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Embryology and Anatomy of breast B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 st unit

B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

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Page 1: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

Embryology and Anatomy of breast

‐B.Shivraj

Gen Surg 1st unit

Page 2: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

The mammary gland

• Modified apocrine sweat gland.

• Present in both males and females.

• Female ‐> serves for lactation; secondary sexual character.

• About 4% women have amazia. 

Page 3: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

Embryology 

• Develops from the integument.

• Arises from the ventral surface of the embryo.(milk line‐> thickened line of ectoderm).

• Ducts and acini from ectoderm

• Supporting tissue from mesenchyme.

Page 4: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

Milk line

*Milk line / mammary ridge‐> Develops from base of fore limb i.e. Axilla to hind limb i.e groin.

*Except @ the level of nipple, rest of It gets atrophied.

*Polythelia‐> m/c site 7‐10cmBelow and medial to the nipple.

Page 5: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

• Dev @ 6th week of IU life. ‐>mammary ridge• @nipple‐>ectoderm grows inward 15‐20 solid rods (rudimentary gland)‐>bulbous dilation at ends‐>alveoli

• @5th month IU life‐>cords develop• @7/8th month‐>hollowing of ducts; diff as milk ducts; depression at site of nipple.

• @9th month‐> alveoli become canalised• @birth‐>mesenchyme proliferation‐> nipple everts; areola becomes pigmented.

• @puberty‐> 15‐20 lact ducts have 15‐20 lobules each.

Page 6: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

• Witch’s milk‐> creamy white fluid cos of circulating maternal estrogens

• Colostrum‐> intial milk secreted. Rich in antibodies cos of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the duct lining.

• Later stage replaced by milk high in lipid content.

Page 7: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat
Page 8: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat
Page 9: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

Location 

• Situated in the anterior chest wall :

2‐6rib;

sternum to mid‐axillary line;

surrounded by the superficial fascia;

resting on the deep fascia.

overlying the pectoral fascia

Page 10: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

Breast: Fatty Tissue

Page 11: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

Nipple and areola complex

• Nipple‐> 4th ICS.– Smooth muscles; circular and longitudinal– Erection‐>serves milk

• Areola‐>sebaceous/areolar glands– Pigmented– Has hypertrophied sweat glands‐> glands of Montomery‐>serves for protective lubrication during lactation.

Page 12: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat
Page 13: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

Lobes and Lobules

Page 14: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat
Page 15: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

Anatomy 

• Ducts, acini‐>lobules‐>lobes‐> latiferousducts‐>lactiferous sinus‐>nipple.

• Suspensory ligaments of Astley Cooper‐skin and petoralis muscle.

• Tail of spence‐ foramen of langer (d/d‐ lymph node); @ 3rd rib level ; Ln

Page 16: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat
Page 17: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

Blood supply

• Arterial –– 1st part of subclavian‐>internal mammary art(medial mammary brs) along with 2,3,4th IC perf brs.  abt 50% BS.

– 2nd part of axillary‐> external mammary art(lateral thoracic brs)‐> lateral aspect

– Pectoral branches of acromiothoracic artery‐> post. aspect

Page 18: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat
Page 19: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

• Superior thoracic br

• Lateral perf br of IC art.

• Br. of subscapular art.

Page 20: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

Subclavian a.

Axillary a.

External mammary (thoracic) a.

Internal mammary (thoracic) a.

Arterial Supply to the Breast

Page 21: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

Veins draining the Breast

Subclavian vein

External mammary vein

Page 22: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

• Follows the arteries.

• Internal mammary v.‐> s/c v.

• Lat thoracic ‐> ax. V

• Lat. Perf. Br. Into IC v‐> vertebral v ‐> vertebral plexus‐> bone mets. “BATSON’S PLEXUS”

Venous drainage

Page 23: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

Nerve supply

• anterior & lateral br of 4‐6th IC n.

• Nipple‐> T4 ; extensive plexus

• Areola‐> fewer nerve endings.

Page 24: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

Subclavian nodes

Axillary nodes

Lateral pectoral nodes

Parasternal nodes

Lymph Nodes of the Breast

Page 25: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

Lymph drainage

Page 26: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

• Is of great surgical importance• Arises in interlobular conn tissue and in walls of lactiferous ducts

• Majoirty of breast drains into axillary LN.• 5groups:

– Pectoral(anterior) – 75%– Subscapular(posterior)– Humeral(lateral)– Sublavicular(apical)‐ultimately– Central 

Lymphatic drainage

Page 27: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat
Page 28: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

• Parasternal nodes

• Rotter’s nodes

• In relation to pec minor:– Level I

– Level II

– Level III

‐ Also to supraclavicular nodes.

Page 29: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat
Page 30: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat
Page 31: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

Routes of Metastasis

• Across the sternum in lymphatics to

opposite side via cross‐mammary pathways– Then to contralateral breast

• From subdiaphragmatic lymphatics to nodes in abdomen– Then to liver, ovaries, peritoneum

Page 32: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

Subdiaphragmatic Lymph Channels

Channels to Contralateral Breast

Axillary Lymph Channels

Major  Routes of Metastasis

Page 33: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

Anomalies 

• Amazia – B/L ; U/L• Polymazia‐ loc.• Micro/macro• Polythelia / hyperthelia‐ loc.• Gynecomastia• Poland’s synd.• Turner’s synd.• Fleischer’s synd.• Varginal hypertrophy• Symmastia

Page 34: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

Applied surgical anatomy

Page 35: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

Clavipectoral fascia

• Or costocoracoid / coracoclavicular fascia.• Under pec major muscle.• Upwards‐> encloses subclavius and attaches to clavicle. Post layer fuses with the deep cervical fascia and axillary vessel sheath.

• Laterally‐> thickened and attached to coracoid process.• Bet 1st rib and coracoid process‐>costocoracoid lig.• Downwards‐>encloses pec. minor & continuous with axillary fascia.

• Pierced by‐> cephalic v ; thoraco acromial art & v ; lateral pectoral nerve.

Page 36: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat
Page 37: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

Axilla

• Pyramid; apex towards head ; base broader & towards arm.• Apex‐> outer surface of 1st rib; post aspect of clavicle; 

upper surface of scapula• Medially‐> 1,2,3,4th ribs with intercoastal muscles with 

serratus ant.• Laterally‐> humerus, biceps brachii, corachobrachialis.• Base ‐> axillary fascia(bet pec major & lat dorsi); med‐

broad, lat‐narrow• Ant‐>pec major, pec minor• Post‐>subscapularis, teres major, lat dorsi• Contents‐>Ax vessels, brachial plexus, Lymphatic system, 

intercoastal nerves, fat & loose areolar tissue.

Page 38: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

Cervico‐axillary canal

Page 39: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

Axillary fascia

Page 40: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat
Page 41: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

Dissection 

• Abduct arm at 90 degree.

• Reflect lower skin flap until post. ax. fold is visible

• LN and superficila v dissected.

• 2 muscles: lat. S head of biceps; med‐coracobrachialis

• Medial borders defined

• Axillary vessels skeletonised.

• Long thoracic n and intercostobrachial n.

Page 42: B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1 unit - Semantic Scholar · 2017. 10. 20. · Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1. st. unit. The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat

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