ZBB is not bscd on irc'em.nlEl aPprcachso it prcmoresopddonal effictncJbccsuse t requiE mdager to review dd jslLry iheil a'uvit'$ or hc runosr.qutd.. si;ce Lhk sveemrcquld ladiciParionol aI mdase6 in prpdation of budsers'

' ".p.'"itniiy. "t l"i.t' * i.-. c;menrnsuccssrulxecu'ontbudcetarytsrd

bdcfit. zBB @v e!@@gc dE false de. tba! atl deciriod hav. to h Btde i! tte blitset-'_Mud.;6t BEt be abl. lo Eeet uJ ot*eb opPodulrtie sld;;ff;i;;;;;iAE -enviqg outacq te sioptvbecaue hevwd ooi

' slprcved by ad.cisioaPat@geGt boeft ed Eildig dalts's. Wherc obie6tu6 d. tery .lifficul! to qEtifv s in Gearch dil developmeNore;"".t ",i-Li.t-,ion, zbs ao6 Doto6q sv 3isnihce! ouEol adv$tace -. DeEdlE rhe ddciion uits dd deciiio! lackass is ile djfficultv ncouiq'd bv.omDati6 ii,ttoducinezBB. ZBB eouiB a otof rrailins for rogG tI duages dobol @do slandcoRcdvihe dd at theb.ck of zBA, t dot b. ilEoduc.il suftestdri' ZBB nisht cal for Fegmdi shilr i! decbiotrealFie lo cosFlct disionpackases hjch the dgalbation do6 notpo3ss' AnotherercbtehwilhZBBistheilifEcultvof theranking!10'63 Muage6facethe

rolowid rrEe codon Prcuer.(4 The areen6!er of packas lhev have o tuk(6) Therek ohd a codcptualdiffrcultv o having o ranl pa'kagesv/hich hev'' resdd 6t eins equallivilal, fo.lesal or op@tional 'eaonsrd h s dil ficdt b rsL comPletelvitlerent Tsof acnvirvesPecialvvtereacLiviti$haveouaft ive E!h* rh& quedlative bnetiEsuchs sPsdns o!{"t( w.Ue ;d wrldtr* condilionssh.r. raikine nat equaltYbestireLv

t,1j


22/72

it{dif;

INGiF

ll

lng obj.clk6

bsorptionCostlng . {1s.1)

.DkiiFcdoiiBe;ee4coririluno".;d6li!, 'Arguot b favou of dd Aeai.s! Mesilal cctitrsDistincdorBt{en A!6orpdd cosrine d Marsniril%sling "': . 9*ty',,1gr1.1'e'a\stcsrloi,ti!nsi!s!toil-udMn _-o Mrke or Bd Deci5i6- . rii.-.'i'i;* .r p-i*ll or Divebili;adoDof Poducr'i;e

o AcptorRejecrspect iL lof fdudsutxodiact in l , . . ,o Terporary Cesatid or O6cdoM of Op*ations

For recovery ol orerhea4sLne oUNilC lhFe ;eLhodi e cderaly(')Abturplio! co:'ine, iDDrat costits. dd (iin ^leginal .GtinC.I-he o[owi.s 6.as.aphs will .liscus ! d.tai] about he abovemerlioned nreemerhods:AUerption costiq b a pmcDle.whd.by tned d well d vriable c6E de aUot.d b .61i'lits ed loral overhes{Ld e abrcrbedaccordhe to aLrivu kv.L Thekm miy be applpdiw]lercG) rcducqoDl6t onlxor (r) cGreora!'iucrio6:t is rr'"p-"r* "i-"t*ei'ie

"X&ost, loih,adiable ba fiaed. ed borh diftd drl indiid to opdationt proa!.t3 or

)q!l"h

495


23/72

procc$s. c.nccpluln abso.Plion coshgasc.rrainirg ihe cosl of aproducr or *nice. 's o simplc and lundnDcnhl mcihod


24/72

\

' Cot p/6 prici.s urld absorptioncosbs ehsr6 thar aI 6rs de o! sed, pncinc!rse mdsin may,in helong-ro,r.sdrin.oDhburionraiLg ro cov$fi efraedLorb,llE impol6iin cbsorptior.o{insG,rsctsim equat oor;c.ed debudceredlevelor acLu ry ohctui'e fired costs wil be unds .ab\orbcd.sorltion co\brC


25/72

. sjr cGt' uc dlcdcdbyvolumctlsscsud oilrl c.,uns"""*,t""1".ni;i;isno one Mir csr ahor "rtE!:.isatuiCcbdr.i1i^"--,!.:;"-il-;lkiiI-gno one hit cst lhar d, tE u:.i s a gddc ro dcJLjon-eJ:r! r!,h* t; !invorve d6se in volqe. . l.-,n$4ffi. ln hismcrhodaUixcdcGl:d.norcharsd.saistrhera",*.f {n}&,trrhcy e incuftd lr is o Goua pracrile.- --;la, A$isuinc prcductcor wiLha redonableshde oI rixedo".di;d S!"tlJivolumc-prdireblionship_hd rh* e.titf*nt ryp$or;"dijndiii fltf,Sn* e qr*nt ryp3ol @sr ud|3; lba.lttituusfred osss sdq-pri.ed, @d otlrrflebue ud/6rp:ofir will nol b. ma,hlscd_ jo"r,."i.,l,r paii*,ir ".5r' .ri gi"; i,irpo.tichaviounl piirm of c6r3 is nor siv;D i;!onde.h rcport"\c @terpr*!6"lrs;the lbfit ot aparticuh penod wiu be affecled by ihalMour ot owrhEds ahsorbedrto ctosinsnvmrori6 o;wor!-in-prcsxss o. fi'Ghcdslock r chffgcd g.itut h. !.riod when penini nventoriese sotdAbsoQtio; cosrieg loduc* a heu of deteraining selliogprices,but h mct c66l. aewcy ctuot te aciieveddue o thc natwe ;f ovdrhds includd o rhecdada,iThe cohplairr Lsenerines mld Ucr .bsorpLiotr cosths ohcn deJs onlyproductidr cdsii nld ignors sling md adniili.rradon costs.. Thc dei:ision-mate;eeds to tnori tbecostshat w r uly d a r6dt of bir dci5iobd rhe cca that will lBai! uclece4 AbsorpLior iosdng dod ror provi.b{rc-dvmiq! hELs d da.rinc s,.r'..r"'Lr"^. id**, p*p--.;;;;;;;;"diofo@adodfoi srirkbludon ed r!. neasmd or ;s;ned D ' i It Dlrecr osting

Dir.ct costins s a merho.lot c*d',s G ;hj"! lG dod"d L "h- c"d;u ;.Ii lnGe i;iswNch a'y wid volMc, Vuiable or dired cortr, uchG dnecrdar*ia.ls, dna! bbou @Aj! {icble msuacruilsxpeBd e exMplsof 6b chdsed o heprcduft. Udderdirici:( 6!in8/ a uil 6l is4*kned only h. direcl cosLNl indiftfl cosrsarechdeed o Drcfiredlo,, {.osr ot rhaplned in wbjch beyeisa lldirect costsm d.'"c-d;d ibr i!,j;Di{tvalualion s s e[ rndi(a cGts de fiGe uhich cgmor be direcdv id;o6rd tttlh..oohjecrive cosrs wl ch m a fuclion of riEe mlher ihd ;rcdudio! or volue of aditide qcluded boh dnecl @$. IX. valE ot iivolory is also sc.nailed @ lhe ba3iswiable produ( rioa@s6 adbo pan of tued erp*s, Eot ev@dE tued *pGs ilqin the actorv is li:luded in ihe aveotoryvalua A direct (oe is not nccos*ily Lbe @e?rD.sindr .ost,.!e6u qualy.margi@l co$ @vss ody rhoseqpess wLic! ale c;ay also include @st hhich bcsidg being fi*ed ii Erugidenufied kith cd obdive

^ Dlrct osung ndAbsorptlonosungDlsttnctan 0ezl)The diffqercps lrerwe{ di.et cGtins dderrenbelow: absorption.ostilg @hiCl igntedin tl.


26/72

(r)(2)

_ - ,- : \g-. . - _ ch6pb, kadcd,4 -iiir:

Dlrf.rcnd in. r.por.d prc6sviii,uiprcfiLb]'w; ni6;& v;G; ' '(3) rnYnrory vatn,rion(4) Prcducr @b

(6) AlaMic,l reai(E:Br.al-.v.! sd6 vot@a

Invilrory v:hc qcldar frx.dcclr dd ud.6t tB l!. v6hdPrcducr.cod d6r2r6 rh.Uoa.hlllcnerr or Froduclcolr.could sult ! !nd*

' Facitita|s.ntcdrron of bEat_wo s.ies vol6e bar.d o! .n"rLhlra tncec tu6@L- F.dtErsd:raer&ddoifGloEle of rDldas 6. produd'usB.EB6Pcba3bsdr-

a;et b. cdcut'red r$o!t, t!,xrl.ds. ofwj.ble od 6r.de!Do! f. ..ldn!Ed Eit!."1lottir'ltdgapf i.tE rnd6r.d

Eftc'ofpm_6B oiPlldM nr( ce;C ba .atcubt..l vjdourLtrffij#1ff"ilH:l rnovrds'oh!'d&dv{i'brbtd^dccminau@;rvqt_ .. N.t . li.bkD !i,; wi$krordd u-d cc t @hpsn ed 6$d c@d; dtrkbd..sElra.y 4 ocslrE nd .- .c/)(s)

./Marginatpsring, .

vTiabr!. snd dr.it costbltatdoh'

' . oqr)Me.-ghaloer,h.iem ta4i",t *r'i., a"n "a L O" _*L.r _y gr*,,d*".foupu by.wnjch ssrcsaLe@rs ee chdsed ii rhe volb. "r ",npit-r;ir_L.a'.n"i:tT"?'T"".Th':";J*Hn:::T:::;t5;TJ"**i""",i""'r*5rlljf':al 9dlPs ntselal cctirgis ap.inciplewherebyvdiable cosrjse claged roccL'6 dd ee iir.d @stsnrkiburnble.ro-heel;@t peiod jj *in- .n i" ruU"-',U*io"uNenrorth,l pstod, Marginalcosrinsi! heaicenaiMat *^e".t..i _a,t iereci odprcuroi ches6 in vorqe or r}?. ofourpurbv diff@datiDEb;s*. 6rJ .^;;i&d vuabre rcsL L1D,rsinal osridg. ccrs ar clNifi;d irr" ri,,.a _? "u"Ut" *r.. Tll.::l_Tl',.,r .Tc..d .T"'lc 5 baed on rhbehaviou or .6ts rhar6y ;Lh rhevolme of:llly l":'E-d...f 6s b l"9M 6 \adabte @stinB.,n vnti"h .,ry *;;1" ;;;;ecu ekd bd 6t pq sir iracdained oDtyor tn; lsis "t,-:"ui" "*Js"*ir-*TadqT_1-closrrrcdi dn


27/72

, 502

'r,q!t. 55 ' r'oao r0!0.,_

3HSg*rr.versorclpadrr

3:1***, 5[lili";':ff itffi]:ffi=m*m-Luu,r.ozs'Fir.d.or ,, ,::l r{erJ .71,m0 23,ooo 35.olr-proh,/d*) # _fg r:ry ]1ooo ,5.ooo(3,0ool (t,ooo, ;0oo ,l,ooo 2oM--'/tur*"u oiu*g,n;;;; ui (r,ooo) 6rooo rrooo 10,61-he aj! lqr.Bof bdiDd*d"c&E*ton;; (rsr.r)--.*"ffi i}ffiLT*:j#;lft*ffi?",ffi*"Tit5;TLffi.iili'"i'' '' i. r:Li:sq e cosidsed psiod ccr, &d e. "^r n^r...i;:br";;':;:1T;:fif.1:ffi1!'d -" -r'"."a inproducis!obry.so* or wor{.j!.prcsrB &d 6nis!.rt s6ds oe lalu.I * oa,sbal .osl o{ prcduc-' 3lH?*ruffi"x#J*u.s*rur*dmooeprccsLoaDodam. pri.6 a e rleLhibed wirb refqoe roharEinal cosi &d coorriburiod masir il:,ili:,-#,s_H**.. produclse -isdertui,ed witi re,no(e rodreir1:::*?+ffiTflt}$#*xlrk'rd*i;'tr';:irffr;' m:fjT"'j*" " *,ed robe elrrheo,aro^rrii,u*-a -"or!,0*

^. ll'ig{:'ifi?,jl;.'.g#ii1j:Hf,t,::1*11;,h."",i,.ckd.6!darre,,heArgumonb Favour , MarghalCo6 no,*i.'I1X";;"u-.*,r'e'""ruqu;l*-,u,,r,.o**, *r* * *,$,ji'l' H',"::if"Triffffil?iffi :i,"s,"j:"':*tr* ",heconcemedp.r,od


28/72

::"nno,o* *o* u*tt

o . rncrusioni incdsis i! LIEP,odd{c! disronsth'.c?llilt!iq,v"::*E}i'i:ii : Hfr:il1,"iltr:trf,;,"Ji:HJi;,'":ff;;:ri;i;iii;ii;"h"'kdE"-":rFig' #*Jt-ii".rn'rdehlvcompcritivcsiLuqrion'iLmivblwisc!oEk'sord{whrch,, :;;- ;i;';; "","'*a mak;ssomeonldbuuonowsdsrs'd @stsEthcrhsloos. theordcr.. ri".ii."io i" **.*.e't arrr rb$rpriod or {i'cd ccis roFoducl @s $dr not. .'i.,r.i."Gt'ui,i,.pp-"chfditisnuch@ierforatco@tbssdilet'itinatonoi orcdu.rcdt3.ThProolmiiiL-'.- .l-l'!*.i t" "u'or?tion co:rins' the uder or dd absrb'd tu-oi'..)"",r". -*r'..a r. ..p*Fd bv tr|'-Yol@' rdianca ln bqsns* Itis Eseilli,r"i" -.i..r,r*+'la eushmtiooriredcGBabsorptiqr"c1PP'!""llTiJiiil*iii" attdti"* i," lc prcri!i8u Ir 15 'd'cuvP"ssrb\ T::ii"-"ii,Liilir.i.n". a"+.Fr9sb_:y#lff;".ff"ffiL""T#"JH\Ti*i:::*i:;$:xfr.,lii'li"f,HH"li:tus:er-"11.l'il:::*i::1l'1i;iH;:lli:iii** j";-"-ii"*-'--*'';"q'*jr'-diil'i.-''iG il"i."-*i;.t"; *ts; dd ;otrjbuuonis nocne4id to expM uq

.' illHf"t*.;;*t o"-ple i! appricario!d is e6r Id 'rdEiseot@sr odror'iri!;orc iltoretivc ddsnbde io adcttld - . .i.

- els of ildividuar lodi'ts. rndns deitiod @ !e bded on the conribuLi@ l9r'. The Nfi ud lN silledor 'is oot {Bioned bJ c}6cd id nGL lev'b sro'k' iii'j'iiil *-. 'li t','d*"d wirha sh@ot rixed v$;4 $ ProhtsYeu(raresvolue ralber thd Prciktion vdMe. n"**luifi.v *-*u!g i. moreeffcti!9slet baed onoarsinal cotine becau"- ii-,ii""l* -*i ra*trrv ,l-* I espobibihiesEore &dlv shetrE-tedolehead b oorchffs;d abitra'ilv lo their depdnd6 or di6r@'

. l n#;ffil,lffi;lll il*i"J" *'i"*' ro r"lsvitars's- i'"J"f i iil*i".. u"v $b o;Eacti!& xPodords rneg& pnci's @d


29/72

mc4 marmil duc oshoniscofhar.riot,,lrcrrasc t srrtrcd.bour, oncesloNoCqcd U-ospon.rio cca, ! han8.sm ptuducriviryI mcnbd .r

r rncr6ed NromLjon ed n.cheisation his rgdred rhe educuonn [email protected]@c! rued @sG it ensralladon, ainr.n&ce ed oDeErion osb.dsftia-r,onormachilery.Theueofm&cinatc6unsLrear6aqdd.v ba*e;d.".:db I ecover osl Lnrcugrprcducrpricin&For ons.tu co;dnLiiy oI rhc b!rine$,n is [email protected] hav. to bc repraced, dre o.s-run.. ElclsFn of (sed o\ qheadr fr om co.rsmay edd o croneoE conctusion: h?vrompei{n, lljsh* ddan.l ro, sstses ed orhe'rensc b) enplot*, hiCIer dcmdd ior u by lhe covdm;lr aulhprjlia frc. Tle qclbion dt tued ovsneadh om lvelLory @"r .toa nor@srihLi d acl:=_*F- Epl":.dy pd,+.rer-" aar*ei,*ro^-gr,,J;;;; "jri;;:i;;eda6o! fron a@e!t.d acio'uting ln"tico. _'The rcometa authoritjs d; notBogltedEDdeinat@stforilvelro,y vatEtioLglnalC;s[ng Dis ncltonrhe oajnpoiaGor ditrsoe t"*.* .t-.rpi dd idcioal @dj.iga!e_6 folos.

o'ly "-r"w" *, L'+"+"a ..1**' r OFirilg aild clodns slocL! @ dned af

'otat co* snj& iffluder boLhfixed aldvarobr. d. sbc! hlua i! ab;Ftioacrilssq drsd6E,lnlhdih& j! E,atuatc6t6&

2 rixed qi i5 ;d irclu&d ln l!. .!; ofprqdutr 4 ir ll:ls'n d b .o.rjhs prctiiI stocls ds virlued only af vdiabL osE,Sroc! vnus {. lows r Ddgi!:l GdDg. b& b rbs.rpijo! .6dq+

4 ltofibldiryisddu.dbyprctlremcdhyrdoc pdu.r3 or dcptuenG 4 Pro66b rr i3 JudsedbyAbsorpllonCosttngandMarglnalCos{ng:tmpactonprorrr' (re.3.5)P.i^b::TIi:::lTq_"1.* :vduedarrora.rosrh!e in rsjnar cGdnglocL aruadonsoonearveableasror y.Thisheus t]13,!.bsooLion co-rin& o,_kviu-don ishEI*rhd i ha einal@sLin&Whd prcdu.uo.exceeds;s, DfoirL*a-,r,"-,i"".".,i_., i.nr8nq tu rhal ol mareinaj coltin& But wh6 sits d*ed Drcducro; Drcfir u;eraD$rplon ! oshg E iows lnao rha of tugilal cosri!& Ab$rption @$ide ir a prilciplewn*oy Med, d wcll s, Eiable costs de a.Uored o ao* ujL &d rord ;veb;& ;.aD


30/72


31/72


33/72

Th. @ntcn6 f drc balmc shdt, in.irh.r fom, ioclMeasb of6\.b h,\r ben fidn..d dur is, rh. hdbhnd .nd o\@ s .qLirvdcscrih.d itrwh follos.Assctsassc6 @! 6c d*ribcd as lallablc asourc6 o&.d by a b'$ica tr'lich hav! bs lcqnted .t 'm4unblc honcy 6t. As r eonomic .6otrc, dtv s{isfv rh@ r.quimb Itr th. tic. ple rhc6ou.c mBi bc Eluhta A l@rr k Ert'bl. ir C) it is 6h e dvdiblc i oc6h ot {i0 i' cmNvid. rut bc@fib b d* ops:tio6 ot 6. Ftfri Son


34/72

Ma.agsnD'r /du''nrg i:l':'":i::ri$i:

,$ffim;"p15*.5w**It{ffi:'w::::::*:::gffi$e$*1g"p;5g*#*#:i'rn{:'r'"1

. . t . 1


35/72

ldan! ' t t l r r4t tLt . mrtr ?n

ntr*s rr \ [n ru dlrc l i i ' . ' ' l ' "1 ' -"" ' -""1'i trd so otr. TL $ r< |lqntniid()thcr Assc6 lftludsi r 1ln;lirrsoltrsnc cxp.ndi(ur' frchNtrrt d$$sc\'Dcriodsrcc.'line hi.iccodntns riroorNNtrs.rg

d (,ir Cucd li.bitin6'f,rmss***:lltl*ruNtffi*t**rt:*,rt"***t:r:"-:*:---.

rbi'('n am'r'vdr

ff :#"'":J"ffi,:"J:;illl;':':i:l'::fJl[#."iffi l1;:::i:'lii:T:ii:"":*"1


36/72

\I 'i i i . { 3nr$ ntrt otrrN'pt of .ort ft tiYrtrc.,I ' c$q!r'D!ii(-l ln.or. tf '.scd^ 11.

Th. rhid 'niid codc orabxlanceslErn Ebsncis cqunv Concqrulllv nrcf(sbrhuclrimsofrhci"n"" .t,r,i r,*i^*. ":"1"o ,r " ass6 or thc nm Alqnariv'lv, o\qt6 qutv n'i bc vi4'd 6 rhdolr or dr c ou?. or: I'm vhnl' r. supPh.!b) iB o*rcG I1'' otrn'r' o{ i bJ\irs ft rms &ir.*mr*'t rr'." * *. ur"'.r sh:ehordra {.drn } lnd p''r('cft' fh r Pkkrde 3hT'r'old'6a cnhrlcd a nid 'mou;r ofdivid.nd {d rdlm olpdncipal.. nr u v Thcv dc atin to ct!&n' Th. ;h*" .l'"-h"ld.6 tle catlcd cquitv hold.E. ft dift4'n! fmm rhc Plcf'rence sharlbld6 a"ar * ,r'. ..;i,o" Thcy rr. anrirlcd o {h. iMm./s.B ol thc 6m afraining ifr'r th' clai6 or ft'crcdno'rprcfd.n.c shrEholda 'r. nd in full Thcit claim ag.iGt th' e6 of th' fim is !h!s ztd@i'Ths tr.r$ Lnosn:: th..quiry of th. own.61lr o$k'a auirr rut ;c;id o on\kt orte d.m.nts: () Prid upcdp'Gl rhd a rhc niiirl rmounlor ruodi adibd.d;y rh; $'ahold4 l,'iRcb'n.d .hinstrsE ro rualb th't s $r t p'nor$'p.ofis bclongine ro rhc snaEholdcBvhi.h is mr paid qt 6 tl*m 6 d'vid'nds bur ins@d G rcbicd"plegh.d b&l in rhc busin6\.

CONTENTSOF PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOiJNTTh..4ond tuis 6;bf,.nt of ndncial infmde h $c poti! tnd los3 &@!m h is tls km*n bYercnr 6{Er n;6 *.n s imd ' td.Mt. tu^t of enis" nnkd.d oJ oP.tukw md Nofr o'tdl6t stdtat.dwhiL thc bals shd, s . @L/posidd. sl:eiMl. ttk ilE fi.rrcial ondnion of ! b6in6 d 1orniah' @idr ot tim {{Lr.), rhcpdfit "d to$ l6dnt p.d.vr 5 | flou s@nEL dt oFdo6 ovd/i** ' i,"""w *od "i u^. TIE p.nod olrriG i! r.@udiry ps'od/r@r' srna rh' purp6' or*d;b{;6,tmkb.dpofit dt oP.'rioB o( fim iD 8iq Fiod or riN w lhlvb'En4td-in |n. tsofir dmai by i'. Th6, .h. i@G su@arFd ud lo$ !(o$r of ! firh rcpods rh BurB oroo@on\ in t.fuof in@mdd Prc6t n. Yat.' Io os'uoul hi thc @;d.s Fpod out sumsis rhc Rv'nu' ircms dc 'xp'ne i'ms tnd rh!ait--- to* o* tu 'wi lq x raMins psiod' i! @llcd rh' incotr sbmal Fdm rhudgdiDtio f,rv bc d.nuc.d tt* (ollowing lhe mbc of tlt Fofi' tnd lss '@t: (il Rcbc(ii) Ex9.6, !d (iio Nd itl@dpof't/los Th. h:in 6npo@s of d'ir o( lhs 3c bi'nv .Imind

Th..6fd rnd ls!.@d * b. p'6.nkd b.o.dlv In rrc frm\' (i ) Thc bJll iounr fom rnd(D Scpiom A $M "rcd t ic* of tfi. l!^r rvp. k Fcdr.d in Fm'r ) J Th' tEpiorm o( Lhcpdlir 'nd16rmunt k sumnr


37/72

sbtuto.ts ot Faandat r.lomadn 2saornrnl 2.3 i.o/t andLoss 4@nt-Atuunt rant

at endnu Ma.dl

Fo.mar2.A Palt and LM Amun|_Step FonheHwb|lEt6|LilPrcAt ad L.s A@nt lot the Yaa. En&s M2td1 3l

General .;ld adfrfllra$

. t{on{pedring rpons

R.saG and suQIus

Od g6up of itcN list d on rhc prcfir and 6s reounr h dcnG. Tn Em rc6u. dy b. dcfin n 6Ih. ircft rhrt iucs lq 6c li.n by d,c salc.of goons/svicc6r'6$6 or by rhc $pply of G. lim!'@urc6 @ oth.6. Alhrdvcly, rcvcotrs non thc vduc rh.r a fim ircivc foh iG [email protected]. Thctdudin@mc an *ie rbm rh.@ iodr.6: (i) S,l. or Frducrs/goods/swi6, (it suppty or tim.439urca b dh4. snd (iiD salc of asds likc planr, invecnrs, (fir.d Gcts).Salei Income Rcvcnuc rhc i&r ,cvctru. cqualsncr sars. !h* i!. sGs sard rs (o rru.m Inrnllowands, iid (ii) !al6 dk@rnc 6zs rdLr is thc @l invoicd pri.q of nr s@ds $tivs(ic6rcndcrcd llus rhc ca sl6 durins rlr ydr salcs rciun crrcscn hc satc valuc of c@ds rh,r @rc

^i .41 ' , j imoud, irq{r dalumb kr"n Ly;usbm4 io F,,dF.

?. . I ' t . . [ ,


38/72

_- '\o MaPq.nrt atu$xrG

of F.ononic R6ourc.soubidc and dming FGTd EN

Ih. .o{ofu'o'nscvenu6scl l lcd' \Ptu' an imp@ r'm ot c\pmt 'ppc hs m rh' porir nd'"*,.:"'"' "i".i"".r * e"""!

srd tn'lud'd 'n rhuclpdr d'rurarrco" r'bo(dtanddhdn,nura.dnns.rP.ns6 luchsf*l md po*a r'pt'F 'no m'ncnine oNumablc iod tnsuBs'o(-."a', -a r" ' - *" e."*r..d admmi'mtiv' crp'r q 'Llud' elarv lMtecrial Em n'6hon to l

'^ lJ "'*. '"n *?.".'p-s6 'nd s on orhs Fft lics'lidphdtw

Nc! Ircom./Pro6tTncd'ff@ne b.' aqc 'nd dFos 6 rd p6fir Thc p'ofir rd lo$ |@udruv:ls sho*

rh'j"J.i.ii." "i," - *u. -*;

d,vid.nde .id 'o th'.shehotd+ lnd Eoin'd .-hs.,,*di;L.ilJ . *.** ,; ,-'* rh'' rd ih is rturd'd @ h' b'r'i; sh*' in 'h' om'B cquirvii,". Ii f"ir.r. " " *av, ij* .h. P.otud tossaoum'nd tttc6arrcshc!

.onrain @rd infdm{ion Th. b:Ln@ 3td 5b{ti:i1l'[il'JoJi*.i.i..iJ.o'"u riorr',i-"'a * 'q"u: 15 :l !lTl!"lil*lff,:ft: 'fiL? ;JJ;- l*iJ "p.r"'r' * 'n' o:l':,y::':.^T:*' *' *iJi.r-Jiii. noi.;*;t ,t trm ncfu ot h' prcriobititvr a oi"arioniEFERENCE

I Adley, R.N-,M4.,!dle@'t-l'd &l c6" Aicbrd

' ExEFe-rsES1': whln C mon n.ftudqdd

\

\2Th. F.otrd sor.c or tcv.n0cdividcnd. oyahY. conn$ssioi,

u8r.lrtc of lixcal Asscts sucnseb e sord $iuv whc' hcva'' noiormrch

Jth. rs fimciar sbt!@nc. @dv rh' bn;c sid uit prcrit and ossr@unt or 1 blsin6 limrlE e@6 fioh qtjcn f!.ds cuftndv us.db oFe

D., friA lto@w4 lllimG. 19701A I

?.


39/72

App.ondlio 2-i.\GBNERALLYACCEPTED CCOUNTING

;o,is en.di. (N)cd rv )Durk, aF". rir coktrshL. oi,r; bn.frdm' d"r( tr $m eb".flrc MoneyMcd(cqrcnt Cooccpr#Ji:":-.#iil"'[ri,5ffi1,1'i:l;"tT;:i[ ffT]#.::f:;:t,trsi*,:fr;,i.droii "hd 4qp-s*dtnd,*H;*l,r*:,-i.nm;';;"ril::i*;-";"'":i"i.r'#;'"1;n:l:hl"";ffi ,i, 6_b 6.d*4.o_.",*,,".,":-^;i;:.ffi ,:inH ;1,,1'il.,ff::Lffi,.I; Gpdd n e*,'ry (m e!r. F -d@ F* tu.et. o.rbir,, or nj;;; ft;;i,: -;"".."-;d F or dd'F itor md sq f mftui rnurj ;'t:IeNqs tr ,i(,r,br. d siliB dr D(omnon sd h. oFdrhi d .tohd' . f t .drF. 'dr- l r ' [email protected] f to.y*pdff},;-'.s "*.r*"; h.*;".n*'- 'l";;.I.i';.f '' "'"""fl,c Busincls Endty Concp'

*'r* r"';"*'-.,"' ",;aii;;;;,;' ;#:;:;Hfl'Iae+'l.l1ll"'J.9il.'1.'i: l' irii'i:f,:"i"',ii:]:'"',i:;cg '3,b'"",.r'' n'''Mdr{.4- F,; ;, ; ;;',r.;;l:.,i.iiie,,"n"-.;;**";u*,,;;t;;""",:;;;i;;:,i;:::".llsd:;.T,,i;11;l"t:llHl"::

TRJNCIPLI;S(cA-A?t() Moi.y ftr(.rj.d.{iL) osir$ corirr, i,a(rud. (yiLoR.arisrb^. ud (x ) co6nGncy


40/72

\

d1r*.T"$*llr*[i$rtitrr :::ll,rl1,:lliLil::llll'.l'l:

:::""::".:-::::'"---:j;,:r'i,r,ru:::rr;:t:r':T,,!r.:r"i:#{r,:':;:fi:1.""1:ir:":"::i:iiiir,,iiii:*lnrrir.:i:l.:;:u.*l;*;"r,i il;* *"*tl*r i"s';#**rjr;iil**r"drffi*lr::ii * ;nl;::l;:*l'::hir.:i::':'*"lr:f'iibhJ*:,i,l.l.llriir"'rs.:;:',;r*ir:.#him* j'JHii"i#;;';",xr#*r*;1::ri;,il ltl#*si;i;;''6p3rinil :1'w :*:1"il*r:ii.rrr;ri:r'""i[;::;r':r:*";;n:irlillLH*::t;'lLH:: ':':[':':i:;'J::'"i'"''""r""'"n'"'a'''TlreDurlity ConcePt:::: :;;"1 *:.*l'tr";x*nhr:xffi*ii::tr':$#*'iill,ffifiv#i"'lff'"'#"#6:H1linhr*'$rills**;+"* :H,#firi*,;3"p.ip5;q$rtnpi{$:#"$i##:J,*ffi *96;"*':l#:I?i#.s''+e*::.m":#r"j#.r,'i:*it;t'+:tn:=:'h*-'rffrum:*:eci''d"'qun.**l:,:::Uu*lg":';lliilli." e+'*'''"""'""""'-*'p:**'*niT1r Ac.$.r ConccPt

'I1r R.alis:tioo ConcqPt," -**,"^:::: ":':,::l',:i:i::i,:i'l:,'l::lilli';li;;:""i;.i-,.,".'.'""'" :.r''.li:r:ll iTffJT::ttsrl;'"':.t. . | , i


41/72

srard,'dnrso/,iwL*rrtorn'n.to, 2 r3

.li N-F*"j' :1l1i:1.":::5.*:i:llfi ::iifl..;':;li'; :li'::'lllil,lil"T:'Jil"ii,jlll::'::'l.r:::,l"ll';11;;;;;:.."t::r,:^:::"::,;::,;:,::;)T-"j,ffi-{il:::,J,ii:;'l'.,,:::'J"l;H::."::::;.:.::::,::.;;:,j'i"ruT'*i*fr;':: j ; llil ;Y;[::,1--l]:;.;;; :";; - ''.; ' "11"'.-"Ti::llT,'*.ffilJTi,:."r i "c.^r ' . . ' t t**t " ^* ^: e t

FlNa^CIAI ,t^t""SilnirY#^3tiuNrlNc PaAcrrcFs

'SiHrffiT:r:rff'*r$:;;:kfi'ffi ff:*#ri::r1"rffiitri:l-ffiii:'!r*s:,"#ff*n:;*m*rr;*f;a*,:r.

F#Fr:fr rs*;"rfffl:Ttr"'TJ-Hfr-***i:fffirC.J-T*,il:f#l:l:;',:?nLfrIH ;"1,:f;TffiJ::fi r,.;:;::***ssv Add's'v5p!i'-'''rcqd.d b ir br ftc Pdi*n6wn6,,iir'-' rl' * -.p-' r* " .p*^. t'"l'-p'"'ii'L';1$:T#.#,11:""T]:];fi.fi;;;;;i;"i'i'',.''' ]n']ulh.* &b6n'rr*

-t-

'ot'rd sh1lo! P.'mia' FQt

-t-

II


42/72


43/72

T1ESE A/ rEs KTH Onr1LNr L !s'o ERrYOT RNHULPKA>NAN' qR-Bt ANDHE lTr{s ?*f Lo?'t Sf RE?A4.. t8DVMUDIT MISKA


44/72

TuEse Notes R.THE Cnrgrtr l r - B.orem.'OI RATIUI- KADHANTHE6K8' AN>Ifu r< bA,{ LoP'l tSr lP(EPA


45/72

e J-\-"$L

Mt,

"i- Fs ! s-^ - $,:.1* c*iLf F*-\"L" L- -.,9* *r-A.I *

.r'.r'!q d1 L..@ .1$.]4 .J-eJ,a l{ - ll4sJ-.\I ! )r.,R -,1,-i^ ."\.,i-.-J * u^ -"r Ln \* "g " 6i^.rr,* "-;.\L !- "** "^+.,,.."\ / !@ \s T*&*;t l*\ir.& *i\U L- r*l i U*

".,*,"J ( \t^ \p---)r""! * c+&X EaF-rit"{. rL i{l*+r $q "

i1---l. - .L . -

, r""$*-rr-*) .(s G---+"r,\,4 ;L.c!$) .

-t_ \!.Ni e\4",


46/72

e--r* { "^{--tr*J-i*+:*!':]+$+F '-

s-, ^-\*p --'\[ u.-a*.; * *L .,-i&

- -! *r:!.r- t* ".]r - '*AI'

s", -*\.% ;&L \". Exla". \'LAHl"r t"* c'J't-.*:- * *""+ I p--.!A*.,-+(G,1.!) , r*-"[ s*.--{u-*)h*" \* l -"-A 3. 'o,r- i l \ ' i1+ 'I ; . . . *- - \* Ee\\4- . . \ . . ***rQ ;d .* **X ---Jd*i b-^ h*

d J^---- tI u. .

-trn'1Fl-

r..* t ..---- - f.+i.

-. q rd\la q h-NL

a"-i'- P--t A*-- $-Ir}* \r- -- *' * -Lt .^ ('**') '

N*;"-L A*,-*+ -EJlu liba q -.'-\*'A I]v.!.t "j'{.\ $!


47/72

. . ry atu f i !d\ , .Eh \r *a.$4* F-Y--f lr ! p.r-.: ir roq LF Nc. *J i^ {^.-L M -$^--{ ud4 d.rc{iir

(c*.I\ A("*.i-r r*\-gu)A.^;f-.d ts-!-.-},\- f-*J- 1d@.\i.L {d$d.t ;! +bcdl c'rt uq\-rnE I q5,.&6 jh \i;ru$ qtdd2eiu;h

O \*"t e**.* c*-1f ,:t;"S "\ bu **. ! rJq **.*\ s$. q*;!. \-o-[ .-!\ "a:^;^ "b* r* . ! _* qn*L, .A. I hfu. i L YL. e". . i { .* . t . \s r \ 'h*

$u-- \ .+,t-l--F+^\ ; g*fr J..lJ^

GAP

\ Lo, "o 5-{,1-bL ,("- ^ ".1i,!-Lr".*{: .+\;,+-*:t L

L 6 r"!:'a 5\is q u

!qi*s) 1f-\q,!.t+.t \.>, . . ILq

\{ f-.. L6.q5J r .- lq b- r . , { . t i i " " -d . ,* . . ,' t


48/72

^.,fl!ir I tr-( l{"1^[ Xc4.1&{,: dt i.na( a6.iaq 'udbn rl; , , - l i : "2 ci t * ( 'Pt , " r tu' ' ' f i1- 'd1 I r i i I l ' ' -,l.dr.!lt,i

0.. t at .ryr|(L

Cs*-S,-l* .\4{. !s:\ \*;^^ L'L-*.. S"l\ '**

| - , : , 'Li j ' \\il!-{xGrL

I c1 : re \'.iL Sr b! C*-' t!:c+(..j- -.n -\ t* t"r"ic)

qt, Ds,n-r id!.! h-i- \ t* P"** i"\ ! ts

- a*^h L"ltu- \ "J",-r,-."-".,'h ( r* t-- \ \* s nJa.* d\-- Iu{ * \- ' " ! ' \E ' ' ._ \*N\)O G**t c-*- c--f:L -

E\ o{..


49/72

tu\]Tg \ h,-;q i* F,'4i - [.\ *'\*]' i{ a,'iI!L.r^ :r* "-l-- r",!..* $.,*'s hd *L F"-'t, \)* .4 J\,'-< +!.6qAI* .* -\^ -\u d @ .l*LL e-{$ .. t;... '4\.,'*- hi"*-r ^\ 't^A{! ro.- k-[* -\c---d h.'.*l t, $q \.l-r"; .\ rdr'; c*"e

tst &c


50/72

,al

! : .' .

=.9;t - tFi

p,n"-\: htl'$t 6\ R'sc I' t'i'--r*-* c '-'1iCrpp "---L "*.1!) -

.,j-\- ^ 'r i'.'"0d Ddt i LP.-a !\ l :

$5.-.t! . .-- --"- +*{\!-+ E..'.

F n. -.W r r-- -- -,, \i : *j F:-.--r \d"_, { ! ' -q-r ' ' :_ _\*^ i-, * !\\ \J-*'

r fls t\a '.+,tut,

1- ! . \ - \\ !-\.\\. (G'{. .1) -iO !*L .-+-'t $-,+t -

0 !-** *\-- r* * .\sL !..f-tc cr r3*turtu

: Ac +r \ta! .lmo+t , "\ rtr {d+r! ^r]}\i: ' - - -- -L{ !,- -.t.\.L\. i---..!i-.L\1 n "l-

d.'N , E-'5 !r }'-.,- u- r,..J^ i. .^'-'"i 4 $q t*{ -- "\^'}-en i,q+-'A. a lr:.j..r's

F- .""\ad \)g1 !'u !''L! 'b.d !" 'r-"-ld. b".J- .-!-LF- .i F'+ rh t-.d r-r "\ n--'\ , "-!*r F-*'r'*\-\ \- t\*-& *.*\L s.i r*e

i {n;

.i*"\--\[ , \.* ro"s{

.,\ \e* *.'FL , .^ -(.*.\ i a1\ \$ lana


51/72

[^""s-1so,ooo ltu h*: o* ! **il-*a 4 tL so,ooo *\'e'\q L!o\ b,- {.*l \* trr") 4 lic -.li!.1r* G !" Jr,$ 5, q"!l!$, c'..G$ry qn" ' , , ;a" ,_L!-r \ ) [ i5 i ! ,

(d -, 'r'" c.1,!J s.^$ t* "*ifL;\ , oo,ooo +r \ ,oorooo s=qooo EoTooo5c,cou

rlr. x \. ."tf,. i"-f *"1\ aa \o,aoo V a5 r!,aoo! .* , t ^? L so,oo6- rc,aod) =\o,oob

ta!) \ : l /0o166o+ sorooo + raooo


52/72

4

I15td6 sl*;{$ r.;*

r'o\#e c-$+ -*J= ' oo ooo'R"! { )'F*l"rcn' \"'z F ^- ,;!- ;' _i*+ "\

. e.i't .d"- '^ * **e

r" r l * . ts 4 \" '

O L^tuJ*t 'r"\@ rdt*{'

o c.ff"i"* "\ 56'\d*d-v."^:&e- L++*;t i^ !*i""$ ' \ | '*;*"t;;.\ "$*r-"}"-\i\,"'1.x. i- 1 *tr- .J rdF-"rF- \ \^*

\ t


53/72

",, A.\ *I-*S!.1+: \n .".*-it s-soool- a3-"\ l*l.d &fu J\ urq aq\6 i6t,_ ss-Alf 4 16r. i- !*-$-\-A- \^.E b"\\q ti !-'d,^

STAIEi\EN] / RECE\P-Ir.q \n! A,!-s!'-\E\ o$h^*i.U Dt"l^ *+n F--+r$*s

- Fii-*;!- d.f.5 jt***J *.*. l !*\.!.sb r*" ;:,xk -\ ?^+da !..1c":ro.s- r& 4 t-*i *.

'r***\ !*-l;fr.t * * "\,J.-1- 4 -d,* "*d"\ l* U rc.- b*-*,"L.d.* "F**"L ;!,L"*"$ L* )-f-iis -r."I-*t :. r"{,! !r* Ak"--it

B"\*- sq-t.o

[^^\ , b!ry \u t'. h{ a,$l]^"i_

6E + ,- sooos *r-!AL\

t---- ---- '1,q!"! x o."r,\"4 .,jq


54/72

-rl * .. ' * _"\ P.srULr R!__\Ar'

t - --1

\,

I^-\i^t Alc

^-\Ne--x - )o+ f*sd.lg ?@L h- t"-A)*--

I Li-t n L!{6

' * e*J -. t . - I \ -* L"$"- t '< o. o"*" , t.--.-f t-^5 '.. r.! o"'t" t \' " \'r\,.;& E.':F'.n6)\ -.\-r {, n"J' - \^-\ I L'-l "}" *t" &.!, \ .* r"iA-, " '\fua * +*J'axl \ "* r"''-

Ed,i-n-- s"!-.,6 ts-'\. (-!-\-r*d)--

"" ,$'.d * ---L EJ-


55/72

.s.^ ! c 'tl"t f,-q -r , -i - c q^ r.Ian to-'&).c-.n X. E*-t - M*"tu F\"4 tD *.$4

o-"-.x,.t r r- 1"-$ \**

_Er.o'-* *.s!Jdtr"\-*i i@).b;-i- t* .*L l"*d. !,"1-

-- sc$!]ufu! si{.flr

*r*.,t,- r..!'tu (ann{t- I}tu\C! Nl- \ L^trlN l-!*Jr'Ar -*l- * ts*-"\ r Rr"!- lc ,^, p,-pA *f-*

ti!"fu !fiJ\


56/72

',) R+-"t

l. / r-.h..jsc \L"{i$..s r !$.+!rrll A/c g"!$@

t* ti- +-r,.-r 1-* . q d")Arr $-.N C \Q

i) A/c \+B"{,^tu slc-Jc q As c t{

As d 3r-t e$ $dr+ r.@(I^-".


57/72

. r $-!d--\^ .- b- q"I .\ Brs.) t{at L1 L i'i h;aL) r,".r +


58/72

\h,^ ^* "-rd'b-*J \- ro + r n*'""F-t \ 6\ \o c--{

\"!*.rr qt"-r i-TT ** TTa- Lr >-r '- \jlJ$L'+ Las

al.o-- pj-"9 .a}-.L

..-,.,acNA. p!"?e .tt* *-"!! f_ a"\ c.1[ .-"Fs I \",-. *:" ** :, :f , "-a-;'l"r .-P

s.-Jo;^ , p."d- ^\F.'i'r L-t diu -&.1J u,

5, oo,oo9

rd *^,i--q " -lf i"'\* (uP) * "T-\'\'*S; ]*-r'':;;; { * q"; lrv+n '.-" "r'e

p-JtL !

..-s*-. L6"tl]".Jr* tffi; ho"l;t"XL k-N


59/72

\- ldl! F !\iL !".\ !"- .\*"^-* \*\- h.- ]o\h .^ lgL

, u,l-; @ 6'{ r.:5!:

o c6-*{'$:-Lq!. l \s\ ! .c- '" . , . , 6nr nci* \''*L \ tJrL *-'d lJ''-3d*' I d'@-o * rp.+L ,"il I a,+-\'* ;5-*A- !^ F-!\L",n,,/ ';^ 'g-,"-r.- 5- .6-+r" .* b-\- '* a,\r-

,.-* -*\* ir{+" hrjl '*' $

ji \a\! lJl@

ev'd+"!s

r , l i . r - , ) . i \ '"--"j\;i"L ;"*.*--*"t "- \t*\"; * '-!'i'n ros + ;,*r:*i u-uv r.-' +. *-u- po-^-.ic "\o1 o;!L lEu tiGid'- c.-l1r* F-i-r "\ i^i' \- (l,sud -s"-' 'r"il*

- \! s !- Y:!e&4r'd -&' --t


60/72

oc3- !-1-* " -*J \ * P** i' -a** *r*'

...F-.- a..^ q -&"-i'-s'* n ;\

; ) rsn) Jc

.-; ""iJ

s= s'!\;t tu*

os*5-S cJ

s^fu *.- -"+-"s, @ r*-A^ *f - !'t.\ + 6/eO v-.i-!\- c-.r .'*ta ^ P-'T'*'-:^ ];" rd* !'"-! '\ ol

'[c q tsc J*F ^$- -td'!- '-.!-\@ iN -t* L*[ + o]P

v. L= P5 ro fn "-vIro( +s! ! r \sK-

o.,j.-- ".".*-". -u\-


61/72

$-i^S- .:-t (nc)c- i - t t t< -r sR- rrK

- rcx rs< =[J

soaq = i \5 Fclw" . i

r.- Tr !..8 rd* F-"J*\;; .'djt !-\*{ir- tr @ 6$f^d *d'r t '-I''a +t; "-+-... Fc \..4- 16 \- idqqcJ. , f '+-" ; \ \

.1 * 51 .- . ! [ "\D 'i/i\* +" !-

-- 1


62/72

1G.)

\


63/72

\s=F -+!+e InMt^"I c55r-\ !5/ l

- l - i * --1I t- .d:" : '..- -.J-d \z s\..,'".. \ t\*.t-"s( s+D

f9

{- .*-Lr r$! Fc A vc

4 c-+,r^.-.i.^-L c-$-t -l,

t.c-.t,J" 4 .e. G:l-F&--6 !* \ -

-"--ir -[G*)\i

soo !i"L ir. .-* = \5. "* :s e{f -\ u"- .""^r ' - t -*- \ \


64/72

-B*s *'j,- **i^ 4 .*"!t^oP+ -: \" \4

-:

o.r f,'J I -^J -i!

** G-J -I: . "-$l- t* "'",S""$.I 't' :-!- . r- - 4*, .* -{ .* "-& ts* i J\-- 3L{ ( \^rl,.lJF l

qill

c9JJ!! tit b -

')I

f s;-\-\q!l\ \*ls\!slfi^tl! i"s,. sc

*-- {s!ld * t , {

D.itq|dna

A.af-$.* * -u-=n' )*sd*A ss-!p\; -\ t\c '

OA{lds.\--.",{- -\.--l "* E*VC+ 6o+r .\ .s",*- h'-r

.;\L tu..;.\ c"'.it-'d"&-{*1"r. iEet"s"trL C\i";i-k;) '


65/72

. A;^.\, "^-1 slq "r !o k'*-'}! rdr F-'t:r:

o' t 5 l

O r LF+v)

, )19a

O !) \r - -dF-'$..' r- *o'r.L *t wL-{ s"' -\ o- !-+ "\ u \ L*\.-^ r !- -'.!..-t4..[ * i " { r"J L.n-L ""*'"{ '

. cve criy* - f. i - t"'llis 1d- I 1^r ' - ^4 4 r!1> r S !- !"'.\ +c/l , L"nl-"L B '@r-^t

!,{,.* "*r r.n+].* ,..r-i. .'- u." e""hl r &*1at 1'* cai

, P.+t. tvd** R**. G\;"!-J^- , r { G - ""-'t $r F! tl'-'t '*^C* -

rcl r.-! "-t"l'e

s= F + v rQ . rc*. "-^f l ' \

cl i/L a-!. \!tAq-a !-G1 }nL o/P


66/72

c

d

x \oo

-.=!.,r. . * {"t-\ -"!"- ^*i *",^n-*-- \ L-'\ \crPCAsslrFir)

-1

st-15vc= (

r) \.-r.'! *'*],1- t- rd-u) \q"t *"-U \'- $-

x\o. - 12, r. tz--

D\i-* ./


67/72

3)

Ar\.1h}. -

f :

+ _ 5o.c+e-xroo

: , F,+ \rocoi

n i = r l , ro3soococ + \osP

!sl:e3=


68/72

5616 +

EE? = 6rq-N !


69/72

r,++ - r.-\*.-t

d +L 3r":r 4 t{.,r.$

j*.n."\B-I-l E 4 !q i1 F{ '*i {r...\ Y''-"\- Li'n+^ "L-ltut-,.**;"i ".r"rA\"lrt - -\\-+-,+ 4-S-- *+*d *a.-.didl'< I-' *-.** t'*s,++-\ B - . t-r.*.,!.. \-, \*'-.,.q*^r r*Ii"i

. (L-r+-y G,$.-{, 'e.+ie.r G'$-{, '& --\-- t- "Xt*, !&ln;^ *-l!il1r \*+L.Ls\** ,1. dr-\ r;if \ r-q h,q\!wrr Fratu * h"&P-

^) \ -i--_-_ $.\n.t"L) s\-d L.^ t*+EL) G-d\Ln!L b'ar,D

t **2tr .-rl -E L; s- t',l$E-\.! $-*, --*'i r^+-*-r r*ratL 1- - ;."\**)

-)L).)

**-*: r:--s'r*r; r"-*?-".r]- -\ t-T{sen -\cLASStF\cAiON of g\)rc,eT! -

s* ,*-$-" ,p^*-l**-n-n---^it U "-'!i"t


70/72

1- P.-\.=bi r*\t. , s-J* 816', P*-J\s B/'\lrN r.:[--t 6l ,' "..\J!r,.

o-+'-! ).^-"I ;-\lltrJi^;* s"l-' 6 /0-

\

o;'.*-;*.'tsH$:Yi*;l-$5;-"^,ur-a!-\ a+:r.rL Rla

a - "&,fl]LL \.-- C,.. *"\-'"][;"! L..\r\' jL -rtrf -:-q!l. \i.!r.-\",i. ;I"-\l , Y-1j.i-}\ rdqsr-L\' -q$'- {.Ls.I \*-'J--"{ brsd:-

Bl, ,


71/72

{-*,n c.$i.X- N-*;!'\ \-'\^ '.1--J +" '"'5f: lr*\t" \ 6r-hs:[*-!- *-"a.*"+. \- r&.."..,dr 5.t ]- vr b/!' ,. -t:.S ,^ ""'! - *--r\-\$- -- **

; ,1-r . .E\ !4o l j i$ 4\-\n5 k^BrG- P'ut4L +- t"$-'r-$"...a'-* *-"- .*\,tG- { r-r! r*i.\

' tD 6rd.- E.', \ v..*-\\-

. A$*',\\- \-*\d!r_ *-11114,""! !-!-!! *-:i !A,**-, \r-* e\*-R.

oo !& .-$- 3---q*ji6n + 'is_'-- E- -*.* (^Lt!^

l. "-*& *6 \].- Ft!\

r.t"tr-\ *---N, .r'-! .\--+*\rsu*.S \1d\ ^*


72/72

7-. B* !*I"'i^l!,s \r-- $- cnlli! *-' \'[L'*d\ Lt

B-.r.i;\.\

"*k*--- ri !--.i :

Documents

b.tech. Biotechnology Notes (17)