BSE- MATERIAL

8/2/2019 BSE- MATERIAL

1/96

B.Sc (Computer Science ): I YearTHEORY PAPER I

120 hrs (4hrs / week)PC SOFTWARE AND C PROGRAMMING

UNIT I Fundamentals of Computers

Computer definitions Types of Computer Logical Organization of a Digital Computer Memory: Main Memory: Ram, Rom and Cache Secondary Memory Magnetic type, Floppy disk, Hard disk, Compact disk Inputdevices - Output devices Operating system : Definition, functions of an operating system, Types of Operatingsystems : Brief detais of batch processing, Multi Programming, multitasking, time sharing, real time operatingsystems Introduction to DOS, DOS interal commands, DOS External Commands Introductions to Windows,Desktop, File, Folder, My Computer, My documents, Recyclebin, Internet Explorer, Windows Explorer Types ofProgramming Languages.

UNIT II MS WORD AND MS POWER POINT

Word basics: Starting word, Creating a new document, Opening preexisting document, The parts of a wordwindow, Typing text, Selecting text, Deleting text, Undo, Redo, Repeat, Inserting text, Replacing text,Foramatting text, Cut, Copy, Paste Printing.

Formatting your text and Documents: Auto format, Line spacing, Margins, Borders and Shading.Working with Headers and Footers: Definition of headers and footers, creating basic headers and footers,creating different headers and footers for odd and even pages.Tables:creating a simple , creating a table using the table menu, Entering and editing text in a table, selecting ina table, adding rows, changing row heights, deleting rows, Inserting columns, Deleting columns, changingcolumn width.Graphics: Importimg graphics, Clipart, Insert picture, Clip Art gallery, using words drawing features, drawingobjects, text in drawing.Templates: Template types, using templates, exploring templates, modifieng templates.Macros: Macro, Recording macros, editing macros, running a macro.Mail Merge: Mail Merge concept , Main concept, Main document, data structures, merging data source and maindocument. Overview of word menu options word basic tool bar.Power Point: Basics, Terminology, getting started, Views, Creating presentations: Using auto content wizard,

Using blank presentation option, Using design template option, adding slides, deleting a slide, importing Imagesfrom the outside world, drawing in power point, Transition and build effects, Deleting a slide, Numbering a slide,saving presentation, closing presentation, Printing presentation elements.

Unit -3: MS Excel and MS AccessMS AccessCreating a simple Database and Tables: Creating a contacts Databases with the wiz, The access Table Wizard,Creating Database Tables without the wizard, Field Names, Data types and properties, Adding, deleting fields,renaming the fields in a table.Forms: The Form wizard, Saving Forms, Modifying forms, Entering and Editing Data: Adding Records,Duplicating previous entries without Retyping, Undo, Correcting Entries, Global Replacements, Moving fromRecord to Record in a table. Finding, Sorting and Displaying Data: Queries and Dynasets, Creating and usingselect queries, returning to the query Design, Multilevel Sorts, Finding incomplete matches, Showing All Records

after a Query, Saving Queries.Crosstab Queries.Printing Reports: Simple table, Form and Database printing, Defining advanced Reports, Manual Reporting,properties in Reports, Saving Reports.Relational Databases: Flat Versus Relational, Types of Relationships, Viewing relationships, Defining andRedefining Relationships, Creating and Deleting Relationships.MS ExcelExcel Basics: Overview of Excel features, Getting started, Creating a new work sheet, selecting cells, enteringand editing text, entering and editing numbers, entering and editing formulas, Referencing cells, moving cells,copying cells, sorting cell data, inserting rows, inserting columns, inserting cells, Deleting parts of a worksheet,clearing parts of a worksheet.Formatting: page setup, changing column widths and Row heights, auto format, changing font sizes andAttributes, centering text across columns, using border buttons and Commands, changing colors and shading,

hiding rows and columns. Introduction to functions: parts of a functions, functions Requiring Add-ins, TheFunction Wizard. Examples functions by category: Data and time functions, Engineering functions, Math and Trigfunctions, Statistical functions, Text functions.

1


2/96

Excel Charts: Chart parts and terminology, Instant charts with the chard wizard, creation of different types ofcharts, printing charts, deleting charts-Linking in Excel.Excel Graphics: Creating and placing graphic objects, Resizing Graphics, Drawing Lines and Shapes.

Unit-4: 'C' Language fundamentals

Introduction- 'C' Fundamentals: Programming- High Level Languages- compiling programs- IntegratedDevelopment Environments- Language Interpreters- Compiling your first program-Running your program-

understanding your first program- comments- variables, Data types, and Arithmetic Expressions working withvariables- Understanding data types and constants- working with Arithmetic expressions- The Assignmentoperators- The printf function- the scanf function-Decission making: The if statement- the if else construct- Nested if statements- The else if construct- the switchstatement- Boolean variables- The conditional operator- programLooping: The for statement- Relational operators- Nested for loops- the while statement- the do statement- thebreak statement- the continue statement- working with Arrays: Defining an array- Initializing Arrays- characterArrays- The const Qualifier- Multidimensional arrays- variable length Arrays.Working with Functions: Defining a function- Arguments and Local variables-Returning Functions Results- Function calling- Declaring Return Types and Argument types- Top Downprogramming Functions and Arrays- global variables- Automatic and static variables- Recursive Functions.

Unit-5: Programming in 'C' 24 hrs

Working with structures: Defining structure- Functions and structures- Initializing structures- Array of structures-structures containing structures-

Structures containing Arrays- Structure variants- Character strings: Array of Characters- variable lengthcharacters- Escape characters- character strings, structures and arrays character operations.Pointers: Defining a pointer variable- using pointers in Expressions- pointers and structures (Exclude Linked List) Pointer and Functions- pointers and Arrays- operations on pointers- pointers and Memory address. Operationson Bits: Bit operators- Bit fieldsThe pre processor: The # define statement- The # # operator- The # include statement- conditional compilation.More on data types: Enumerated Data Types- The typedef statement- Data Type conversions.Input and Output Operators in 'C' : Character I/o- formatted I/O- Input and Output Operations with Files- Specialfunctions for working with Files. Miscellaneous and Advanced features: The Goto statement, The null statement,working with unions- The comma operator- type qualifiers.

Prescribed Books:1. Peter Norton, Introduction to Computers, Sixth edition, Tata Mc Graw Hill(2007).2. Ron Mansfield, Working in Microsoft Office, Tata McGraw Hill(2008) (Chapters: 4 to 9, 11,12,13,14,15,17,

18, 19,24,25,28,30,31,33,34,35).3. Stephen G. Kochan, Programming in 'C', Third Edition, Pearson Education(2007) (Chapters: 1 to 14, 16, 17).

Reference Books:

1. Michael Miller, Absolute beginners guide to Computer Basics, Fourth Edition, Pearson Education(2007).2. Deborah Morley, Charles S. Parker, Under Standing Computer today and tomorrow, 11th Edition,

Thomson(2007).3. Ed Bott, Woody Leonhard, Using Microsoft Office 2007, Pearson Education(2007).

4. Beyron S Gottfried, Programming with 'C' , Second Edition, Tata Mc Graw Hill(2007).5. Ashok N. Kamthane, Progrmming with ANSI and Turbo 'C' , Pearson Education(2008).

6. Rajaraman, Introduction to Information Technology ,PHI.7. Balaguruswamy.E, Fundamentals of Computing, TMH(2008).

UNIT I Fundamentals of Computers

2


3/96

1. What is a computer? What are the characteristics of a computer?

Computer: Computer is an electronic devices which is used to accept the data as input and process thedata and gives the information as output.Data: Data is a collection of facts and figures. It may include alphabets, numbers, alpha numerals and specialcharacters. Data is a word which is derived from DATUM, which means collection of something.

Data processing: Converting the data into information is called Data processing.Information: Processed data is called as Information.The characteristics of a computer are

Speed: The computer is a high speed electronic device. We can perform millions of operations at atime. Computer processes the data at an unimaginable speed. The speed of the computer ranges up tonano seconds.

Storage capacity: The memory capacity of a computer is measured in bits and bytes. Large amount ofdata can be stored in computer and retrieved. Memory capacity of the computer ranges in Giga bytes.

Accuracy: The system do not make mistakes. Accuracy of the computer is very high. It performscalculations with greater accuracy in less time.

Deligence: We can perform the same operation any number of times. The computer will not be boredand tired.

Automation: A computer allows automation for any process designed in the form of a program. A

program can be executed any number of times to repeat the process. Versatality: Computers can perform many kinds of jobs. They not process the data but also can be used

for playing music, movies and printing jobs. It finds its applications in all most all the fields.

Communication: We can communicate the computers by sending and receiving the data. We can alsosend movies and pictures.

Disadvantages:Lack of common sense: Computers can work as human beings but there is a lot of difference between themachine and the man. The computer is only a tool. It can not think. It does not have common sense orintelligence as humans have.Inability to correct: When we give instructions to the computers we must give correct instructions. Acomputer cant correct wrong instructions. If there is a mistake in giving data to the computer the end resultsare wrong. Popularly this is termed as Garbage-In-Garbage-Out.

Obedient to Human Instructions: Computers look as if they are very clever. Actually they are only tools.They cant do anything unless they are instructed by a man. A computer cant generate any information on itsown. It can only do what it is instructed.Good environment should be provided: We must provide a clean and cool environment as there a chanceto burn the computers sensitive parts quickly. It is somewhat expenditure to the users.

2. Draw a neat sketch of computer and describe its various components.

Computer is a group of electronic devices used to process the data. It performs calculations or any otherdata processing. The block diagram of the computer is shown below.

1.Input Unit: The input unit is responsible for giving input to the computer.The information that is given to thecomputer is called input. The devices used for sending input to the computer are said to be input devices.Some of the input devices are keyboard, mouse, scanner and joystick. Keyboard is standard input device.Mouse is used to operate windows.

2.Output devices: The output unit is responsible for receiving output from the computer.The information thatis received from the computer is output. The devices which are used for receiving output are said to be

3

Output Unit

ALU

Control Unit

Memory Unit

CPU

Input Unit


4/96

output devices. Some of the output devices are monitor, printer, plotter and LCD Projectors. Monitor isstandard output device. Printer and plotter are used for printing.

Central Processing Unit: Central processing unit is the brain of the computer. It is responsible for performingall the operations i.e. processing. This unit divided into three sub units.

Arithmetic and logical UnitControl UnitMain Memory Unit

ALU: Arithmetic and Logic Unit is responsible for performing arithmetic and logical operations such asadding, multiplying and uses operators like +, -, *, and, or, not etc.

Control Unit: Control unit controls all the parts of the computer and the processing. It also controls the inputand output. Control unit has the data bus which carries the data from one unit to another unit. It controlshardware devices also.

Main Memory Unit: Main Memory unit is responsible for storing data. It has two sub units: Primary memory,Secondary Memory.

a) Primary memory: It is the built-in memory. It has two parts: RAM, ROM

RAM: RAM stands for random access memory. The data what we store in RAM can bechanged by the user. It is volatile memory. The data in the RAM will be vanished when the

power is switched off to the computer. It is temporary memory ROM:ROM stands for Read only memory. The data stored in ROM cannot be changed and

it is static. It is permanent and non volatile memory. In ROM the manufacturers store thecommands to start the computer. The memory will not be modified or deleted. Now a daysthere are various types of ROMs are available.

PROM Programmable Read Only MemoryEPROM Erasable Programmable Read Only MemoryEEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

Cache Memory: Cache memory also acts as primary memory. The cache memory is used to avoid themismatch between the speed of RAM and the speed of CPU. Generally the speed of RAM is less than the speedof CPU. To avoid this mismatch the cache memory included to increase the speed of the computer.

b) Secondary Memory: This is supporting memory for any computer. In this memory we can store the

information permanently. Large amount of data can be stored in the computers secondary memory.Basically the secondary memory two types 1) Magnetic type 2) Optical type

In Magnetic type, the concentric magnetic fields are used to store the dataIt includes Floppy disk, Hard disk and magnetic tape

In Optical type,It uses a laser beam to write data on the disks.It includes CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory and

DVD-ROM (Digital Video Display Read Only Memory

3. Explain the history of the computers?

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS:

The first calculating device was "ABACUS" invented by Chinese In 1600 B.C. ABACUS was one of thesimplest device to do the arithmetic. ABACUS was like a frame with beads strung on wire or rods.Next one is Napier bones, John Napier , a Scottish mathematician invented this device to do the calculations.Bones are set of eleven rods with numbers marked on them, in such a way that by simply placing the rods side byside products and quotients of large numbers can be obtained. The Napier is also best known for the invention oflogarithms. He also introduced the decimal point.Pascal Calculator: French Mathemetician Blaise Pascal in 1642 developed this calculator. He also invented syringe,

Hydraulic press and Pascals law of pressure.

Jacquard loom: He is a weaver. He introduced the punched card loom in 1801. This device was a new type

of loom for weaving cloth. Punched cards controlled its operation.

Needles could pull threads through the cards where there were holes and not where there were no

holes. Thus patterns were stored on punched cards. The pattern was determined by the placement of holes

in a control card.Charles Babbage: He first introduced the Difference Engine in 1823 for solve the repeated formulas. After

he invented the Analytical Engine in 1833, it contains many features of present day computers including

punched card input, storage unit, Arithmetic unit, printing unit and controlled by a sequential program.

4


5/96

Holleriths Tabulating machine: It is invented by Dr. Herman Hollerith. He is a statistician with the U.S.

bureau of census invented a machine to process the results of the census. It was electro magnetic counting

machine to tabulate the data.

Mark-I: Howard H. Aiken of Harvard University in 1944 designed a machine that could automatically

perform a sequence of arithmetic operations. It was an electro mechanical device.

ENIAC: ENIAC stands for Electronic Numeric Integrator And Calculator. In 1946, John Mauchley and

Presper Eckert developed this machine. It was the first electronic calculator. It occupied a room (9x15

meters) and contained 18000 vacuum tubes. Lady Augusta Lovelac (Mother of Computers)

-> She developed first program on computer

4. Explain generations of computers.

The development of Computers can be classified into five generations based on main processing device andstorage media.

1. First generation Computers: (1945-1956)The period of first generation computer is 1945-1956. In that period the Main processing device is

Vacuum tubes and main Storage Media is Punched cards. There some advantages anddisadvantages are there during the first generation computers.Advantages:It was the only electronic device. We can store the data and hold the memory.Disadvantages:It was too bulky i.e. large in size. Vacuum tubes were burning out frequently. They were producing

very heat and there was maintenance problem. They consumed more power and they are very slowin operations.

2. Second generation Computers: (1956-1963)In that period the Main processing devices are Transistors and the main Storage Media is Magneticdisk. The Advantages of the computers of this period are:The computers size is reduced considerably. They are very fast and very much reliable.

The Disadvantages of second generation computers are

They had less memory. They over heated quickly and there was the maintenance problems3. Third generation Computers: (1963-71)

In the third generation Period the Main processing device is IC (Integrated Circuit). The StorageMedia is Floppies. In that period the advantages are:ICs were very small in size. There was Improved performance and the Production cost was cheap.

The Disadvantages are ICs are sophisticated that is complicated.

4. Fourth generation Computers: (1971-2004)

During this Period the Main processing device is IC with VLSI (very large scale integration). TheStorage Media is Floppies, Hard disks and CDs.The Advantages of the fourth generation computers are they are very compact. There is very less

power consumption and the Production cost becomes cheap.The Disadvantage of this period computers is there is no artificial intelligence

1. Fifth generation Computers: (2004-Present)

Present and beyond we are calling this period as fifth generation. The Main processing device of thisperiod is ICs with parallel processing. The main Storage Media is videodisks and DVDs. TheAdvantages of this period are Artificial intelligence is included and the functioning of these systemslike expert systems.

5. What are the applications of computers in various fields?

Computer is a versatile tool. It can be used in various fields, as the functionality of the computer has been

increased. Different fields in which computer is being used are given below.

5


6/96

Business: Business people and organizations use computers for different purposes. For example, tomanage accounts or make presentations and store business data. Computers are used to create purchaseorders, track expenses and income reports and issue bills.

Medicine & Health care: Several medical applications use computers for storing scanning reports, andanalysis of scanning etc. In ICU, Computers are used to monitor the patients condition.

Education: In the filed of education, computers can be used for interactive learning. Students can learnsomething easily using CBTs. (Computer Based Tutors)

Science & Engineering: Scientists use computers to simulate complex events such as predictingearthquakes. Satellites use computers for their proper functioning. Engineers use computers for CAD(Computer Aided Designing) and to solve complex problems.

Manufacturing: Computer has increased its role in the field of manufacturing. They are used for automatedoperation of machines. Computers are used to monitor pressure and temperature.

Law and Government: Police department uses MDT (Mobile data Terminals) in squad cars. Computerscan be used to identify the photos and thumb impressions of the culprits. Government uses computers tostore the data of population.

Music: Computers can be used to play the music and also used for editing the sounds.

Multimedia: Computers can be used to design multimedia applications and also to play them. Now a daysmost of the games and web applications use multimedia.

Communication: Computers can also be connected so as to provide a better communication facility. Datacan be transferred from one place to another place.

What are input devices and output devices?

Input devices: The information that is given to the computer is input. The devices used for sending input aresaid to be input devices. Some of the input devices are listed below.Key board: Keyboard is standard input device. It has various types of keys like alphanumeric keys, modifierkeys,cursor movement keys etc.Mouse: Mouse is used to operate windows. It has left button, right button and scrolling wheel. It is used toclick on icons to perform operations.Joystick: Joy stick is used to move the cursor from one place to another place, and to click on various itemsin programs. A joystick is mostly used for computer games.

I Scanners: This device converts the printed image into an electronic form. It uses technology of reflectinglight onto the images and sensing the intensity at every point. There are also color scanners, which can scancolor images. They separate the components of colors (red, green, and blue) at each point of the image. Thescanned images can be manipulated using some software such as photo-shop. Optical Code Recognizers (OCR): It is some software that translates the image into text that you canedit. When scanner reads an image, the image is stored as a bit map image. A bit map is grid of dots, each dotis represented by one or more dots. The job of the OCR is to convert the grid of dots to meaningful text, whichcan be represented by the computer. OCR also can be treated as a scanner. They come in several sizes.Microphone: Microphones can accept auditory input. Using speech recognition software, you can use yourmicrophone as an input device for dictating text, navigating programs and choosing commands. To useMicrophone with the computer, it must be equipped with a sound card to enable the functionality of themicrophone.Digital Cameras: They are very much similar to ordinary cameras, but used to store still images in digitalformat. This can be connected to computer to exchange the data and can be printed using printers such assnapshot printers.Bar code reader: Bar code reader is an input device, which is commonly used in super markets andbookshops. Bar code is a pattern of printed bars. It generally specifies the cost of the products. Bar codereaders scan the bar code pattern and convert it to equivalent number or digits. It scans the pattern by emittinga beam of light, frequently a laser beam. It is handy and very useful for vendors.Trackball: Track ball is an input device, which works like an upside-down mouse. The ball upside is rolled usingthumb to move the cursor over screen. It is comparatively small than mouse. We use track ball when the spaceis less. It is used more with laptops, because there the workspace is less.Track-pad: Track-pad is a stationary input device. The size of the Track-pad is compact. It, best suits fornotebook computers. Track-pad has a small screen of size around 2 Inches Square. We move the finger overthe small screen to move the cursor over the monitor.

Output devices: The information that is received from the computer is output. The devices used for receivingoutput are said to be output devices. Some of the output devices are listed belowMonitor: Monitor is standard output device. It is used to display the information. Now a days various types ofmonitors are available like CRT monitors, LCD monitors etc.

6


7/96

Printer: Printers are used for printing. To take hard copy of the information we are using the printers. Various printersare Laser printer, Snop shot printer and Ink jet printer etc. Plotters: Plotters work the same as printers, but it accommodates very big size sheet. Plotter uses colored pens

and a robotic arm to draw on the sheets. It is designed to produce large drawings such as building plans and

machine drawing. Printer and plotter are used for printing.Speaker: Speaker is an output device that gives sound output from the computer. Theyvary in size and

configuration. LCD Projector: A Projector can be connected to a PC for displaying presentations. Many Projectors

provide the same resolutions and color levels as high-quality monitors, but they project the image on alarge screen.

6. Write about different types of memories?

Memory unit is responsible for storing data. It has two sub units:a) Primary memoryb) Secondary Memory

Primary memory:It is the built-in memory. It is used to run the computer. It includes the following subtypes. RAM: RAM stands for random access memory. The data what we store in RAM can be changed by the

user. ROM: ROM stands for Read only memory. The data stored in ROM cannot be changed and it is static. Cache memory: Cache memory is used to avoid the mismatch between the speeds of CPU and RAM.

Secondary Memory:This is supporting memory for any computer. Users data and programs are stored in this memory. It includesthe following subtypes. Magnetic type: They include hard disks, Floppies and magnetic tapes. Computer writes the data onto

these devices by charging iron particles and creating magnetic field in them. Optical type: They include CDs. It uses a laser beam to write data on the disks. Magneto Optical: It includes Magneto optical disks. To write data onto magneto-optical disks, high-

powered laser is used and crystals are aligned as per the data.

Explain RAM,ROM, and Cache memory (primary memory)

RAM: RAM stands for random access memory. The data what we store in RAM can be changed by theuser. When we enter the data, the data is first stored in RAM. When the system is switched off theinformation in the RAM is lost. Speed of the RAM determines the speed of the computer. RAM is said to bemain memory or primary memory.ROM: ROM stands for Read only memory. The data stored in ROM cannot be changed and it is static. Whenwe switch of the system it will not affect the data in ROM. Manufacturer provides fixed information i.e.firmware in ROM.Cache memory: Cache memory is used to avoid the mismatch between the speeds of CPU and RAM. Thespeed of RAM is slower than the speed of CPU. When we enter some data, the data first moves into RAMand then CPU. It becomes time consuming to collect the data every time from RAM. To avoid this, Cachememory is included. Cache memory is similar to RAM but it is extremely fast. When CPU collects informationfrom RAM, it loads the same data into Cache memory. The next time the CPU needs the same data, it finds

it in the Cache memory.

7. Explain the classification of computers (or) types of computers.

We can classify the computers based on the three factors.i) Based on the purposeii) Based on the operation or utilityiii) Baed on the size or performance

7


8/96

Purpose based Computers:Based on the purpose we can classify the computers into two types.

i. Special purpose Computers: These computers can be designed to perform specificfunctions. Some of the special purpose computers are electronic voting machine (EVM),aircraft control system.

ii. General purpose Computers: These computers are used for variety of tasks. They areflexible and can be used to work on business and scientific problem.

Operation based Computers:Based on operation or utility computers can be classified into three types.

1) Analog Computers: These computers follow the principle used in measuring. These computers operateby measuring physical units such as temperature, pressure, speed and voltage etc. Analog computerscant make decisions and are not very accurate. Eg: RADAR, Thermo meter

2) Digital Computers: Counting is the main principle used in digital computers operate on numbersconsisting of 0s and 1s. Digital computers are used in business as well as scientific and engineeringapplications. In these computers accuracy is very high. Eg: Calculator.

3) Hybrid Computers: Hybrid computer is a combination of digital and analog computers. Now a daysthese computers are used in petrol pumps and banks. Eg:MODEM (Modulator and Demodulator). Itconvers the analog signals to digital signals and digital signals to analog signals.

Size based computers:Based on size, processing speed and performance the computers can be classified into five types.

1) Super Computers: Super computers are fastest and most powerful computers today. Those computersare specially designed for processing complex applications in scientific and engineering disciplines.These computers have very large memory capacity and high speed of processing. These computers aremainly used for applications like weather forecasting, atomic bomb designing, satellite communication,and space ship detection. Indias first super computer is PARAM designed by C-DAC.

2) Mainframe Computers: Mainframe computers have fast processing speed and greater storage capacitythan any computer other than super computers. These computers are generally used in organizationsthat require data exchange among several users. Mainframe computer is a very big server, which hassome sharable resource. The data from the mainframe server is distributed to several dummy terminalsthat are connected to the server. With the use of mainframe computers, the data, hardware and softwarecan be shared among users.

3) Mini Computers: Mini computers are small general purpose systems. They offer advantages of main

frame computer at lower cost. They support more peripherals and much faster than micro computers. Amini computer supports one or more hard disk drives and tape drivers and printers. These computerssupport powerful softwares like database and word processors.

4) Micro Computers: These are the smallest general purpose computers. These systems have all thefunctional elements that are found in most of the larger systems. They are basically designed for thesingle user systems facility. Cost wise these systems are the cheapest among all the systems. Some ofthe micro computers areo Desktop computes: The most common PC model sized to fit on a desk, with a separate unit for the

CPU and for the monitor.o Notebook or LapTop computers: This is the smallest computer available today. It is handy and has

very less weight. Hence it is portable. They can operate on current or batteries.o Palmtop computers: These are also called as hand held computers. These are the smallest

computing devices. They offer limited and specialized features. Some of the hand held computersare cellular phones and PDAs.

5) Workstations: Workstation is the most powerful PC that is used by engineers, scientists and graphicartists. The users who need a great deal of computing power use these workstations. They come with

8


9/96

highly configured and advanced computer peripherals. They are used as network servers and Internetservers.

8. Explain different types of storage devices (secondary memory devices).

Secondary memory is used to store data and programs. Secondary storage is the permanent memory. Dataand programs ae retained when the power is turned off. Secondary storage is also called auxiliary storage.Secondary memory or auxiliary memory is the slowest and cheapest form of memory. It can not be

processed directly by the CPU.The common secondary storage devices include magnetic storage devices and optical storage devices.

The magnetic storage devices can be divided into two typesMagnetic tape storageMagnetic disk storage

Magnetic tape: Magnetic tape is a one half inch or one quarter inch ribbon of coated with millions of ironparticle that store the data. Head writes the data onto the particles by creating magnetic field in particles.Magnetic tapes are erasable, reusable and durable. Magnetic tape is not suitable for data files that arerevised or updated often because it stores data sequentially.

Magnetic disk: Magnetic disks are the most widely used storage medium for computers. A magnetic

disk offers high storage capacity, reliability and the capacity to directly access stored data. Types ofmagnetic disks include:

Diskettes: Diskettes are commonly known as floppies. It has a rotating disk that spins at around 300rotations per minute. Surface of the disk is coated with tiny iron particles to store the data. Each particle actsas a magnet. As the head passes over the disk, it creates magnetic filed in the iron particles and writes thedata. Generally they are of capacity 1.44 MB

Hard disks: hard disks are the common storage device for all computers. Hard disk uses the sametechnology that is used by diskettes. The data is stored in tracks that are divided into sectors. A harddisk is a stack of metal platters that spin on a spindle. They are of capacity 10 GB to 20 GB

Removable hard disks: Removable combines the speed and capacity of a hard disk and portability of adisk.

The optical storage is a storage medium from which data is read and to which it is written by lasers. They

are

CD-ROM: CD-ROM (Compact disk read only memory) uses the same technology as a music CDdoes. A laser reads lands and pits from the surface of the disk. This is readable only. It stores 650 MB ofdata. WORM: WORM stands for Write Once and Read Many. The CD-recordable disks can be written toonce, but not rewritten or erased.

11) Explain the standard Key board layout?

Keyboard for a PC comes in many styles. The various models differ in size and shape.

The following are the part of the standard keyboard layout.

Alphanumeric keys: 0 to 9 digits, a to z and A to Z alphabets and +, -, *, /, ), (, etcWhite space keys: White space keys Include non-printable characters such as Tab ( introduces horizontal tab),Caps lock (prints capital letters when on) and Backspace(removes the character in front of the cursor), Enter(tomove to new line or choose buttons/commands).Modifier keys: These are used to modify the input of other keys. The keys are:

Shift - enforces to print capital letters and symbols.Ctrl used as short cut key with other keys as a combinationAlt - used as short cut key with other keys as a combination

Numeric keypad keys: It appears at the right side of the keyboard. It includes 0 to 9 digits and +, -, *, / keys.Cursor movement keys: These keys allow to move the cursor. They are :

Arrow keys move the cursorHome move cursor to beginning

End move cursor end of a linePage up, Page down move the page up/down

Special purpose keys: They perform a specialized functions. These areInsert takes to insert mode

9


10/96

Delete deletes a characterEscape backs up one levelPrint screen capture the screenScroll lock stops scrollingPause stops a program

Function keys: These keys are used as short cut keys to perform a specific task. They are F1 to F12

12) Explain how computer accepts the input from the keyboard.

When we press a key, a chip called as keyboard controller, notes that a key has been pressed.

The keyboard controller places a code in a temporary memory, called as keyboard buffer. The code

indicates which key was pressed. Keyboard controller sends a signal to the system software. This is

called as interrupt request. When system software receives the interrupt, it evaluates the request to

determine the appropriate response. The system reads the scan code from keyboard and passes the scan

code to the CPU. Keyboard buffer can store a number of keystrokes at a time.

13) Explain Types of Monitors.Monitors can be classified based on two types:

a) According to technology: CRT monitors and Flat Panel Monitors.

According to color scheme: Monochrome Monitors: Grayscale Monitors: Color MonitorsAccording to technology:CRT monitors:The CRT monitor is used in Monochrome (or) Grayscale monitors. CRT stands for Cathod Ray TubeTechnology. An electron gun is placed at the back of the monitor. The gun shoots a beam of electronsthrough a magnetic coil, which is projected on the front of the monitor. The back of the monitors screen iscoated with Phosphors, chemicals that glow when they are struck by the electron beam. The screensPhosphor coating is organized into a grid dots. The smallest number of Phosphor dots that the gun can focuson is called a pixel.Flat Panel Monitors:Flat panel Monitors are of lightweight and compact. These monitors use LCD technology and can be calledas LCD monitors. LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. They create images with a special type of liquid thatis normally transparent but becomes opaque when charged with electricity. These are generally used in

notebook computers.

CRT Monitors Flat Panel Monitors

Large in size Very compactRequires lot of power Requires less power CRT- Cathode Ray Technology LCD- Liquid Crystal display

TechnologyUsed for stand-alone systems Used in notebook computersClarity is high Less clarity

According to Color scheme:According to color we can classify the monitors into three types:

Monochrome Monitors: Monochrome monitors displays only one color (such as green, amber, or

white) against a contrasting back ground, which is usually black.

Grayscale Monitors: Grayscale Monitors display varying intensities of gray (from a very light gray

to black) against a white.

Color Monitors: Color Monitors display ranges anywhere from 16 colors to 16 million colors.

14) Explain different types of printers.

Printer is an output device, which prints the images or data files. There are mainly two types of printers arethere. Impact printers and non impact printers.Impact Printer: They use a ribbon and press it on a paper to produce print

Dot matrix printers.

Non-Impact Printers:They use ink cartage and spray or spread ink on papers. Inkjet printers Laser printers Snap shot printers

10


11/96

Plotters

1) Dot matrix printers:Dot matrix printer uses a ribbon to print some thing. This is the oldest type of printer. It prints a document slowand the printing quality would be very poor.2) Ink jet printers:Inkjet printers create an image directly on a paper by spraying ink through small nozzles. Image quality wouldbe more with these printers. It offers most cost-effective to print in color. Color inkjet printers generally have fourcolor ink nozzles to produce a color image.

3) Laser printers:Laser printer uses laser technology. It uses toner (an ink like substance used in printer), which is composed oftiny particles. Laser creates electric charge on the drum and toner particles are oppositely charged, there byresulting, a quality-print.4) Snapshot Printers:Snapshot printers are used to print color photographs. Snapshot printers are popular among users who owndigital cameras. Snapshot printers are very slow, and they can be more expensive to operate than inkjet (or)laser printers.5) Plotters:Plotters work the same as printers, but it accommodates very big size sheet. Plotter uses colored pens and arobotic arm to draw on the sheets. It is designed to produce large drawings such as building plans and machinedrawing.

15) What is Software and Hardware?

Hardware: Knowing all the peripherals of the computer and its mechanism is called Hardware. (Or)Hardware is a collection of all physically existing computer peripherals and relative study of those.Software: Software is a collection of programs where program is a set of commands. Command is aninstructions that is given to the computer to perform specific task. Software can be divided mainly into twotypes: System software, application software.System Software:The software that is used for the purpose of a system can be called as system software. This is mainly usedto run the computer and manage the functionality of the computer. Some of system softwares are:Operating system: Operating system acts as an interface between the user and the system. An interface isa communication between the user and the system. The interface can be of two types CUI and GUI.CUI stands for Command line user Interface. In the CUI the user can interact with the system by typing thecommands only. In this the user need to remember the commands and type the commands.

Eg: MS-DOS.GUI stands for Graphical user Interface. In the GUI, the user can interact with the system by selecting thesmall graphical icons to perform the tasks. In the GUI all the commands are available in the graphicalrepresentation called as icons. In this there is no need to remember the commands and type the commands.Eg: MS-WindowsThe Operating system can be of two types1) Single User Operating System 2) Multi User Operating SystemSingle user operating system allows only one user to communicate with the operating system. Eg: MS-DOSMulti user operating system allows more than one user to communicate with the operating system. In this thedata sharing and the multi tasking concepts are main.By data sharing the task can be performed with in the less time.Multi tasking is performing more than one task simultaneously.Functions of Operating system:

The Operating system manages all the programs that are running. It provides system level services tothose programs, including file management, memory management and printing. The operating system allowsprograms to share information. A modern operating system allows multi tasking.

The operating system keeps track of all files on each disk. Operating system constantly updates theFAT(File Allocation Table) on disk.

The operating system uses interrupt request to communicate with CPU and other hardware. Operatingsystem activates and use the computer devices with the help of device driver software. The operating systemprovides necessary software to the computer to form a network.Device driver: The device driver software allows computer devices such as keyboard and etc tocommunicate with the systemCompiler: It converts High-level programs to low-level programs (Whole program at once).

Interpreter: It converts high-level programs to low-level programs (Line by line).

Application software:Application software is a of programs that are specially designed to suit the requirements of the user. By theapplication software user can perform particularly specific tasks only. User can perform easily but can

11


12/96

perform one or two specific tasks. These are applicable generally in the field of business, education andscientific applications. The application software is classified into two types. Languages and Packages.

Languages: Language is a full fledged software which allows to do anything. By the languages we can buildour own applications. The languages are two types. High level languages and Low level languagesHigh level language: It is a language by which the user can interact with the system. It is just like theEnglish language. It is understandable by the user.s It is a language which is directly understood by the machine where the data and instructions are in binary

form i.e. 0 and 1. It is also called as binary language and machine level language.Packages(application): It is a software which is used for performing a single task. In this there is no

possibility to do different types of jobs. It is used to perform specific tasks only.

16) Explain the booting process

Booting : The process of loading the operating system in the memory is known as booting process. The bootingprocess has three steps

1) The processor starts executing the instructions which are stored in ROM.2) These instructions test to see if all the computer parts are in good working condition or

not. This testing is called as POST(Power On Self Test). POST checks all the areas ofRAM memory and the connections of hardware devices.

3) When it loads the system files and the operating system. The system files areIO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS. COMMAND.COM

There are basically two types of booting. 1) cold booting 2) warm bootingCold booting: Booting of computer with switching on the main power is called cold booting.Warm bootig: Booting of machine without switching on the main power when the system is hang up is called as

warm booting. It is possible by pressing CTRL+ALT+DELETE keys simultaneously. Worm booting does not providethe facility of POST.

17) Explain DOS Internal Commands.

MS-DOS is a single user operating system. It supports CUI. There are two types of commandsare available in the MS-DOS. They are internal and external commands.

Internal commands: The commands which are available in the COMMAND.COM system file, those can becalled as internal commands. These are loaded at time of booting process only. These commands getexecuted faster.

COMMAND: CLSPURPOSE: This command is used to clear the screen and redisplay the DOS prompt at the upper left-

hand corner of the screen.SYNTAX: CLS < press enter >NOTE: CLS is the short form of clear screen.

COMMAND: DATEPURPOSE: This command is used to display and /or changes the system date.SYNTAX: DATE < press enter >OUTPUT: Current date is wed 5-2-2002

Enter new date:NOTE: the date is should be entered in the MM-DD-YY format.

COMMAND: TIME

PURPOSE: This command is used to set and display the system time.SYNTAX: TIME < press enter >OUTPUT: Current time is 09:30:45:23

Enter new time:NOTE: The time will be displayed in the HH-MM-SS.

COMMAND: VERPURPOSE: Displays The DOS or Windows Version Number..SYNTAX: VER< press enter >NOTE: This command will display the version of DOS loaded in your Computer.

COMMAND: DIRPURPOSE: This is command will list any or all files and sub-directories.This command will display the following details

Disk volume name (if any)Name of the directoryName of each files and sub-directory

12


13/96

Number of filesDate and time of creation/last update of the fileNumber of Bytes occupied by each fileAmount of free space on the disk

SYNTAX: DIRDIR/A It will display the files with attributes

DIR/AH It will display only the hidden files.

DIR/AR It will display read only filesDIR/AS It will display system filesDIR/AD It will display only the directoriesDIR/P It will display all the files and directories in page wise mannerDIR/W It will display the list of files and directories in width wise mannerDIR/P/W It will display the list of files and directories in the page wise and width wise mannerDIR/B It will display the list of files and directories in the bare format (no heading information)DIR/O It will display the list of files and directories in the sorted order (ascending or

descending)DIR/ON It will sort the list of files and directories by nameDIR/OS It will sort the list of files and directories by sizeDIR/OE It will sort the list of files and directories by extension.DIR/OD It will sort the list of files and directories by date.

COMMAND: COPY CON

PURPOSE: Copy con is a command used to create a file in DOS

SYNTAX: COPY CON < file name > < press enter>NOTE: To save the file, type Ctrl+Z (or) F6.

COMMAND: TYPE

PURPOSE: It is used to view the contents of a file.

SYNTAX: TYPE< file name > < press enter>

COMMAND: DEL and ERASE

PURPOSE: To delete a file.

SYNTAX: DEL ERASE

COMMAND: COPYPURPOSE: This command copies one file to another.SYNTAX: Copy NOTE: The COPY command accepts two file names.

COMMAND: CD or CHDIR

PURPOSE: Changes the current directory.SYNTAX: CD

COMMAND: RD or RMDIRPURPOSE: Deletes a directory. Before you can delete a directory, the directory must be empty.SYNTAX: RMDIR

COMMAND: PROMPTPURPOSE: To change the MS-DOS prompt.

SYNTAX: PROMPT There are so options in the PROMPT command. They are:$Q - =sign$$ - $sign

$T - Time$D - Date$P - Current Drive & Path$V - Version

13


14/96

$G - Greater than$L - Less than$B - | Pipe

18) Explain DOS external commands.

EXTERNAL COMMANDS: The commands which are loaded externally are called as external commands. thesecommands are not available in command.com file. The external commands not loaded at the time of bootingprocess. These are loaded from hard disk.1. LABEL:

This command is used for changing the current volume label of the current disk that is in use.Required File: Label.ExeSyntax:C:\ >LABEL Ex:C:\> LabelC:\> VOL

2. CHKDSK: Check DiskThis command gives the complete information about the current disk that is in use.Req. File: Chkdsk.ExeSyntax:C:\> CHKDSK Ex:C:\> CHKDSK

3. MEM: MemoryThis command gives complete information about the

conventional memory of the current system.Req.file: Mem.ExeSyntax:

C:\> MEM Ex:C:\> Mem

4. TREE:This command is used for listing or displaying the complete directory structure in branching format.Req.File: Tree.ComSyntax:C:\> TREE [/F] Where /F => Files too

Ex: C:\> TreeC:\> Tree/F

5. SORT:This command is used for sorting i.e. arranging the given text either in ascending (alphabetical) order or

reverse (descending) order. By default it sorts in ascending order.

Req.file: Sort.ExeSyntax:C:\> SORT [/R] [ < Filename ] [ > Newfilename] Where /R => Reverse Order (Descending Order)

< => Input Redirector> => Output Redirector

Ex: 1. C:\> Sort

LillyRoseJasmineLotusMogra

DathuraHybiscusLavenderMarie GoldSunflower

14


15/96

(Press F6 / Ctrl+Z)

=> DathuraHybiscusJasmineLavenderLilly

LotusMarie GoldMograRoseSunflower

6. MORE:This command is used for listing or displaying the output of the given dos command in page by page format.

Req. File: More.ExeSyntax:

| More WhereDos Command => Any Internal/External command| => Pipe Symbol (Shift+\)Ex:1. C:\> Type Names | More2. C:\> Sort < Names | More3. C:\> Dir | More

4. C:\> Tree | More

7. EDIT: EditorIt is used to edit a file, it is possible to modify the file contents using EDIT command. At the same time it also

allows to create a new file.Syntax:

EDIT [] Ex:

C:\> EDITC:\> Edit Names

8. ATTRIB: Attributes

This command is used for giving attributes to the existing file / files, such as hiding or read only.

Req. File: Attrib.ExeSyntax:ATTRIB [+R/-R] [+H/-H] Where+R => Read only files-R => Write & Read Files+H => Hides the files-H => Unhides the filesEx:1.C:\> Edit NamesC:\> ATTRIB +R NamesC:\> Edit Names2. C:\> Attrib -R Names

C:\> Edit Names

3. C:\> Dir......Names ........

C:\> Attrib +H Namesc:\> Dir

4. C:\> Attrib -H NamesC:\> Dir

9. FIND:This command is used for finding or searching for the required word within the required file.Req. File: Find.Exe

Syntax:

15


16/96

FIND [/I] [/C] [/N] [/V] "String"

Where/I => Ignores Capital and small alphabets/C => Gives count of the word/N => Gives line numbers also/V => Displays all other lines not containing

the given wordString => word to search

Ex:1. C:\> Find "Computer" Sample22. C:\> Find/I "Computer" Sample23. C:\> Find/C "COMPUTER" Sample24. C:\> Find/I/C "Computer" Sample25. C:\> Find/N/I "Computer" Sample26. C:\> Find/V "COMPUTER" Sample2

10. FC: File ComparisionThis command is used for comparing the two given file contentsReq.file: FC.EXESyntax:

FC

Ex:C:\> FC Sample Sample2

11. MOVE:This command is used for moving the required file/s from one drive to another drive or from one path into

another path.

Req.file: Move.ExeSyntax:

MOVE [] Ex:1.C:\> Move Sample2 D:C:\> D:

D:\> DirD:\> C:

2. C:\> move Computer C:\StudentsC:\> Cd StudentsC:\Students> Dir

12. DOSKEY:This command when given installs doskey, which creates a temporary history file and stores all the

commands given at the dos prompt with line numbers, which can be recalled by pressing up / down arrow or bypressing F9 followed by line number. Press F7 to list history file commands.

Req. File: Doskey.ExeSyntax:

DOSKEY Ex:

C:\> Doskey=> Doskey Installed

13. DISKCOMP: Disk Comparision (Don't Practise)This command is used for comparing the status of two disks,

in terms of memory and filesReq.file: DISKCOMP.EXESyntax:DISKCOMP Ex:C:\> Diskcomp A: B:

WILD CARDS:MS-DOS provides two special characters referred as Wild cards, which are used for representing collection

of file

16


17/96

names with a single pattern known as Wild card pattern.

1. ? (Question Mark) :=> Represents any single character or a blank space

2. * (Asterisk) :=> Represents Eight or less characters in primary name and three or less characters in an extension

Wild cards pattern is used with the following commands:DIR, COPY, DEL, ERASE, ATTRIB, MOVE, XCOPY

Ex: DIRDIR S??????

-> Rep. all the files whose name starts with 's' and consists of 7 or less characters

DIR S*-> Rep all the files whose names starts with 's'

DIR ?A*-> Rep all those files whose name has 'A' as second letter

DIR *.EXE

-> Rep all those files having .EXE extension

C:\> Copy S* D:=> Copies all the files whose names starts with 'S' from C: drive into D: drive

C:\> Attrib +h S*=> Hides all those files whose names starts with 'S'

C:\> Attrib +h *.*=> Hides all the files

14. XCOPY:This command is used for copying set of files from the source path into the target path.

Req.file: Xcopy.ExeSyntax:

XCOPY [] Ex:

C:\> Xcopy S*.* D:C:\> Xcopy C:\Students\Raju\*.* C:\Staff\Kamal

15. DELTREE: (Be careful)This command is used for deleting or removing

the complete directory structure of the given name.Req.file: Deltree.ExeSyntax:

DELTREE

Ex:C:\>Deltree Students

16. DISKCOPY: (Don't Practise)This command is used for copying the complete contents from the source disk

into the target disk i.e. creates a duplicate disk.Req.file: Diskcopy.ExeSyntax:

DISKCOPY Ex:

C:\> Diskcopy A: B:

19) What is Batch programming? Give examples.

BATCH FILES :

17


18/96

It is a file that is used for storing collection of DOS Commands, may be internal or external commands

including batch file commands in a sequential order. A batch is used to execute a group of commandsautomatically at a time.The batch files are created with copy con and edit commands with ".BAT" extension.

Batch programs speed up our work. When we run a batch program we have to remember one commandinstead of several commands. Batch programs customize MS-DOS. Using batch programs we can create apersonalized commands that perform the exact task we need. We can also design our own prompts andmessages.

Features:1. Repeated tasks can be simplified2. Easy for the users3. Used for DOS Programming4. Saves time5. Also used for setting the system's configuration, etc.

To create a batch file, use COPY CON or EDIT command.Syntax:

COPY CON ............

(Press F6/Ctrl+Z)Ex:

C:\> Copy Con File1.BatCLSDATETIMEVERDIRCHKDSKPROMPT SATYAM$G(Press F6)=> To execute the batch file, use only the batch file primary name at the prompt.

Syntax:

Ex:

C:\> File1

=> ECHO ON/OFF:It is a batch file command used for activating or

suppressing the prompt display while executing the batch file commands.By default it is in ON mode.EX:

C:\> Copy Con File2.BatECHO OFFLABELVOL

PROMPT VIKAS$GDATEDIR/P(Press F6)C:\> File2

Batch Commands:PAUSE CALL ECHO GOTO IF IF EXIST REM CHOICE

sample programs

COPY CON TEST2.BATDEL ABC

^ZIf it is not available it displays "FILE NOT FOUND"We can also use parametes in batch files.COPY CON TEST2.BAT

18


19/96

DEL %1^Zexecution: test2 aaa.txt -> it is the parameter2) copy con mycopy.batcopy %1 %2^z3) COPY CON TEST5.BAT

@ECHO OFF

ECHO THIS IS AGOTO 100ECHO AT HYDERABAD:100ECHO DEGREE COLLEGE

^Z

4) COPY CON TEST5.BAT@ECHO OFF

CLSIF %1==%2 GOTO 100GOTO 50:100ECHO THE GIVEN TWO NUMBERS AREEQUAL

GOTO END:50ECHO THE GIVEN TWO NUMBERS ARE

NOTEQUAL:ENDECHO PROGRAM IS OVER

^Z20) What is operating system? Compare DOS, and Windows.

Operating system: Operating system is system software that acts like an interface between user and thesystem.DOS:

DOS is a single user operating system. DOS supports single processor.

DOS is a single tasking operating system. In DOS we can load only a single application into memory at atime. To work with second program, we have to close the first.

DOS uses Command User Interfacing method. DOS was designed for 8 bit and 16 bit CPUS. It can not take advantage of the 32 bit architecture of

advanced chips.

Hardware is difficult to install and configure under DOS.

It does not support advanced features like networking.

Here, the interactions of keyboard is more.Windows:

Windows is multi-user operating system. Windows supports multiple processors.

Windows is multi-tasking operating system. In windows we can load multiple applications at a timewithout closing the other. Windows supports 32 bit architecture. Windows use Graphic User Interfacing method. Windows supports plug and play capabilities for new hardware.

It supports many advanced features.

Here, the interactions of mouse is more.

21) Write about Microsoft windows operating systems?(Or)

Write about features of windows 95, windows 98, windows 2000 operating systems?

Microsoft Windows is an operating system and it supports graphical user interface. Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows in 1985 as an extension to MS-

DOS. With the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs), Microsoft Windows dominated the

personal computer market. The most recent client version of Windows is Windows Vista; the most recent server version is

Windows Server 2008. In earlier days, Windows 3.0 (1990) and Windows 3.1 (1992) improved the design, mostly because

of virtual memory, GUI and multi tasking capabilities.

19


20/96

Features of Windows 95 Operating System:

User Interface: The basic elements of the interface introduced in Windows 95 are the taskbar,start button and menu and the Windows Explorer file manager.

Plug and Play: Allows hardware devices to be automatically installed into the computer with theproper software.

32 Bit: 32-Bit operating system allowing the computer to run faster and more efficiently.

Memory: Windows 95 has an improved memory handling processes compared to Windows 3.11

Right mouse click: Allows you new access and text manipulation by utilizing both buttons insteadof one.

CD-Player: Enhanced CD-Player.

Long file names: Windows 95 included support for 255 character mixed case long filenames.

Multi tasking: Windows 95 uses multi tasking and runs each 32 bit application in a separateaddress space.


Improved Setup: While upgrading from Windows95 to Windows 98, there is no need for full

hardware detection. It uses information from pre-installed Applets and utilities, hence, many of thepreferences do not have to be made manually.

Faster Program Invocation: In the Defrag Applet, the programs, which are most commonly used,are stored close together, towards the beginning of the disk. This reduces the burden on the HardDrive. With this, a program can be accessed fast.

Quick Boot up: Many of the newest include a feature called On-Now. When the PC is turned off,On-Now saves everything. When the computer is started again, it takes few seconds to displaydesktop.

Quicker Shutdown: Many of us lack the patience to wait through those long minutes of Shutdown. Windows98eliminates that, by shutting down the computer in seconds.

Improved Dial up Networking: Combining several phone-lines with separate modems at a time ispossible with Windows 98.

Protection: Windows 98 includes additional protection for important files on your computer such asbacking up your registry automatically.

Improved support: Improved support for new devices such as DVD, USB etc.

FAT32: Windows 98 has the capability of converting your drive to FAT32 without losing anyinformation.

Interface: Users of Windows 95 and NT will enjoy the same easy interface.

Internet explorer 4.0: Included Internet Explorer 4.0

Customizable Taskbar: Windows add many nice new features to the taskbar that 95 and NT donot have.

Active Desktop: Includes Active Desktop that allows for users to customize their desktop with thelook of the Internet.

Software: Updated versions of Internet Explorer, Outlook Express, Windows Media Player aresupported.

Drivers / Support: Additional support for latest technology such as USB, Inter Pentium III andmore.


Windows 2000 has basically four versionsProfessional An Operating System for business desktop and laptop systems.Server - An Operating System for both a Web server and an Office Server.Advanced Server - An Operating System for line of business applications and e-commerce.Data center Server - An Operating System developed to work in high traffic computer networks.

Improved setup and installation:Although plug and play has existed for a few years, the protocolhas improved. Windows 2000 also includes new windows installer to make software installationeasier.

20


21/96

Improved internet features: New features make it easier to blend (combine) work stations,servers, intranets, and internet into one unit.

Improved Networking: The networking features of windows 2000 make it easier for administratorsto set up and run a network, allowing less experienced users to run office networks.

Improved Disk Management: Windows 2000 includes a more flexible method of dividing andaccessing hard drive space. It also support drive maintenance programs like Disk Defragmenterthat are missing in windows NT.

22) Explain Windows operating systems?

There are several windows operating systems. Some of the operating systems are discussed below.

Windows 3.0,3.1: Windows 3.0,3.1 are among the first operating systems that provided GUIenvironment. They also brought multi tasking capabilities.

Windows NT: Windows NT offered 32-bit architecture and excellent networking capabilities. It wasinitially designed to replace DOS. There are two versions in Windows NT: Windows NT workstation and

Windows NT Server. Windows NT workstation is used as a stand alone system and Windows NT serveris used in networks.

Windows 95: Windows 95 simplified interface and supported many advanced features. It alsoallows multitasking. It is the Microsofts first true GUI based operating system. It can run under DOS andWindows 3.x programs.

Windows 98: Windows 98 included advanced internet capabilities, and improved user interface andenhanced file system performance.

Windows 2000: Windows 2000 includes the same interface and features of windows 98 and withthe file system, networking, power and stability of Windows NT. There are several versions of Windows2000.

Windows-Me: With windows-Me, we can use Microsoft Windows Movie Maker to capture audio andvideo sequences from sources such as digital cameras. With Windows Plug and Play, we can plug newequipment into our computer and have it work instantly, without restarting!. With the new Hibernatefeature, we can shut down the computer safely, even while unsaved files are open.

22) Explain the procedure for using Windows Explorer for maintaining files and folders

Explorer is a navigator of files, folders and drives. It is very easy to maintain files and foldersusing windows explorer. Explorer window has components like menu bar, toolbar, location, folder-view and filedetails view. Folder-view displays all drives, and folders in a tree manner.

When you click on these folders they either expand or collapse depending upon their currentstatus. When the icon of the branch is + (plus), clicking on that icon expands it i.e. it displays allsubfolders of the directory. Immediately the icon changes to - (minus). When the icon of the branch is - (minus), clicking on that icon collapses it. Immediately theicon changes to + (plus). Explorer allows drag and drop methods for cut and paste of folder and files.

Clicking on every directory changes the contents of file-details view. File-details window displays four types of views: small icon view, large icon view, list view, and detail

view. When you right-click the mouse in the folders-window, a pop-up menu appears on the screen, which has

options like cut, copy, paste, open, delete, rename, create short cut, and send to. Clicking on eachperforms actions accordingly.

When you right-click the mouse in the file-window, a pop-up menu appears on the screen, which hasoptions such as refresh, arrange icons, new, and properties.

New option allows you to create folders and files. Selecting a file or folder and typing a new name can easily change the name of the file or folder.

21


22/96

23) Explain desktop and task bar

Desktop:

It is the initial screen of windows operating system. Desktop is a graphical representation on the screen in which all files, utilities, and programsare at the fingertips of the user All the programs or files appear in the form of icons, a small image representing the file. Desktop allows copying, arranging, deleting and creating new files or programs. It has some specific components like my documents, my computer, recycle bin, and otherprograms that act like short cuts to open those. Desktop allows drag and drop methods for cut and paste. You can easily create new short cuts, or folders by selecting new option from the pop-upmenu that appears when you right-click on the desktop area. Desktop has some properties like appearance, screen saver, background, web, effects andsettings.

The background of the desktop area can be plain, or it can take an image, or even a webpage. Screen saver is some animated program that gets executed when computer does notreceive any data for several minutes. Similarly, effects, appearance and settings manipulate the view of the desktop. Desktop also allows you to create short cuts.

Taskbar:

Taskbar is a Windows screen element, displayed on the desktop, which includes the start button andlists the programs that are currently running on the computer.

It displays all the currently running programs in the form of minimized icons. To move to program files, or seek help, or find files, there is a pop-up menu that appears when you click

on the start button. Task bar is movable, resizable and can be made hidden. Task bar on its corner displays time, and has icons which generally show the status of programs.

24) Explain the options of start button.

Start button appears on the task bar, which is displayed first after booting.Clicking on start button displays the following menu options.

Programs: Programs display the list of all kinds of programs that can be run by clicking on them. Someoptions display cascade menus, a collection of sub programs.

Favorites: It displays list of favorite web sites and channels. Clicking the options open those web pages onthe Internet.

Documents: It displays the list of recently used files. Next time the user wants to work with those files, hecan directly open them from documents.

22


23/96

Settings: It displays a list of settings related to control panel, task bar, desktop, and printers. Clicking oneach allows you to change the current settings related to them.

Find: Find displays a dialog window to search files or folders based on the key words you supply. It alsoallows you to find web pages on the Internet.

Help: It displays a dialog window that allows you search for some content by navigating or providing key

words in the index location

Run: It allows you to open the executable files directly by typing the file names. For example, to open paint-brush type pbrush.

Logoff: To logoff from the network this option can be used

Shutdown: Shut down allows you to shutdown the computer, or reset the computer, or switch over to DOSmode and to be in stand-alone mode

25) Explain the process of creating and deleting files and folders.

File: File is a collection of some information and is identified by a name.Folder: Folder is collection of files and sub folders. Folder is also called as a directory.Windows operating system allows us to create and delete files and folders in the easiest manner. File orfolder creation can be done in many ways. For creating a file/folder we use the following methods.

1. Using Editors (Files)2. Using Desktop3. Using Windows Explorer

Creating Files/Folders:

1) Using Editors:1. Open any of your favorite editors such as Notepad, WordPad or Word star.2. Enter contents in the file.3. Save the file using save option of File menu.

2) Using Editors:1. Right click the mouse on desktop area2. It opens a pop-up menu containing several options.3. Select new option and it opens a cascade menu.4. Select folder option to create a folder or text document to create a file.5. Immediately, an icon representing the folder or file appears on the desktop.6. Give a name for the folder or file.7. To open the folder simply double click on the folder and repeat the same process to havesub folders.8. If it is a file, enter contents and save the file.

3) Using Windows Explorer:To create files or folders using windows explorer, we follow the same procedure as in the case ofcreating files/folders using desktop.

Deleting Files/Folders:A folder or file can be deleted by selecting it, and pressing the del key. Or, right click on the file/folder to bedeleted and select delete option from the popup menu that appears. Click yes button when it asksconformation for deleting.

23


24/96

Moving Files/Folders:To move a file or folder we can use drag and drop options or cut, copy and paste options of the menu thatappears by right clicking.

26) Explain the process of creating short cuts.

Short cut is a direct means of accessing a file or a program that exists in any directory. Short cut is in the form of an icon and arranged on the desktop. To create a short cut the following steps must be followed.

1. Right click the mouse on the desk top area2. A pop-up menu appears displaying several options3. Select new | shortcut from the options.4. It displays a dialog window asking a program file name.5. Program name can be directly entered or we can locate it by clicking on browse button.6. Say next and enter a name for the short cut7. You can also select an icon for the short cut you are trying to create.8. Say finish and an icon that acts like short cut appears on the desktop.

27) Explain the process of using recycle bin

Recycle bin is a very useful tool to keep track of the deleted files.

When you delete a file, the file moves into recycle bin. To delete a file permanently, you need to delete it from the recycle bin. To activate recycle bin, click on recycle-bin icon on the desktop. It displays the list of currently deleted files, folders and programs. Clicking on each display the name of the file, location of the file and the date when it has been deleted. It provides one option restore to restore the deleted files. i.e. the files would move to the original

locations. When you delete a file from the recycle bin the file gets deleted permanently. It allows drag and drop methods for cut and paste Files can be cut, or copy and pasted into other locations.

28) Explain Interfacing control elements in windows.

Today, most of the operating systems use Graphic user interfacing technique to have interaction from theusers. Interfacing control elements include icons, text boxes, dialog-boxes, menus, buttons and windowcontrol buttons.

Desktop: Desktop is the graphical representation of initial screen of the operating system in which allfiles, utilities, and programs are at the fingertips of the user in the form of icons. User can open oractivate a file or a program just by clicking on the icon. User can use drag and drop options to copy ormove the folders or files on the desktop

Icons: Icons are basically small images that represent parts of the computer you work with. It may referto printers, fonts, folders, programs and disk drives. To select a particular icon you just have to click onthe icon.

Task bar: when you start windows 95,98 operating system a button appears at the bottom of the screen.The purpose of the task bar is to hold the currently running programs. It provides direct and quick way ofrunning a program. Task bar includes Start button and time display.

Start button: Start button is the permanent feature on the task bar. When you click on the start button itdisplays a pop-up menu that has menu items, which allow you to start a program, find information, seekhelp and shut down your computer.

Window control Buttons: Every window has three control buttons at its top-right corner. It includesminimize button, maximize button, and close button.

Menu: Menu is list of commands. They are also called as drop-down menus. Several menus make amenu bar. For example, file menu in windows contains command for opening, saving, and printing files.

Dialog boxes: Dialog boxes are special purpose windows that appear to convey messages to the user.Those messages are generally details of steps to be taken next or list of options to be selected or

reminders. Most of the dialog boxes do not allow you to work with other windows when they are active.

29) What is Control Panel?

24


25/96

Control Panel is a tool that allows you to customize Windows operating system. Using Control Panel, Thesettings of the computer can be changed very easily as if they are at your fingertips. This allows you tochange options such as appearance, add/remove new hard ware, mouse-options, keyboard-options and etc.It also includes password settings and network options. To change your computer's settings, we follow theprocedure given below.

1. Click Start, and then click to Settings.2. Click Control Panel.Double-click the icon that represents the settings you want to change

30) Compare Windows 98 and Windows 2000.

Windows 98 Windows 2000

It uses FAT 16 but can beconverted to FAT 32 file system.FAT (File Allocation Table) isused to compress the memorywhile storing files.

It uses FAT or NTFS.NTFS stands for New Technology FileSystem that includes automaticbackups for master file table andsecurity controls of file system

Searching option works for onlyfiles and folders

Searching has much advanced optionssuch as containing text and etc.

User can bypass the passworddialog window when machine isswitched on

User cannot bypass the passworddialog window

Shut down dialog window withradio buttons Shut down dialog window with dropdown listRight clicking means quickaccess to few options oroperations

Right clicking allows virtually anything

Limited Networking Capabilities Extended Networking Capabilities

31) Explain the functionality of any browser you are familiar with.

Browser is a program that enables the user to view web pages, navigate web pages and move from onesite to another.

It acts like a container that holds almost any type of object or content in it.

They are of types: text browsers and graphic browsers Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator are few examples of Browsers.

Functionality of Internet explorer:

Internet explorer is a product of Microsoft It is a browser used to display web pages. It keeps track of previously visited web sites and favorite web sits. It provides buttons such as forward and backward to move to sites visited. It displays images and few components. It also plays animation and sound files. It provides facilities to view and copy source code of a file. It provides facilities to upload or download files.

We can access any web site by typing the address of it in the location bar of Internet explorer. It displays the progress of the loading of the web pages when in online.

25


26/96

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Languages: Language is a full fledged software which allows to do anything. By the languages we can buildour

own applications. The languages are two types. High level languages and Low level languagesHigh level language: It is a language by which the user can interact with the system. It is just like the English

language. It is understandable by the user.Low level language: It is a language which is directly understood by the machine where the data and

instructions are in binary form i.e. 0 and 1. It is also called as binary language and machine level language.

Packages(application): It is a software which is used for performing a single task. In this there is nopossibility to do different types of jobs. It is used to perform specific tasks only.

Compiler: It is system software that translates the source code (high level) to object code (low level). Ittranslates the entire program at once.

Interpreter: It is system software that translates the source code (high level) to object code (low level). Ittranslates the program line by line. Programs produced by compilers run much faster than the sameprograms executed by an interpreter.

Linker: It is also called link editor and binder. A linker is a program that combines object modules to form an

executable program.

Debugger: A special program used to find errors(bugs) in other programs. A debugger allows a programmerto stop a program at any point and examine and change the values of variables.

Device Driver: It is a system software that allows to communicate the devices to the computer. Many driverssuch as the keyboard driver, come with the operating system. For other devices, we need to load a newdriver when we connect the device to the computer.

File: A collection of data or information that has a name, called the filename. There are many different typesof files: data files, text files, program files, directory files and so on.

Folder: A folder is an object that can contain multiple documents or files. Folders are used to organize

information. In the DOS and UNIX folders are called directories.

File name: File name consists two parts. Primary name and Extension. Primary name should be upto 8characters and Extension should be upto 3 characters. The primary name and Extension should beseparated by the dot operator.

Processor: The procedure that transforms raw data into useful information is processing. To perform thisprocessing, computer uses processors. Usually computer processor has one or moremicroprocessors(chips). The processor is like brain of the computer in the way that it organizes and carriesout the instructions.

Registers: Registers are high speed memory locations that are built in ALU. Regesters are used to hold thedata and instructions that are being processed.

EBCDIC CODE: EBCDIC stands for Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchanging Code. It allowedmaximum of 256 symbols and consists of 8 bits.

ASCII CODE:ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. It represents symbolswith bits. In ASCII 0 to 31 are control characters, 32 to 64 are special characters and numbers. 65 to 127 areletters. ASCII is a 7 bit code.

UNICODE: UNICODE is the new standard for representing data. It represents 65536 different with bits. Itprovides 2 bytes (16 bits) to represent symbols. It represents characters of different languages like Chinese,Japanese.Data bus: Data bus is an electronic path composed of parallel wires that connect CPU, memory and otherhardware. Data bus carries the data from one unit to another unit.

Task bar:A windows screen element, displayed on the desktop, which includes the start button and lists theprograms that are currently running on the computer.

26


27/96

Multitasking: Ability to perform many tasks at a time is multi tasking. Windows operating system is a multitasking operating system. It also follows time sharing mechanism.

Control panel: Control panel is a tool that allows to customize windows operating system. The settings ofthe computer can be changed very easily using control panel.

Dialog box: Dialog boxes are special purpose windows that appear to convey messages to the user. Someof the dialog boxes are model dialog boxes and some are modeless.

Screen saver: Screen saver is some animated program that gets executed when computer does notreceive any data for several minutes. This is very useful for avoiding some of the problems of the computer.

Back up software: Back up software is a program that enables the user to copy large group of files fromhard disks to any other storage medium. The most common back up mediums are floppies, CDs and harddisks.

UNIT II [MS-WORD and MS-POWERPOINT]

1 What are the tools of MS-Office.

MS-Office and its Tools

MS-office is a office automation tool which performs the office tasks like creating documents. Ms-office is anapplication software. MS-Office has mainly four tools

1) MS-Word

2) MS-Excel

3) MS-Access

4) MS-Power point

1) MS-Word: MS Word is word processing software that is used to design documents. It allows creating thetext, editing, deleting n etc. ms-word contains many advanced features like macros and mail merge.

2) MS-Excel: MS-Excel is spreadsheet software. In this ms excel we can perform calculating. It is a softwaretool for entering, calculating, manipulating and analyzing sets of numbers. Each spread sheet contains rowsand columns. The rows identified with numbers (1 2 3 . .) and columns identified with characters (a, b, c ..). Acell in the spread sheet is an intersection of a row and a column. Every cell has a unique reference in termsof rows and columns such as A1, B2. The cells can hold text, numbers, date and formulas. Every cell can beformatted according to the requirements of users.

3) MS-Access: MS Access allows the user to create DBMS. DBMS stands for data base management system.Database is a collection of data in an organized form. DBMS is set of user interfacing programs to store,access and manipulate the data of a database. In MS Access, we can store the data and we can access the

data.

4) MS-Power point: MS Power point is presentation software. We can design the presentation in the form ofslides. We can also apply the animation.

2 Write the parts of MS-Word application window.

Tto open MS-Word click on Start button and select Programs - Ms-office - Microsoft word 2003

When you open the MS-Word it has number of different parts.

27


28/96

a) Title barb) Menu bar

c) Tool bar

d) The rulere) Status bar

f) Scroll bar

g) Window area

Control menu box: A small box displayed a the top left corner of the window.

Title bar:

The Title bar is used to display the name of the program as Microsoft word. It is also display the name of thedocument, which is currently opened. If you are creating new document , then it will be document1. You can move

the window any where on the screen using the mouse . here click the left mouse button once and holding the mouse,you can drag it any where.Title bar contains three control buttons. minimize, maximize and close buttons.

Minimize:This button is used to minimize the window.

Maximize :This button is used to maximize the window size. Means we can increase and decrease the window size.

Close:This button is used to close the window.

Menu bar:

The next bar of the window contains menu bar. The menu bar contains number of menus. Such as file, edit, view,insert, format, tools, table, window, help. Every menu one character contains underline. Using the keyboard we canalso open the menus by pressing alt+. For example to open a file menu we can use alt+E. hereeach menu contains some options.

Tool bar: A set of icons to perform different tasls and displayed as a set is called a tool bar. Standard tool bar and formattingtool bars are displayed at the top of the scree below the menu bar. Drawing tool bar is displayed at the bottom of the screen.

Ruler line: It displays the margins, indents, tab positions on a numbers scale. Horizontal ruler line will be on the top andvertical ruler line is to the left of the screen.

Status bar: The status bar is displayed at the bottom of MS-Word window. It displays the information about the activedocument such as page number, section number, number of pages, insertion point position etc.

28


29/96

3 Explain about templates in MS-Word.

Pre-defined format of document is a template. Templates are readymade and read only documents withstyles and some designing elements. A template contains the format of the document, which can be filled inblank places to create good documents. It is also possible to create user defined templates.Templates are of three types:

ContemporaryElegantProfessionalEach template has documents such asFaxMemoLetterReportResume etc.Templates can be used in our documents in two different ways1. Selecting new option from File menu and selecting memo and letter tabs of the dialog windows.2. Choosing templates from style gallery of Format menu.User defined templates can be created by selecting create new template option of the New file dialog

window.After adding templates to your documents, the styles and headings or other elements can be used to overwrite the styles of the text in the document.

4 Explain the process of formatting text in MS-Word.

The text formatting feature includes font, font size, bold, italic, underline, text color, text background andtext border.To format the text, first we have to select the text and click on the appropriate icon in the formatting toolbar.To color a portion of text or highlight a portion of text first select the text and click on the arrow markpointing downwards, in formatting tool bar and click on the desired colour.

Text border is used to put a border to the selected portion of the text.Fonts r