cpfsdpÑ buV$u f]NZpÑcpfsdpÑ kpdpfie dp_hu dpV°$ A–eÑs AN–e_yÑ ipL $ R>°. OZue hpf Ap_° Nfub dpZk_p ipL$ sfuL°$ NZhpdpÑ Aph° R>°, L$pfZ L°$, s° gOy-ısfue M°X|$sp° A_° Ap°R>u AphL$ fphsp gp°L$p°dpÑ gp°L$r‚e R>°. Apd sp° ≈° L°$, Ap Nfub dpZk_p° pL$ NZpsp° li°, fÑsy L°$V$gpL$ gp°L$p° f]NZp_° "ipL$_p° fp≈' Z L$l°sp lp°e R>°. cpfsdpÑ gNcN v$f°L$ Of_u hp_NuAp°dpÑ Ap_p° kdph°i \e°gp° S> lp°e R>°, R>u cg° Mp°fpL$_u kÑv$Nu, _pZpÑL$ue AphL$_yÑ ısf L°$ kpdprS>L$ v$fà >p° Nd° s° lp°e. Ap°R>u Lµ$gfu A_° D√Q ‚dpZdpÑ p°jL$ s“hp° fphsp f]NZpÑ D√Q ‚dpZdpÑ pZu fph° R>° A_° f°ip, Lµ$[Îied, ap°ıafk, apµgµV$, DfpÑs rhV$prd_ bu A_° ku_p° A_y d p°s R>°. dyd°l, lpefV°$fii_ s\p Qfbu_u kpfhpf dpV°$ Ap_p° Apeyh£qv$L$ v$hpAp°dpÑ Z Dep°N L$fhpdpÑ Aph° R>°. hydpÑ, kyL$h°gp f]NZpÑ_p d|rmepÑ N∞pÁe rhıspfp°dpÑ bmsZ sfuL°$ hpfhpdpÑ Aph° R>°. cpfsue kÑıL©$rsdpÑ f]NZpÑ_pÑ d|m KX°$ ky u ‚kepØ R>°. Ap r_frcdp_u ipL$_p° Dâ °M cpfsue cpjpAp°dpÑ ANrZs gp°L$Nusp°dpÑ Z L$fhpdpÑ ApÏep° R>°.

cpfsdpÑ f]NZpÑ Apif° 550,000 lµºV$fdpÑ hphhpdpÑ Aph° R>°, S>°_p \L$u h•rL$ D–pv$_dpÑ 26% rlıkp° apmhsp Qu_ R>u, bu≈ kp•\u dp°V$p D–pv$L$ sfuL°$ cpfs Aph° R>°. 1.4 rdrge_\u hpf° _p_p, d›ed A_° Ap°R>p p°sp° fphsp

M°X|$sp° dpV°$ Ap A°L$ dl“h|ZÆ fp°L$qX$ep° pL$ R>°. f]NZpÑ MX$sg pL$ lp°hp_° L$pfZ° pZu_p° Acph lp°e s°hu [ı\rsAp°dpÑ Z kpfu A°hu DS> Ap° R>° A_° s° v°$i_p gNcN bp S> cpNp°dpÑ hphhpdpÑ Aph° R>°. f]NZpÑ DNpX$sp dl“h_p fpƒep°dpÑ rÚd bÑNpm (30% D–pv$_ rlıkp°), Ap°qfıkp (20%), A_° NyS>fps s\p rblpf (‚–e°L$_p Apif° 10%) kdph°i \pe R>°. hjÆ 2005-06dpÑ, f]NZpÑ_u kf°fpi fpÙ≤$ue D–pv$L$sp ‚rs lµºV$f 15.6 V$_ S>°V$gu _p¢ pC lsu.

_p_p A_° Ap°R>p p°sp° fphsp M°X|$sp°dpÑ Ap_u gp°L$r‚esp lp°hp R>spÑ, rhi°js: S>Ñsy_piL$p°_p Dep°N kp\° f]NZpÑ_yÑ hph°sf

yfZu dpN_pfyÑ fyÑ R>°. f]NZpÑ f ∆hS>ÑsyAp° s\p fp°Np°_p lzdgp ıhpcprhL$Z° \sp lp°e S> R>°, Z s°dpÑe am A_° \X$h° L$ Cemp° (‰zV$ A_° i|V$ bp°ff - A°aA°kbu) Îeyrk_p°Xπ$k Ap°bp£_°rgk A–eÑs NÑcuf A_° rh_piL$ NZpe R>°. A°aA°kbu f]NZpÑ f _c° R>° A_° s° f]NZpÑ D–fl L$fsp bp S> fpƒep°dpÑ ‚Qrgs R>°. s°_u D√Q ‚S>__ ndsp_° L$pfZ° NÑcuf kdıep D–fl L$f° R>°. A°aA°kbu AcÆL$p° L$p°dm d|rmepÑAp° s\p am_° L$p°fu _pM° R>°, R>p°X$_u h©qŸ dÑv$ pX°$ R>°, S>°\u amp° b≈fdpÑ h°Qhp dpV°$ Aep°¡e b_u ≈e R>° A_° dp_hue Aplpf dpV°$ r_fy ep°Nu W$f° R>°. 95% S>°V$gp amp°_u lpr_ A_° 70% ÏeppqfL$ D–pv$_dpÑ _yL$kp_u_p Al°hpg kpÑ X$Èp R>°.

f]NZpÑ

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A°aA°kbu_p ‚L$p° _p° kpd_p° L$fhp dpV°$ M°X|$sp° hpfÑhpf L$uV$L$_piL$p°_p° hfpi A_° S>•rhL$ r_eÑ”L$ Dpep° AS>dphsp lp°e R>°. s°d R>spÑ, A°aA°kbu AcÆL$p° d|rmepÑ A_° am_u AÑv$f kÑspe°gp fl°sp lp°hp\u s°Apkpdpfie fus° L$uV$L$_piL$_p R>ÑV$L$php°\u bQu S>spÑ lp°e R>°. Ap\u M°X|$sp° L$uV$L$_piL$p° hpf° ‚dpZdpÑ R>pÑV$sp lp°e R>°, L$pfZ L°$, s°Ap° ∆hps_u v°$Musu lpS>fu_p Appf° S> hısygnu ApL$g_ L$fsp lp°e R>°. Ap DfpÑs, L$uV$L$_piL$p°_p b°apd R>ÑV$L$ph_° gC_° _pZpÑL$ue Ïee Z kÑgÇ lp°e R>° A_° s°_u hpsphfZ f _L$pfp–dL$ Akfp°, ipL$cp∆Ap° s\p amp°dpÑ L$uV$L$_piL$p°_p AÑi N∞plL$p°_p ıhpı’e A_° kyfrnssp dpV°$ NÑcuf ≈°Md EcyÑ L$f° R>°.

≈° L°$, fÑ fpNs R>p°X$-DR>°f dpfas ‚rsL$pfL$ h_ırs_u ≈sp° rhL$kphhp_p A_°L$ ‚epkp° L$fhpdpÑ ApÏep R>°, fÑsy s°dpÑ depÆqv$s A\hp gNcN _ S>°hu kamsp dmu R>°. cpfsdpÑ f]NZpÑ_u A°hu L$p°C ≈sp° A[ıs“hdpÑ _\u, S>° |fsu ‚rsL$pfL$sp fphsu lp°e. Ap fus°, h•opr_L$p°A° bpep°V°$º_p°gp°∆_p° Dep°N L$fu_° A°aA°kbu _p lzdgp_° Mpmu iL°$ s°hu f]NZpÑ_u ≈sp° rhL$kphu R>°.

cpfs_p° ipL$cp∆_p° ‚\d bpep°V°$L$ pL$buV$u L$pk_° rhL$kphhp dpV°$ hpfhpdpÑ Aph°gu Í$pÑsfZ ‚qæ$ep_p° Dep°N L$fu_° A°aA°kbu- ‚rsL$pfL$ f]NZpÑ A\hp buV$u f]NZpÑ rhL$kphhpdpÑ ApÏepÑ lspÑ, S>° bpep°V°$L$ pL$, cpfsdpÑ hjÆ 2007 dpÑ 6.2 rdrge_ l°ºV$f dpÑ hphhpdpÑ ApÏep° lsp°. A°aA°kbu kpd° ‚rsL$pfL$sp bnhp dpV°$ buV$u f]NZpÑdpÑ æ$pe 1A°ku Ap_yhpÑriL$ AÑi (∆_) kdprhÙ$ lp°e R>°. æ$pe 1A°ku Ap_yhpÑriL$ AÑi (∆_) bµrkgk ’eyqffi∆[fikk (buV$u) _pd_p dpV$u_p bµºV°$qfepdpÑ\u d°mhhpdpÑ Aph° R>°. ƒepf° s° A°aA°kbu AcÆL$ ‹pfp °V$dpÑ g°hpdpÑ Aph° –epf°, buV$u ‚p°V$u_ ∆hps_p npfeyºs S>W$fdpÑ kqæ$e b_° R>° A_° S>W$f_u qv$hpg_° Qp¢V$u ≈e R>°, S>° cpÑNu X°$ R>°, A° fus° buV$u_p buS>L$Zp° ∆hsp_p ifuf_u AÑv$f_u Mpgu S>¡epAp° f lzdgp L$f° R>°. A°aA°kbu AcÆL$p° \p°X$p qv$hkp° R>u dfZ pd° R>°.

buV$u f]NZpÑ, dlpfpÙ≤$ lpCrb∞X$ kuXπ$k LÑ$_u (dluL$p°) ‹pfp rhL$kphhpdpÑ ApÏepÑ R>°. LÑ$_uA° æ$pe 1A°ku Ap_yhpÑriL$ AÑi, kuA°°dhu 35A°k ‚dp°V$f A_° kug°ºV°$bg dpLÆ$f Ap_yhpÑriL$ AÑip° A°_uV$uó && A_° A°A°X$u kdprhÙ$ X$uA°_A° bÑ pfZ_p° Dep°N L$fu_° f]NZp_p R>p°X$_p L$p°dm buS>”p°dpÑ Í$pÑsqfs L$epÆ. CC-1 _pd_u A°L$ Q|_Ñv$u L$gd_u A°L$dp” _L$g kÑv$ L$fhpdpÑ Aphu A_° s°_° dluL$p°_p lpCrb∞X$ ‚p°N∞pd_p lpCrb∞X$ f]NZpdpÑ v$pMg L$fhpdpÑ Aphu. sprdg_pX$y L©$rj rh¤puW$ (V$uA°_A°ey), L$p°CÁbsyf A_° eyr_hrkÆV$u Apµa A°rN∞L$ÎQfg kpefikuk (eyA°A°k),

pfhpX$_° dluL$p°A° buV$u V°$º_p°gp°∆_Ñy Dv$pfsp|hÆL$ v$p_ Ap‡eyÑ R>°. CC-1 L$gd_° Apµ _-p°gu_µV°$X$ f]NZp_u ≈sp°dpÑ bµL$-æ$p°k L$fhpdpÑ Aphu lsu. qargpCfik A_° bpÑNgpv°$idpÑ kphÆS>r_L$ kÑip° _ kÑı\pAp°_° Z dluL$p°A° Ap V°$º_p°gp°∆ v$p_ L$fu lsu.

L°$V$gue Afie kÑip° _ kÑı\pAp°, bÑ_° - kphÆS>r_L$ A_° Mp_NuA° Z AgN Ap_yhpÑriL$ AÑip° hpfu_° buV$u f]NZp rhL$rks L$epÆ R>°. _°i_g k°fiV$f Ap°_ ‡gpfiV$ bpep°V°$º_p°gp°∆ (A°_Apfkuubu)A° æ$pe A°aA°1 Ap_yhpÑriL$ AÑi

fphsu buV$u f]NZp_u ≈sp° rhL$kphu R>°. Ap V°$º_p°gp°∆, –epf bpv$, b°≈° iusg, rhcp kuXπ$k, _p\kuXπ$k A_° L©$rj_ kuXπ$k_° lıspÑsqfs L$fhpdpÑ Aphu lsu. C[fiX$e_ C[fiıV$V$ÈyV$ Apµa lp°qVÆ$L$ÎQfg fukQÆ (ApCA°QApf)

Z æ$pe 1A°bu Ap_yhpÑriL$ AÑi hpfu_° buV$u f]NZp rhL$kphu flu R>°. Afie blzrhsp gpcL$pfu rhriÙ$spAp° kp\°_u kykÑNsspdpÑ h•opr_L$p° buV$u f]NZp rhL$kphhp_u ŸrsAp° ip° u fp R>°.

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r_epdL$ r_kfZu f QY$pZbuV$u f]NZp, cpfsdpÑ ÏeppqfL$ l°sy Ap° dpV°$ R|>À$p dyL$p_pfp° d|ÎepÑL$_ l°W$m_p° l°gp° Mp¤ pL$ R>°. hjÆ 2000 dpÑ s°_p rhL$pk R>u, s°_u Aplpf kyfrnssp, epÆhfZue kyfrnssp, dp_hue A_° ‚pZuAp°_u kyfrnssp s\p S>•rhL$-h•rh›e_yÑ ApL$g_ L$fhp dpV°$ Ap pL$ L$X$L$ h•opr_L$ d|ÎepÑL$_p° l°W$m\u kpf \ep° R>°. buV$u f]NZp_u dpfiesp dpV°$ r_epdL$ue dpfiesp dpV°$ pg_ L$fhp_p r_edp° ApL©$rs 1 V|Ñ$L$dpÑ S>Zph° R>°.

ÏeppqfL$ l°sy dpV°$ Ry>À$p L$fhp AÑN° rhQpfZp l°W$m

2000: f]NZp_u lperb∞Xπ$kdpÑ æ$pe 1A°ku Ap_yhpÑriL$ AÑip°_prhge_ dpV°$ Í$pÑsf A_° N∞u_lpDk b∞uqXÑ$N

2001-2002 : buV$u f]NZp_u h©qŸ, rhL$pk A_° AkfL$pfL$sp_yÑ d|ÎepÑL$_ L$fhp dpV°$ ‚p\rdL$ N∞u_lpDkrhge_ dpV°$ Í$pÑsf A_° N∞u_lpDk b∞uqXÑ$N

2002-2004 : buV$u f]NZp _p° fpN-fS> ‚hpl A_° h©qŸ, ≈°d A_° TpX$u, S>•hfpkperZL$ gpnrZL$spAp°,rhjpºsp s\p A°gS>£r_rkV$u_p° AÊepk L$fhp dpV°$ L$fiapCfiX$ auÎX$ funZp°

lpCrb∞X$

2004-2005 : fuÏe| L$rdV$u Apµa S>°_°qV$L$ d°r_‡eyg°i_ (Apfku∆A°d)_° ky fs L$fhpdpÑ Aph°gbuV$u f]NZp_u dpV$u_p k| d∆hp° (dpBæ$p°„gpµfp) rhfyŸ A°aA°kbu f Akf AÑN° Xµ$V$p,

2004 : 8 buV$u f]NZp $_u ≈sp°_pÑ d[ÎV$-gp°L°$i_ fukQÆ V≤$peÎk (A°dA°gApfV$u) lp\fhp dpV°$ Apfku∆A°d_u ıhuL©$rs

lpCrb∞X$

2004-2007 : dluL$p° A_° C[fiX$e_ L$pD[fikg Apµa A°rN∞L$ÎQfg fukQÆ (ApCkuA°Apf)_u Apµg C[fiX$ep L$pµ-Ap°qXÆ$_µV°$X$ h°∆V°$bg CÁ‚yhd°fiV$ ‚p°N∞pd (A°CkuhuApCu)

‹pfp A°dA°gApfV$u AgN\u lp\ fhpdpÑ ApÏep.$ gpnrZL$spAp°, rhjpºsp s\p A°gS>£r_rkV$u_p° AÊepk L$fhp dpV°$L$fiapCfiX$ auÎX$ funZp

2006-2007 : bpep°kµ„V$u, epÆhfZue kyfnp–dL$sp, Ap_yhpriL$ AÑi_u AkfL$pfL$sp s\p A°N∞p°_p°rdL$ L$peÆndspXµ$V$p, S>°_°qV$L$ A°[fiS>_ueqfÑN A°‚yhg L$rdV$u (∆CA°ku)

_° ky fs L$fhpdpÑ ApÏep.

Ñ

∆CA°ku ‹pfp s°d_u h°bkpCV$ f 2001\u 2007 v$frdep_ lp\fhpdpÑ Aph°gp AÊepk_pÑ qfZpdp° v$ipÆhsyÑbpep°kµ„V$u X$p°rTef d|L$hpdpÑ ApÏeyÑ.

2007-2008 : gpS>Æ ıLµ$g auÎX$ V≤$peÎk(A°gA°kV$u) dpV°$ 7 buV$u f]NZp_u lpCb∞uX$ ≈sp°_°

∆CA°ku ‹pfp dpfiesp AphpdpÑ Aphu.

ApCkuA°Apf_u C[fiX$e_ C[fiıV$V$ÈyV$ Apµah°∆Vµ$bg fukQÆ (ApCApChuApf)

lpgdpÑ A°gA°kV$u lp\fu flu R>°.

2008-2009 : ‚rs 0.1 A°L$f f 7 buV$uf]NZp_u lpCb∞uX$ ≈sp°_p ‚pep°rNL$ buS> D–pv$_ dpV°$

∆CA°ku ‹pfp dpfiesp dmu.

lpCb∞uX$

ApL©$rs 1. cpfsdpÑ buV$u f]NZpÑ_p° rhL$pk A_° r_ed_(Qp• fu A_° Np•f, 2008, ∆CA°ku X$p°rTef 2008, A°dAp°CA°a, 2008 dpÑ\u DŸ©s)

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bpep°kµ„V$u A_° Aplpf kyfnp–dL$sp ApL$g_p°kkgpÑ, Kv$fp°, L$pÆ dpR>guAp°, bL$fpAp°, dfOu_pÑ b√QpÑ A_° v|$ Apsu Npep° f rhjºssp A_° AµgS>£r_rkV$u d|ÎepÑL$_p° DfpÑs, p°jZ AÊepk krls ApL$fpÑ h•opr_L$ funZp° L$fhpdpÑ ApÏepÑ lspÑ, s°_p\u A° kprbs \C NeyÑ R>° L°$, buV$u f]NZpÑ Afie rb_-buV$u ‚rsÍ$ ≈sp° S>°V$gpÑ S> kyfrns lp°e R>°. fpN-fS>_u dy[ºs, dpV$u_pÑ k| d ∆hpœÑ Ap° s\p rb_-grns ∆hsÑ”p°, A°N∞p°_p°du, Apæ$dL$sp s\p buV$u ‚p°V$u_-ne f L$fhpdpÑ Aph°gp AÊepk_pÑ qfZpdp° ‹pfp buV$u f]NZpÑ_u kyfrnssp hy dpfie \C R>°. AÊepk_pÑ qfZpdp°A° v$ipÆÏeyÑ R>° L°$, buV$u f]NZpÑ dgp°diu, suX$, L$fp°rmepAp° s\p dpv$p hÑv$pAp° S>°hu gpcL$pfu ∆hpsp°_° ‚cprhs L$fsp _\u.

M°X|$sp° A_° N∞plL$p_p apev$pAp°rb_-buV$u ≈sp°dpÑ 30%\u Ap°R>p_u syg_pdpÑ, buV$u f]NZpÑ_pÑ d|rmepÑAp°dpÑ ∆hpsp°_p 98% S>°V$gp _pi A_° amp°dpÑ 100% S>°V$gp _pi kp\° buV$u f]NZpÑ A°aA°kbu kpd° AkfL$pfL$ lp°hp_yÑ ≈°hp deyÑ R>°. rhrh W°$L$pZ° lp\fhpdpÑ Aph°gu kÑip° _ AS>dpeip°A° yfhpf L$eyØ R>° L°$, rb_-buV$u ≈sp°_u kMpdZudpÑ, A°aA°kbu f r_eÑ”Z L$fhp dpV°$ buV$u f]NZpÑ_° kf°fpi 77% Ap°R>p S>Ñsy_piL$p°_u S>Í$f X°$ R>°, A_° f]NZpÑ_u khÆ ‚L$pf_u D÷hu ∆hpsp°\u fnZ L$fhp dpV°$ 42% L$uV$L$_piL$p°_u S>Í$f

X°$ R>°. fÑ fpNs lpCrb∞X$ L$fspÑ, h°Qu iL$pe s°hpÑ 116% hy A_° gp°L$r‚e Apµ _-p°rg_µV°$X$ ≈sp° (Ap° uhu) L$fspÑ kf°fpi 166% S>°V$gp hpf° amp° dmsp lp°hp_° L$pfZ° buV$u f]NZpÑ hy apev$pL$pfL$ yfhpf \pe R>°. hydpÑ, L$uV$L$_piL$p°_p hfpidpÑ kpfp A°hp OV$pX$p_° L$pfZ° M°X|$sp° L$uV$L$_piL$p°_p T°f_u Akf\u Ap°R>p ‚cprhs \pe R>° A_° f]NZpÑ_p amp°dpÑ L$uV$L$_piL$p°_p AÑidpÑ Z kpfp° A°hu OV$pX$p° Aph° R>°. h•opr_L$p°A° A_ydp_ gNpÏeyÑ R>° L°$, buV$u f]NZpÑ M°X|$sp°_° A°L$f v$uW$ Í$p. 16,299 (eyA°k X$pµgf 330) \u Í$p. 19,744 (eyA°k X$pµgf 397) S>°V$gp° Qp°øMp° Apr\ÆL$ gpc d°mhhpdpÑ dv$v$ L$fu iL°$ R>° A_° s° kp\° S> cpfs dpV°$ fpÙ≤$ue gpcdpÑ ‚rs hjÆ X$pµgf 400 rdrge__p° Apr\ÆL$ gpc kÑchu iL°$ R>°.

r_ÛL$jÆM°X|$sp° A_° N∞plL$p°, bÑ_° dpV°$ buV$u f]NZp blp°mp gpc_u kÑcph_p gC Aph° R>°. cpfs_u r_epdL$ kÑı\pAp°_° ky fs L$fhpdpÑ Aph°gpÑ qfZpdp°A° kprbs L$eyØ R>° L°$, buV$u f]NZpÑ amh° L$ A_° d|mh° L$ Cemp° kpd° AkfL$pfL$ r_eÑ”Z |fyÑ

pX°$ R>°, A_° L$uV$L$_piL$p°_p° Dep°N 80% S>°V$gp° Ap°R>p° L$fu iL$pe R>°. fÑ fpNs lpCrb∞X$ s\p Apµ _-p°rg_µV°$X$ ≈sp°_u kfMpdZudpÑ, kpfp A°hp ‚dpZdpÑ h°Qu iL$pe s°hpÑ amp°_u DS> Z buV$u f]NZpÑ Ap° R>°.

cpfsdpÑ buV$u L$pk_u A‚sud kamsp, S>° lpgdpÑ, v°$idpÑ 9.6 rdrge_ l°ºV$f_p° 65% rlıkp° fph° R>°, S>° ıÙ$Z° v$ipÆh° R>° L°$, Nfubu A_° c|Mdfp_p r_hpfZ L$fhpdpÑ bpep°V°$º_p°gp°∆_p° Dep°N \C iL°$ R>°. khÆ‚\d bpep°V°$L$ ipL$cp∆ pL$ sfuL°$, buV$u f]NZp_p° rhL$pk, sÿ_ Deyºs A_° kdekf_yÑ NgyÑ R>°, L$pfZ L°$, M°X|$sp°, N∞plL$p° s\p kdN∞ v°$i sfuL°$ cpfs_° bpep°V°$º_p°gp°∆ cf|f gpcL$pfu _uhX$i°.

kphÆS>r_L$ A_° Mp_Nu kÑı\pAp° h√Q° Or_õ $ A_° kykÑNs klL$pf \L$u L$uV$L$-‚rsL$pfL$ buV$u f]NZp lpCrb∞X$ s\p ≈sp° rhL$kphhpdpÑ Aphu lsu. fpÙ≤$ue Mp¤ kyfrnssp_p Ïeylp–dL$ dyÿp_° gC_° b° n°”p°_p° kÑeyºs apmp° A–eÑs AN–esp fph° R>°. cpfs_p M°X|$sp° A_° N∞plL$p°A° ‹pfp buV$u f]NZpÑ_° A_phhp_yÑ A_° ıhuL$pfhp_yÑ A°L$ A–eÑs

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