B.Sc. Radiography Syllabus 2016-17 KLE University, BELGAUM

B.Sc. Radiography

Syllabus

2016-17

KLE University,

BELGAUM.

1

PREAMBLE

The B.Sc. Radiography in Radio-diagnosis Course is 3 ½ years aimed at training students

in the technological aspects of radiography with a good scientific foundation. These students will

be in a position to competently assist the Radiologist, especially in high tech medical procedure.

They will be in much demand both within the country and outside as radiography skilled

technical personnel. With advanced training in the latest technologies in Radiography specialty,

these graduates will play an important role in determining the quality of health care provided.

OBJECTIVE

The objective is to impart the basic knowledge of Physics, General Physics, Medical

Physics & Radiographic Technique including the latest technical skills and its application in the

health care delivery system.

I. NAME OF THE COURSE

The course shall be called as Bachelor of Science in Radiography (Radio-Diagnosis).

II. DURATION

The duration of the course shall be three and half years (Internship period shall be six

months at the end of the course).

III. ELIGIBILITY

Candidates for admission to the Bachelor of Science – Radiography (Radio-Diagnosis)

shall have passed.

Pre-university examination conducted by any recognized state Board with English,

Physics,Chemistry and Biology as optional subjects.

OR

Pre-university course from a recognized Board with vocational course in Radiography /

Radiology as vocational subject / paramedical course recognized by Paramedical Board.

OR

Any equivalent examination approved by the KLE University, Belgaum, for the above

purpose with Physics, Chemistry & Biology as principal subjects of study.

2

IV. COURSE OF STUDY:

(A) Subjects:

First year:

Anatomy

Physiology

Microbiology

Biochemistry

Pathology

English

Second year:

Radiation Physics & Medical Physics

Radiographic Technique-I

Radiographic Photography

Physics of Radiology

Third year:

Radio-diagnosis

1. Imaging Technique

2. Radiographic Techniques- II

3

COURSE CONTENT

I YEAR B.SC. RADIOGRAPHY

ANATOMY

THEORY: 50 Hrs. PRACTICALS: 25 Hrs.

I. The human body as a whole

Definitions, Subdivisions of Anatomy, Terms of location and position, Fundamental planes,

Vertebrate structure of man, organization of the Body Cells and Tissues.

II. Locomotion and support.

The Skeletal system: Types of bones, structures and growth of bones, Divisions of the skeleton,

Appendicular skeleton, Axial skeleton, name of all the bones and their parts, joint- classification,

types of movements with examples.

Practical: Demonstration of all bones – showing parts, joints, X-rays of all normal bones and

joints.

III: Anatomy of the nervous system.

Central nervous system: Spinal Cord Anatomy, functions, reflex- arc, Meninges.

The Brain- Hind Brain, Midbrain, Forebrain. Brief structure, location, functions, and Peripheral

nervous system. Injuries to spinal cord and brain.

IV: Anatomy of circulatory system:

Heart : size, location, coverings, chambers, Blood supply, Nerve supply, the blood vessels,

General plan of circulation, pulmonary circulation , Names of arteries and veins and their

positions, lymphatic system , general plan.

Practical: Demonstration of heart and normal angiograms.

V: Anatomy of the respiratory system:

Organs of Respiratory System,

Conducting portion, Nose: nasal cavity, Para nasal air sinuses,

Larynx, trachea, bronchial tree.

Respiratory portion:

Pleurae and lungs, Brief knowledge of parts and position.

4

Practical: Demonstration of different parts of respiratory system and normal X-rays.

VI. Anatomy of the digestive system:

Components of Digestive system, Alimentary tube, Anatomy of organs of digestive tube, mouth,

tongue, tooth, salivary glands, liver, Biliary apparatus, pancreas, Names and positions and brief

functions.

Practical: Demonstrations of the parts of digestive system and normal X-rays.

VII. Anatomy of excretory system and reproductive system.

Kidneys: location, gross structure, excretory ducts, ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra.

Male Reproductive System: Testis, Duct system.

Female Reproductive System: Ovaries, Duct system, Accessory organs.

Practical: Demonstration of different parts.

VIII. Anatomy of the endocrine system.

Name of all endocrine glands their positions, Hormones and their functions- Pituitary, Thyroid

parathyroid, Adrenal glands, Gonads & Islets of pancreas.

Histology:

IX. General slides.

1. Hyaline Cartilage.

2. Fibro Cartilage.

3. Elastic Cartilage.

4. T.S. & L.S. of Bone

5. Blood Vessels.

6. Tonsil

7. Spleen

8. Thymus

9. Lymph node

10. Epithelial Tissue

11. Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle

12. Peripheral nerve and optic nerve.

X. Systemic slides:

1. G.I.T – all

2. R.S. – Lung, Trachea

3. Kidney

5

4. Endocrine glands – Adrenal, Pancreas, Pituitary, Thyroid and Parathyroid

5. Uterus, Ovary, Testis.

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION

ANATOMY

A) Theory : 80 Marks

Duration: 3 hours

Distribution of topics and marks:

I. Long essays

Topics No. of

Questions

Questions to be

answered

Question X marks Total

Marks

Circulatory system

Respiratory system,

Excretory system &

Reproductive system.

2

2 2 x 10 20

Marks Digestive system,

Endocrine system, &

Nervous system.

1

II. Short essays

Topics No. of

Questions

Questions to be

answered


Marks

Circulatory system

Respiratory system,

Excretory system &


4

6 6 x 5 30

Marks Digestive system,

Endocrine system,

Nervous system.,

Bones & joints,

Histology.

4

III. Short answers

Topics No. of

Questions

Questions to be

answered


Marks

Circulatory system

Respiratory system,

Excretory system 3&


5 10 10 x 3 30

Marks

6

Digestive system,

Endocrine system,

Nervous system.,

Bones & joints,

Histology.

5

B) Internal Assessment Theory: 20 Marks

Grand Total 100 Marks

C) Practical : 65 Marks

Histology spotters of 10 slides : 10 x 2 = 20 marks

Gross anatomy spotters of 10 specimens : 10 x 2 = 20 marks

Gross anatomy 5 specimens discussion : 05 x 5 = 25 marks

Total : 65 marks

D) Internal Assessment Practical : 20 Marks.

E) Viva : 15 Marks.

Grand Total : 100 Marks

Recommended Text Books (Latest Edition)

Name of the Books & Title Author Publisher’s

Name, Place of

Publication

1. Human Anatomy

Regional and Applied.

Vol. 1, Vol.2 & Vol.3

B.D.Chaurasia C.B.S.Publishers,

New Delhi

2. Hand Book of General

Anatomy

B.D.Chaurasia C.B.S.Publishers,

New Delhi

3. Text Book of

Human Histology

Inderbir Singh Jaypee Brothers,

Medical

Publishers, Delhi

4. Clinically Oriented

Anatomy

Keith L. Moore Williams and

Wilkins,

Baltimore

7

5. Gray’s Anatomy Susan Standring Elsevier

Churchill

Livingstone,

Edinburg

PHYSIOLOGY

Theory: 50 Hrs Practical: 25 Hrs

Blood: Composition, properties and functions of Blood.

Haemopoiesis

Haemogram (RBC, WBC, Platelet count, Hb Concentrations)

Blood Groups - ABO and RH grouping

Coagulations & Anticoagulants

Anaemias: Causes, effects & treatment.

Body Fluid: Compartments, Composition.

Immunity – Lymphoid tissue

Cardio vascular system

Functions of Cardiovascular System

Structures of CVS & Functions.

Functional Anatomy of Heart & their functions, Cardiac cycle.

junctional tissues of heart & their functions.

Cardiac output

E C G

Blood pressure

Heart Rate.

Digestive system

Functions of Digestive system.

Functional Anatomy of Digestive System

Composition and functions of all Digestive juices.

Movements of Digestive System (Intestine).

Digestion & Absorption of Carbohydrate, Proteins & Fats.

Respiratory System

Functions of Respiratory system

Functional ( Physiological ) Anatomy of Respiratory System.

Mechanism of respiration.

Lung Volumes & capacities.

8

Transport of Respiratory Gases.

Nervous system

Functions of Nervous system.

Neuron – Conduction of Impulses, factors affecting.

Synapse- transmission.

Receptors

Reflexes

Ascending tracts

Desending tracts.

Functions of various parts of the Brain.

Cerebro Spinal Fluid ( CSF ): Composition , functions & Circulation.

Lumbar Puncture.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Functions.

Special senses

Vision. Structure of Eye, functions of different parts.

Refractive errors of Eye and correction.

Visual Pathway.

Colour vision & tests for colour Blindness.

Hearing: Structure and function of ear.

mechanism of Hearing.

Tests for Hearing ( Deafness )

Muscle nerve physiology

Types of Muscle.

Structure of skeletal Muscle, sarcomere.

Neuromuscular junction & Transmission.

Excitation & contraction coupling( Mechanism of contraction )

SKIN

Structure and function.

Body temperature.

Fever.

Regulation of Temperature

Excretory System

Excretory organs

Kidneys: Functions.

Nephron,

Juxta Glomerular Apparatus

9

Renal circulation.

Mechanism of Urine formation

Mechanism of Urine Formation.

Micturition., Cystomatrogram.

Diuretics.

Artificial Kidney.

Reproductive systems

Structure & Functions of Reproductive system.

Male Reproductive System: spermatogenesis,Testosterone.

Female reproductive system: Ovulation, Menstrual cycle.

Ogenesis, Tests for Ovulation

Oestrogen & Progesterone

Pregnancy test

Parturition.

Contraceptives.

Lactation : Composition of Milk

Advantages of breast Feeding.

PRACTICALS 25 hours

Study of Microscope and its use

Collection of Blood and study of Haemocytometer

Haemoglobinometry

Determination of Specific gravity of Blood

White Blood Cell count

Red Blood Cell count

Determination of Blood Groups

Leishman’s staining and Differential WBC Count

Determination of Packed cell volume

Calculation of Blood indices

Fragility Test for R.B.C.

Determination of Bleeding Time.

Determination of Clotting Time.

Blood Pressure Recording

Auscultation for Heart Sounds

Artificial Respiration

10

Determination of vital capacity

11


PHYSIOLOGY

Theory 40 Marks Practical 30 Marks

Internal Assessment 10 Marks Internal Assessment 10 Marks

Viva-voce 10 Marks

Total 50 Marks Total 50 Marks

Theory Duration: 90 minutes

DISTRIBUTION OF TOPICS & TYPES OF QUESTIONS

Type of Questions Questions

to be asked

Questions

to be

answered

Type & No of

Questions

Marks

Long Essay Questions

preferably from

Blood

Gastrointestinal system

Cardiovascular system.

Respiratory system.

Endocrines.


2

1

Long Essay

1X10 Marks

10

Short Essay Questions should

be set from all the

chapters.(Except the chapter

on which a Long Essay

Question has been set)

5

3

Short Essay

3X5 Marks

15

Short Answer Questions

should be set from all the

chapters.(Except the chapter

on which a Long Essay

Question has been set)

5

5

Short Answer

5X3 Marks

15

Total 40 Marks.

12

PRACTICALS – 30 Marks.

Duration : 90 Minutes.

I ) MAJOR EXPERIMENTS 20 Marks

Any one of the Major Experiments.

1. R.B.C.Count.

2. W.B.C.Count.

3. Differential Count.

II )Minor Experiments 10 Marks.

Any one of the Minor Experiments.

1. Determination of Blood Groups.

2. Determination of Bleeding & Clotting time.

3. Haemoglobin Estimation.

4. Calculation of absolute Haematological

Indices- MCH, MCV, MCHC.

TOTAL: 30 Marks

I.A. Marks 10 Marks.

Viva-voce 10 Marks.

Grand Total: 50 Marks

Recommended Text Books (Latest Edition )

Name of the Book &

Title

Author Publisher’sName,

Place of Publication

1.Text book of

Physiology

Guyton

(Arthur C)

Prism Publishers

Bangalore.

2. Human Physiology Chatarjee(CC) Medical allied

agency

3. Concise Medical

Physiology

Choudhari

( Sujit K)

New central books

Calcutta

4. Review of medical

Physiology,

Ganong Appliton and Lange,

5.Human Physiology Vander -

6. Human Physiology Prof A K Jain Avichal Publishing

company

7. Practical physiology Prof A K Jain Arya Publications

13

BIOCHEMISTRY

Theory 50 hours

1. Introduction to Apparatus, Chemical Balance: Different types, Principles and Practice.

2. Concepts of Molecular weight, Atomic weight, Normality, Molarity, Standards, Atomic

structure, Valence, Acids, Bases, Salts, & Indicators.

3. Concepts of Acid Base reaction and hydrogen ion concentration. pH meter & pH buffer.

4. Chemistry of Carbohydrates

a. Definition, Classification and biological importance.

b. Monosaccharides, Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides & Polysaccharides:

Classification and Properties.

5. Chemistry of Lipids.

a. Definition, Classification and biological importance.

b. Simple lipids: Triacylglycerols and waxes-composition and functions.

c. Compound lipids: Phospholipids, Sphingolipids & Glycolipid: composition and

functions.

d. Derived lipids: Fatty acids ― saturated & unsaturated. Steroids and their properties.

6. Chemistry of Proteins ― Classification and examples.

a.Amino acids: Classification, properties, side chains of amino acids, charge properties.

b. Protein: Definitions, Classifications and functions.

c. Peptides: Biologically active peptides ― Examples such as GSH, Insulin― its structure.

d. Structural organization, conformation and denaturation.

7. Chemistry of Nucleic acids― DNA Structure and function, RNA Types: Structure and

function.

Practicals: 25 HOURS

1. Introduction to apparatus, Instruments and use of Chemical Balance.

2. Preparation of solutions, calculation of Molecular Weights and Equivalent Weights,

Preparation of Normal solutions, Molar solutions, percent solution and reagents,

dilution techniques.

3. Maintenance of Laboratory Glassware and apparatus.

4. Titration of simple acid-base and calculation of Normality.

5. Measurement of hydrogen ion concentration.

6. Qualitative analysis. Identification of Carbohydrates, Proteins & substances of

Biochemical importance.

7. Demonstration of colorimeter, spectrophotometer, pH meter, single pan balance.

14


Theory :

Duration : 90 minutes

I. Long Essay

Topics

No. of

Questions

Questions to be

answered


Chemistry of

Carbohydrates.

2

1

1 X 10

10 Marks

Lipids.

Proteins.

II. Short Essay

Topics

No. of

Questions

Questions to be

answered


Concepts of Acid Base

reaction

3

3

3 X 5

15 Marks

Chemistry of Nucleic

acids

2

III. Short Answer

Topics

No. of

Questions

Questions to be

answered

Question X

marks

Total

Introduction to Apparatus,

Chemical Balance: Different types,

Principles and Practice.

3

5

5 X 3

15 Marks Concepts of Molecular weight,

Atomic weight, Normality,

Molarity, Standards, Atomic

structure, Valence, Acids, Bases,

Salts, & Indicators.

2

Internal Assessment = 10 Marks

Total = 50 Marks

15

Practical Examination

I. Major Practical

Topics

No. of

Questions


Qualitative Analysis 1 1 X 20 20 Marks

II. Minor Practical

Topics

No. of

Questions

Question X

marks

Total

Titration of simple acid-

base and calculation of

Normality.

1 1X10 10 Marks.

IA Marks 10 Marks

Viva 10 Marks

Grand Total 50 Marks

RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS ( Latest Edition )

1. VARLEY, Clinical Chemistry ,William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd and Inter Science

Book. Inc. New York.

2. TEITZ, Clinical Chemistry, W.B. Saunders Company Harcourt(India) Private Limited

New Delhi-110048.

3. KAPLAN, Clinical Chemistry, The C.V.Mosby Company, St. Louis Washington, D.C.

Toronto.

4. RAMKRISHAN (S), PRASANNA (KG), RAJAN (R), Text Book of Medical

Biochemistry, Orient Langman, Bombay.

5. VASUDEVAN (DM) and SREE KUMARI (S), Test Book of Bio Chemistry for Medical

Students, Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi.

6. Biochemistry, U. Satyanarayan, Books and Allied (P) Ltd. Kolkata-700009(India)

7. DAS (Debajyothi), Biochemistry, Academic Publishers Calcutta.

16

PATHOLOGY

THEORY - 40 hours

PATHOLOGY - (HAEMATOLOGY & CLINICAL PATHOLOGY)

HAEMATOLOGY

Introduction

1. Blood collection 2. Anticoagulants used in Haematology 3. Normal values in Haematology 4. Basic Haematological Techniques

a. RBC count b. Haemoglobin estimation c. Packed cell volume d. Calculation or absolute indices a. WBC counts-Total and differential. e. Absolute eosinophil count g Platelet count h. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate I Reticulocyte count

5. Preparation of blood films 6. Stains used in Haematology 7. Morphology of red cells 8. Morphology of Leukocytes and platelets 9. Bone marrow a. Techniques of aspiration, preparation and staining of films b. Bone marrow biopsy

10. Preparation of buffy coat smears

11. Laboratory methods used in the investigation of anaemias a. B 12 and folate assay b. Schilling test c. Serum iron and iron binding capacity

12. Laboratory methods used in investigation of haemolytic anaemias a. Osmotic fragility b. Investigation of G-6 PD deficiency c. Test for sickling d. Estimation on ofHb-F, Hb-A2 e. Plasma haemoglobin and Haptoglobin, demonstration of hacmosiderin in urine. f. Haemoglobin electrophoresis g. Test for auto immune hemolytic Anaemias.

Measurements of abnormal Hb pigments

17

CLINICAL PATHOLOGY

1. Urine examination

Physical, Chemical & Microscopic

2. Examination of body fluids, cell counts

3. Semen analysis

4. CSF (Cerebro Spinal Fluid)

5. Stool Examination.

Practical: - 15 hours

I. HAEMATOLOGY

Hb Estimation-Sahli’s method & Cyanmethhaemoglobin method

RBC Count

Retic Count

Preparation of blood smears and staining with Leishman stain

WBC Count

WBC –Differential Count

Platelet Count

Absolute Eosinophil Count

ESR- Westergreens & Wintrobe’s method,

PCV.

Sickling test-Demonstration

Bone Marrow Smear preparation & staining proceedure- Demonstration

Demonstration of Malarial Parasite.

II. CLINICAL PATHOLOGY

1. Urine examination

Physical

Chemical

Microscopic

18


Theory 40 marks

Duration: 90 minutes

I. 10 marks – Long essay.

Topics No. of Questions Questions to be

answered

Question X

marks

Total

Haematology 1

1 1 X 10 marks 10marks

Clinical Pathology

1

II. 5 marks- Short essay

Haematology 3 03 3X 5 marks 15 marks

Clinical Pathology 2

III. 3 Marks- Short Answers.

Haematology 3 5 5 X 3 marks 15 marks

Clinical Pathology 2

Theory Internal Assesment Marks – 10 marks

Total - 50 marks

PRACTICAL EXAMINATION

Duration – 90 minutes Maximum Marks 30 Marks. I. Spotters 10 marks II. Carryout any two Investigations 10 marks. Hb/ PCV/ WBC count/differential count/ Abs Eosinophil count/ P.S. staining & reporting/ ESR/ Retic count. III. Urine Examination 10 marks. General Physical Examination Tests for Sugar, Ketone bodies, Blood & Protiens. Internal Assessment– 10 marks.

Via voce – 10 marks

Grand Total 50 marks.

19

Reference books ( Latest Edition )

Sl.No Name of Book & title Author Publisher,Name,

place of publication 1 Practical Pathology P. Chakraborty

Gargi Chakraborty New Central Book Agency, Kolkotta

2. Text Book of Haematology Dr. Tejinder Singh Arya Publications, Sirmour (H.P)

3. Text Book of Medical Laboratory Technology

Praful Godkar Bhalani Publication House, Mumbai

4. Practical Haematology Sir John Dacie Churchill Livingstone,London

5. Todd & Sanford, Clinical Diagnosis & Management by Laboratory Methods

John Bernard Henry All India travellar Booksellar, Delhi.

20

Microbiology

Theory 50 hours

Principles of Microbiology:

Microscope-Different types including electron microscope.

- General introduction, and History of Microbiology

- Classification of Microbes

- Bacterial cell

- Bacterial Growth and Nutrition

- Bacterial Metabolism

- Bacterial Genetics and Variation

- Antibacterial Agents, and Anti-Septics & Disinfection (Chemical Sterilization)

- Sterilization (Physical) – Heat, Filters, Radiation.

- Antibiotics, Chemotherapy and Drug Resistance.

- Collection & Transportations of Specimens.

Practical 25 hours

Bacteriology :

- Operation of microscope and handling of equipments and instruments required for

routine lab work.

- Morphology of bacteria

- Hanging drop & simple staining

- Simple stains – Gram stain, & Ziehl – Neelsen’s stain

- Demonstration of culture media and Antibiotic sensitivity test

21


I Theory : 40 marks

Duration : 90 minutes

Long Essay –

Gen. Bacteriology

(Anatomy & Physiology of the Bacteria)

No. of Questions

1

Questions to be

answered

1

1 x 10

10

Marks

Sterilization

(Physical & Chemical)

1

II Short Essay-

Gen. Bacteriology

(Anatomy & Physiology of the Bacteria)

No. of Questions

2

3

3 x 5

15

Marks

Sterilization


2

Bacterial Genetics & other topics.

1

III Short Answers

Gen. Bacteriology

(Anatomy & Physiology of the Bacteria

No. of Questions

2

5

5 x 3

15

Marks

Sterilization


2

Bacterial Genetics & other topics.

1

Internal Assessment: 10 Marks

Total 50 Marks

II Practicals : Duration : 90 Minutes

Spotters (1X10) - 10 Marks

Grams Stain - 10 Marks

ZN Stain - 10 Marks

Internal Assessment: 10 Marks

22

Viva 10 Marks

Total: 50 Marks

Recommended Text Books (Latest Edition )

1. Ramanik Sood, Laboratory Technology (Methods and Interpretations) J.P. Bros, New Delhi,

2. Wedling Medical Laboratory Procedures,J.P. Bros, New Delhi.

3. Sachdev K N, Clinical Pathology & Bacteriology, J.P. Bros, New Delhi

4. Chatterjee K.D. Parasitology – in relation to clinical medicine, Chatterjee Medical

publication, Calcutta.

5. Rippon, Medical Mycology, W.B Saunders.

6. Emmons, Medical Mycology, W.B Saunders.

7. Basic Laboratory Methods in Parasitology,J.P. Bros, New Delhi

8. Ananthnarayan & Panikar, Text book of Medical Microbiology,

9. Robert Cruckshank, Medical Microbiology – The practice of Medical Microbiology,ELBS,

10. Basic Laboratory Procedures in Clinical Bacteriology, J.P. Brothers,

New Delhi.

11. Prof. C.P. Baveja, Text Book of Microbiology, Arya Publication,

12. Dr. C.N. Dey, Dr. H.L.E. Gruebov & Dr. T.K. Dey, Medical Mycology, New Central Book

Agency (P) Ltd. Kolkota,

13. D.R. Arora Text book of Microbiology, CBS Publications, New Delhi,

14. Prof. C.P. Baveja, Practical Microbiology, Arya Publications.

15. Rajesh Karyakarte & Ajit Damle, Medical Parasitology, Books & Allied (P) Ltd. Kolkata.

16. P. Chakraborty Medical Parasitology, New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd, Kolkata.

17. Dr. Arora & B. Arora, Medical Parasitology ,CBS Publications, New Delhi.

23

ENGLISH

COURSE CONTENTS:

Subsidiary subject 60 hours for 1st year marks to be sent to university before IInd year exam.

Course description: It is designated to help the students to acquire a good command over English

language for common and medical terminology used in medical practice.

Behavioural objectives:

Ability to speak and write proper English

Ability to read and understand English

Ability to understand and practice medical terminology.

Paragraph

Letter writing

Note making

Description

The use of paragraphs

Essay writing

Telegrams

Precise-writing and abstracting

Report writing

Medical Terminology

Use of dictionary

Text books recommended (Latest Edition )

V.R.Narayana, Sharma Strengthen your writing, New Delhi, Orient Longman

When and Martin – Grammer and composition, Delhi, Chand & Co.

Shashikumar V., D’Souza P.V, Spoken English, New Delhi, Tata Mergaw Hill

Dorland’s pocket Medical dictionary ,New Delhi; Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.

24

Scheme of Examination

Theory: 80 Marks Duration: 3 hours

1) Fill in the blanks – 10 marks

2) Articles ( passage/fill in the blanks) – 10 marks

3) Tense (Sentence identification/rewriting a sentence) – 10 marks

4) Voice ( rewrite) – 10 marks

5) Speech (rewrite) – 10 marks

6) Linkers (paragraph) – 10 marks

7) Paragraph writing – 10 marks

8) Letter writing – 10 marks

25

SUBJECTS, NUMBER OF YEARS OF STUDY AND SCHEME OF EXAMINATION : TABLE

Subjects for examination and distribution of marks for First year.

Sl.

N

o

Subjects

Teaching No. of

Hours

University Examination

I.A

University

Practicals

I. A

Viva-

voce

Total

Theory Practical Theory Practical

FIRST YEAR B.SC. ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCE COURSES :

1. Anatomy 50 25 80 20 65 20 15 200

2. Physiology

Including

Biochemistry

50

50

25

25

40

40

10

10

30

30

10

10

10

10

200

3. Pathology

And

Microbiology

40

50

15

25

40

40

10

10

30

30

10

10

10

10

200

Total 600

Subsidiary Subjects *

1. English 80

*The candidates are required to get acquainted with English subject,

but there will be no University Examination and this subject will also

not be shown in the statement of marks issued by the university. The

colleges are required to conduct examination and maintain records.

26

IInd YEAR B.Sc.RADIOGRAPHY

RADIATION PHYSICS

COURSE CONTENTS:

Principles of radiation physics detection and measurement:

Gas-filled detectors (ionization chambers, proportional counters and Geiger Muller counters)

scintillation detectors, thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD). Reasons for choice of air

ionization. Roentgen, Rad & mSev. Simple principles of dosimeters.

Biological Effects of Radiation :

Chemical effects radiation – radiolysis of water ; production of free radicals, radicals reactions, G-

valve. Effects non-stochastic effects, chromosome aberrations and mutations. Radiation effects

on whole body (early effects and late effects). Concept of doubling dose. Risk factors.

Radiation protection :

Philosophy of radiation protection – historical development, Maximum permissible exposure

concept ; Annual dose equivalent limits (ADEL) ALARA concept ; international

recommendations and current code of practice for the protection of persons against ionizing

radiation’s from medical and dental use.

Protective materials : lead, lead – impregnated substances, building materials, concept of barriers,

lead equivalents and variations with quality. Design of x-ray tubes related to protection.

Structural shielding design (work-load, use factor, occupancy factor, distance. (Departmental

protection. Radiation protection of staff members, patients, patients and public. Protection

instruments & personnel and area monitoring.

TEXT BOOKS RECOMMENDED ( Latest Edition )

Name of the Books & Title Author Publisher’s Name, Place of

Publication

1. Fundamentals of Physics

of Radiology

W.J.Meredith &

J.B.Massey

Varghese publishing House

2. Principles of Radiological

Physics.

Graham Churchill Livingstone

3. Physics for Radiographer

(ELBS).

George A. Hay

& Donald

Hughus

Hours of Teaching - 50

27

IIND YEAR B.Sc. .(RADIOGRAPHY)

MEDICAL PHYSICS:

COURSE CONTENTS:

Theory

Main Supply:

Generation of Electrical Energy, Distribution of Electrical energy, use of electrical energy,

Polyphase supplies, availability of different voltages, feeder cables, line voltage drop; Mains

switches, fuses, circuit breakers. Earthing, insulation, High tension cables construction, design.

Diagnostic High Tension Circuits:

Self rectified half-wave, full-wave, 4 rectifier, 3 phase, capacitor discharge, constant potential.

Main voltage compensation, mains resistance compensation, compensations for mains sequency

variation. Control of tube voltage, kilo voltage compensation; filament circuit, control of tube

current, space charge compensation. High tension (tube selector) switch.

Meters – function; use of shunts. Meters commonly found in diagnostic x-ray equipment,

position in circuits, reading meters.

X-ray tubes :

Rotating anode X-ray tubes, design, rating, and use of rating charts, care of the x-ray tubes;

inherent filtration and additional filtration; practical considerations in the choice of focus; speed

of anode rotation ; angle of anode inclination Grid-controlled x-ray tube.

Switching and timing:

Exposure timers, spring activated, synchronous, electronic, auto timers, Exposure switching =

mechanical contactors, electronic switching in low tension and high tension circuits.

Interlocking circuits – use of relays, tube overload protection. Circuit diagrams – simple circuit

diagrams as illustration of sequence from mains supply to controlled x-ray exposures, block

diagrams.

Control of scattered radiations:

Cones, tube diaphragms, Single and multileaf grids, structure and materials; grid ratio and lines /

cm. parallel and focused grids, stationary grids, crossed hatched grids. Gridded cassettes, grid

Hours of Teaching - 50

28

movements, Potter-bucky diaphragms ; single stroke, reciprocating and oscillating mechanisms;

beam centring devices – centre finders, optical centring devices, light beam collimators.

Fluoroscopy and Image intensifiers:

Direct fluoroscopy, fluoroscopy image, fluoroscopic screen. Explorators (Serial changers, spot

film devices) and accessories. Radiation protection including integrating timer. Tilting tables.

Principles and construction of image intensifiers, television camera tubes and cathode ray tubes.

Recording the intensified image, methods of viewing the intensified image, equipment for

fluorography and cine-fluorography. Radiographic and Fluoroscopic tables, telecommand tables.

Equipment for special procedures:

Special trolleys and chairs, portable and mobile X-ray units, cordless mobile x-ray equipment,

capacitor discharge mobile equipment, equipments for O.T. Bi-plane radiography, cranial and

dental equipment, skull tables, mammography, mass-miniature radiography, tomography,

multisection cassettes, rapid cassette changer, rapid film changer, magnification radiography,

subtraction radiography.

Care and Maintenance of X-ray equipment.

General principles of cleaning routines. General care in use and special care of mobile

equipments. Simple test. Uses of spinning top and step wedge, checks on generator output; check

for integrity of tomographic equipment ; procedure for obtaining radiograph of the focal area.

Use of MA and timer Wisconsin test tool, Test of kilovoltage, Wisconsin test cassette, use of focal

spot test tool, testing light beam diaphragm, failures of x-ray tubes and HT cables.



Name, Place of

Publication

1. An Introduction of the

Physics of diagnostic

radiology

Christinsen,

Curry and

Dowdey

Williams

Wilkins

2.X-ray equipment for

student radiographers (CBS)

D.N. and M.O.

Chesney

Blackwell

Scientific

3. Fundamentals physics of

Radiology

W.J. Meredith

& J.B.Massey :

Blackwell

Scientific

4. Physics of Radiation

Therapy

Faiz M. Khan Williams &

Wilkins

29

5. Nuclear radiation

detectors.

S.S.Kapoor &

Ramamoorthy

Nuclear

radiation

detectors.

IIND YEAR B.Sc. (RADIOGRAPHY)

RADIOGRAPHY TECHNIQUE - I

COURSE CONTENTS:

THEORY

PRINCIPLES OF RADIOGRAPHY:

Preparation of the room, apparatus and instruments

Positions of the patient: erect, sitting, supine, prone, lateral, oblique, decubitus etc.,

Relative positions of x-ray tube and patient, relevant exposure factors.

Use of accessories such as Radiographic cones, grid and positioning aids.

Anatomic and physiological basis of the procedure, association with theory with practical work.

Radiographic appearances, both normal and common abnormal conditions where elementary

knowledge of the pathology involved will ensure the application of the appropriate radiographic

technique. Modifications in technique for various disabilities and types of subject. Radiation

protection, use of gonad shield, practical methods reducing radiation dose to the patient.

UPPER LIMB:

Routine projections for the whole hand, fingers, wrist joint, forearm, elbow joint and humerus.

Supplementary projections for scaphoid, carpal tunnel ball catchers projections, head of the

radius, supracondylar fracture and olecranon process.

LOWER LIMB:

Routine projections for the whole foot, toes, calcaneum, ankle joint, leg, knee joint, patella and

femurs.

Supplementary projections for talo-calcaneal joint, forced projections for torn ligaments, flat feet,

club feet, intercondylar projections for loose bodies in the knee, axial projection for patella.

SHOULDER GIRDLE AND THORAX:

Routine projections for the shoulder joint, scapula, acromio-clavicular joint, clavicle,

Hours of teaching Theory – 100

Practical Demonstration - 500

30

sternoclavicular joint, sternum and ribs.

Supplementary projections for the axial projection of clavicle, bicipital groove carotid process,

classification of tendons, subluxation, upper ribs and axillary ribs.

PELVIC GIRDLE AND HIP REGION :

Routine projections for the whole pelvis, Sacro-ileac joints, hip joint and neck of femur.

Supplementary projections for the greater and lesser trochanters of femur, Frog leg projection,

ischeum symphysis pubis, ileum, acetabulum and congenital dislocation of hip arthrodesis.

VERTEBRAL COLUMN:

Routine projections for atlanto occipital joint, cervical spine, Cervico thoracic junction, thoracic

spine, lumbar spine, lumbo sacral region, sacrum and coccyx.

Supplementary projection for the intervertebral foramina, posterior arch of atlas, flexion and

extension of cervical spine, scoliosis and kyphosis, sacro iliac joint.

SKELETAL SURVEY:

Skeletal survey for metabolic bone diseases, metastases, hormonal disorders, renal disorders.

SKULL:

Routine projections for cranium and facial bones.

Supplementary projections for trauma, Towne’s method, sella, turcica, optic foramina, jugular

foramina, temporal bones, mastoids petrous bone, Zygomatic arches, orbits, maxillae, nasal

bones, mandible, temporomandibular joints.

NASAL SINUSES:

Techniques for frontal maxillary, ethmoidal and sphenoid sinuses, Erect and horizontal

projections for fluid levels.

TEETH:

Routine projections of all teeth – intra oral and extra oral projections.

Supplementary projections for localization of roots, children, edentulous subjects and use of

occlusals and bitewings, Orthopantomography.

CHEST:

Routine projections for lungs, cardia and diaphragm.

Supplementary projections for opaque swallow, thoracic inlet, soft tissue neck, decubitus,

apicugrams, paediatric cases.

ABDOMEN:

KUB, erect abdomen and decubitus projection.

Supplementary projections for acute abdomen.

31

PRACTICAL

Recommended List of Practicals for IInd year in Radiographic Technique – I

Radiography – plain views of upper Limb.

Hands.

Fingers.

Thumb

Wrists

Forearm

Elbow

Humerus

Radiography – plain views of shoulder:

Shoulder Joint

Acromio – clavicular joint

Scapula Various Views and Projections.

Clavicle

Sterno – Clavicular joint.

Radiography – plain views of Lower Limb:

Foot

Toes

Tarsus & oscalcis

Ankle

Tibia, fibula & Patella

Knee joint

Pelvis & Sacro-iliac joint

Radiography of Vertebrae:

Cervical spine upper, cervical spine lower

Cervico-thoracic,

Thoraco Lumbar

Lumbo-Sacral

Sacrum & Coccyx

Ribs Upper & Lower

Sternum

Total: 500 hours

32

Radiography of skull plain views:

AP, Lateral & Towns

Sinuses, Mandible, Teeth.

Mastoids.

Radiography of Chest:

Lungs & Trachea; Heart-Diaphragm

Radiography of G.I. Tract

Plain X-rays Abdomen-Erect; Liver, Spleen.

Text books recommended ( Latest Edition )


Name, Place of

Publication

1. Atlas of Radiographic

positioning and Radiological

Procedures

Philip W.

Ballinger :

Mosby

2. Clarks positioning in

Radiography

RA Swallow, E

Naylor

C.B.S.

Publication

3.Roentggenologic

technique

Sante L R Edward Arnold

4. A Radiographic index

Goldman WRIGHT

Publication

5. A handbook of

Radiography

Ross and

Gailway

Lewis

6. Diagnostic Radiography Glenda J.Bryan Mosby

7. Medical Radiographic

Technique

Piles Thomas

33

34


RADIOGRAPHIC PHOTOGRAPHY

COURSE CONTENTS:

DARK ROOM PLANNING:

For a small hospital, for a large hospital

Location of dark room

Construction of dark room

Ventilation

Wall protection

Entrance to dark room – Single door, double door, labyrinth

DARK ROOM :

Instruction to staff

Dry bench

Hopper, drawer, cupboard

Loading and unloading cassettes

Hangers, types of hangers and storage of hangers

Printing

Wet bench

Cleanliness, Control of dust, dark room sink

Hatches

Drier

Safe lights, direct and indirect, uses, factors affecting safelight performance, safelight tests

viewing room, film dispensing

X-RAY FILMS :

Glass, Cellulose and polyester bases

Structure of X-ray films – emulsion, gelatin, Base and supercoating

Types of X-ray films - Single coated, duplitised

Spectral sensitivity

Colour sensitivity

Grainness of films

Speed of films

Screen & non screen films

Hours of teaching Theory – 100

Demonstration - 200

35

Various formats of films

Films for special procedures

Storage of film materials and radiographs

Record of film stock and radiographs

Deterioration of films on storage

Characteristic curves – uses of step wedge

Information on basic fog, film gamma, contrast, speed, film latitude, effects on development.

INTENSIFYING SCREENS:

Fluorescence – Phosphors

Phosphors employed - Calcium tungstate

Barium Fluochloride

Rare earths

Construction of intensifying screens

The influence of kilovoltage in different phosphors

Intensification factor

Resolving power of Intensifying screens

Speed of screens

Screen film contact tests

Types of intensifying screens

Advantages and limitations of Intensifying screens.

X-RAY CASSETTE :

Construction of X-ray cassettes

Types of cassettes

Mounting Intensifying screens on cassettes

Identification of cassette

Care of Cassettes

PHOTOCHEMISTRY :

Chemistry of image formation

Formation of latent image

Conversion latent image to visible image

Meaning of pH

Importance of pH in processing films

PROCESSING METHODS :

Preparation of solution

Manual processing apparatus

Control of temperature

Rapid processing

Automatic processor – Principle and features, water supply, use of thermostat, regeneration of

36

solution, maintenance, advantage and limitations.

Processing of cut films and roll films.

RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGE :

The emergent beam related to densities on film contrast –

Objective and subjective

Long scale and short scale

Radiation contrast, film contrast and Radiographic contrast

Density

Sharpness - Sources of unsharpness

Avoiding different unsharpness

Resolution

Factors affecting resolution

Choice of kilovoltage and milliamperage

Choice of short focus and broad focus

Selection of focus tofilm distance and object to film distance

Selection of cassettes

Avoiding scatter radiation, magnification, distortion, penumbra

Presentation of a radiograph - Identification markers

- Name printer

Viewing equipment

Magnifiers for cut films and roll films.

DEVELOPER :

Constituents

Characteristic

Manual and automatic processors

Effects on developing time, temperature, agitation

Replenisher

Exhaustion

RINSING :

Acid stop-bath

Methods

Objects

FIXER

Constituents

Characteristic

Manual and automatic processors

Fixing time and clearing time

37

Factors affecting fixing time

Replenisher

Exhaustion

WASHING AND DRYING :

Objects

Methods

Factors affecting washing and drying

Wetting agents

Comparison of different methods

DAY LIGHT FILM HANDLING :

Day light system using cassettes

Day light system without cassettes

FILM FAULTS :

Fog – Various fogging in films, causes and prevention.

Stains – types, causes and prevention

Spots and Splashes – types, causes and prevention.

Marks and prints - types, causes and prevention.

Drying marks – types, causes and prevention

Faults in automatic processor – types, causes.

REPRODUCTION OF RADIOGRAPHS :

Copying Radiographs

Magnification and minification

Contact prints

Types of paper

Equipment.

38


Name of the Books & Title Author Publisher’s Name, Place of

Publication

1. Radiographic Imaging D.N.Chesney &

M.O Chesney

C.B.S. Publication.

2. Protection of the patient

in medical radiography

I.C.R.P.

3. Radiographic Imaging a

Practical approach

Derrick P.

Roberts & Nigel

L. Smith

4. Radiological science

(Work book and laboratory)

Stewart C.

Suchong

5. Fundamentals of

Radiographic photography

books 1,2,3,4,5

Kodak Kodak Ltd.

6. Physical and photography

principles of medical

Radiography

Seeman &

Herman

Wiley

7. Manual of Photography

Iiford

8. Elementary Photogenic

chemistry

Bouthworth &

Bently

Pitmans Publication

9. Medical photography

(focal press)

Longmore Kodak data books.

10. Developing.

Jackson

39

PHYSICS OF RADIOLOGY

COURSE CONTENTS:

Theory

No practicals

Applied Mathematics:

Elementary use of Algebraic symbols and signs.

Indices: Power of 10 simple equations.

Measurement of angels. Geometry of triangles.

Proportion, Inverse square law, Elementary explanation of exponential law.

Electromagnetic radiation, Atomic structure & Radioactivity

Electromagnetic waves & their properties, Inverse square law, the quantum theory of radiation

(Planck’s concept of quanta. Photon and its characteristic properties). The electromagnetic

spectrum, Spectrum of white light, Spectra:-Emission spectra-continuous, line and band spectra,

absorption spectra, Fluorescence and Phosphorescence, Photoelectricmission, Photocell,

Intensity & quality of electromagnetic radiation. The structure of the atom Nucleus, Atomic

number (Z), Mass number (A), Ionisation & Excitation, Isotopes, The periodic Table.

Radioactivity, Properties of alpha, beta, gamma radiation, Radioactive transformation process

(Radioactive displacement law), Radioactive decay (Radioactive disintegration law), decay

constant, half-life, Units of radioactivity, Artificial radioactivity or induced radioactivity

(Production of artificial radioactive isotopes), The uses of radioactive nuclides in medicine.

Fundamentals of Electricity (Basic of Electronics):

Electric charges & units of electric charge, Coulombs law, Electric induction, Electric potential &

potential difference, Capacitance & Capacitors, Resistance.

Conductors, Insulators Y Semiconductors, Electric current, Ohm’s law & Kirchoff’s law, Circuit

laws (Combination of potential difference in series & parallel meters, Electrical energy & power,

heating effect of a current.

The magnetic effects of an electric current (Electromagnetism), Electromagnetic induction,

Mutual induction & self induction.

Alternating current, The A.C. transformer theory, construction, Types of transformers its

Hours of teaching 120 hrs

40

practical aspects, Transformer losses and regulations & rating, Types of transformers used in X-

ray equipment.

Thermionic emission, The vacuum diode, Variation of anode current with anode voltage and

filament temperature in the vaccum diode, The effect of gas in the diode, the thermionic gas

diode. Meaning of rectification (full wave & half wave rectification).

Principles of semiconductors, p-n junction diode, High voltage rectifier circuits (self rectifying

circuit, Half-wave pulsating voltage circuit, Full-wave pulsating voltage circuits, Shock-proofing.

X-rays:

Conductivity of electricity through gases at pressure, Cathode rays – production & properties.

Sources of electrons (Discharge through gases, Thermionic emission & photo electric emission),

Discovery of an electron, Concept of electron volt.

Discovery of X-rays, Production & properties of X-rays. Factors influencing the intensity &

quality of X-rays, Construction & working of modern X-ray tube (fixed anode & rotatory anode

tubes), The physics of X-spectra i.e. the spectrum of radiation from an x-ray tube (Continuous

spectrum & line or characteristic spectrum), Factors upon which the X-ray emssion depends, Soft

& hard X-rays, Distribution of X-rays in space, The diagnostic X-ray tubes (inserts and shields),

filament design, anode design (fixed & rotatory), methods of cooling, Basic X-ray circuit.

Basic interactions between X-rays and matter :- Coherent scattering, Photoelectric effect

Compton scattering, Pair production & photo disintegration, Attenuation and absorption,

Reduction in intensity due to absorption & attenuation and the inverse square law (Exponential

formula), Filtration, Attenuation coefficient and half value layer. Energy absorbed from X-rays,

Factors affecting transmission of a homogenous beam through an object (geometry, thickness,

wavelength of beam, composition of an object), Transmission of a heterogeneous X-ray beam,

Transmission of X-rays through body tissues: Relative amount of scattered radiation in an X-ray

beam during its passage through a patient. The practical aspects of X-ray absorption and

transmission in body tissues.

The physics of the radiograph. The basic of the X-ray measurement, The units of Exposure and

absorbed dose simple principles of dosimeters. The fluorescent effect X-rays. The photographic

film as a dosimeter, X-ray quality specialization & measurement, Kilovoltage peak, half value

thickness. Routine methods of checking quality.

Radiation quantities & units:

Radiometric quantities (The fluence of Photons & fluence rate, the energy fluence and energy

fluence rate).

Interaction quantities (interaction cross section, linear attenuation coefficient, mass attenuation

coefficient, stopping power, linear energy transfer, the radiation chemical yield, the mean

energy expended in a gas per ion pair formed.

Dosimeteric quantities (mean energy imparted, the specific energy, exposure & exposure rate,

absorbed dose and absorbed dose rate, concept of karma.

Protection quantities (dose equivalent & effective dose equivalent).

41

Distribution of subjects and hours of teaching

Second year

Sl.

No.

Subject Theory

No. of hours

Practical

No. of hours

Total

1. Radiation Physics &

Medical Physics

100 - 100

2. Radiographic Technique

– I

100 500

(Hospital

posting)

600

3. Radiographic

Photography

100 200 300

4. Physics of Radiology 120 560

40

(special

postings)

680

42

THE QUESTION PAPER PATTERN FOR

B.Sc.RADIOGRAPHY - IInd YEAR

SUBJECT: RADIATION PHYSICS & MEDICAL PHYSICS

I. Long Essays:

Question to be asked

Question to be

answered

Marks allotted Total

Three

Two 2 x 10 Marks 20 Marks

II. Short Essays:


Question to be

answered


Eight

Six 6 x 5 30 Marks

II. Short Notes:


Question to be

answered


Ten

Ten Questions 10 x 3 Marks 30 Marks

Time: 3 Hours Maximum: 80 Marks

43

44


B.Sc.RADIOGRAPHY IInd YEAR

SUBJECT: RADIOGRAPHY TECHNIQUE - I

I. Long Essays:


Question to be

answered


Three


II. Short Essays:


Question to be

answered


Eight

Six 6 x 5 Marks 30 Marks

II. Short Notes:


Question to be

answered


Ten

Ten 10 x 3 Marks 30 Marks

Duration: Three Hours Maximum: 80 Marks

45


B.Sc.RADIOGRAPHY IInd YEAR

SUBJECT: RADIOGRAPHIC PHOTOGRAPHY & DARK ROOM TECHNIQUE

I. Long Essays:


Question to be

answered


Three


II. Short Essays:

Question to be

asked

Question to be

answered


Eight


II. Short Notes:


Question to be

answered


Ten


Duration: Three Hours Maximum: 80 Marks

46


SUBJECT: RADIOLOGICAL PHYSICS

Maximum marks = 80

I. Long Essays:


Question to be

answered


Three


II. Short Essays:


Question to be

answered


Eight

Six 6 x 5 Marks 30Marks

II. Short Notes:


Question to be

answered


Ten


Duration: Three Hours

47

B.Sc. Degree in Radiography (Radio-diagnosis)

Table:5 Distribution of Subjects marks for Theory and Practicals for Second year.

Sl.

No

Subject Theory Practicals

Written

paper

I.A. Practical I.A. Viva-

voce

Grand

Total

A. Main Subjects

1. Section A:

Radiation Physics

Section B:

Medical Physics

40

40

10

10

No Practical exams 100

2. Radiographic

Technique

80

20 65 20 15 200

3. Radiographic

Photography

80

20 No Practical exams 100

4. Physics of Radiology

80 20 No Practical exams 100

48

IIIRD YEAR B.Sc. (RADIOGRAPHY)

RADIO-DIAGNOSIS

IMAGING TECHNIQUE

COURSE CONTENTS:

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY:

History

Principles of computed Tomography

Generations – Spiral C.T.

Instrumentation

Data acquisition

Data presentation

Image reconstruction

2D and 3D images

image display

pixel and voxel

C.T. number

Window level and window width

Scan artifacts

Patient positioning in computed Tomography

Contrast materials and administration

Basic diagnostic aspects

Interventional C.T. guided procedures

Documentation

Safety consideration – Radiation dose

Quality Assurance.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND IMAGING :

History

The spinning proton – magnetization, precession, Larmor frequency

Radio frequency pulse and proton – resonance, free induction decay, relaxation, T-1 & T-2

Instrumentation – Magnet, shim coils, gradient coils, radio frequency transmitter and receiver

coils, computer.

Hours of teaching – 200

Demonstration - 200 hours.

49

Pulse sequences – Saturation recovery, spin echo, Inversion recovery.

Image production – 2D and 3D pictures.

Image quality – Signal to noise Ratio, Contrast to Noise Ratio.

Image artifacts.

Flow Techniques – magnetic Resonance Angiography Spectroscopy.

MR Contrast agents – Paramagnetic and ferromagnetic documentation.

Safety consideration.

Quality assurance.

ULTRASOUND IMAGING :

History

Ultrasound characteristics – Nature, propagation, frequency, Wavelength, velocity, amplitude

intensity, acoustic Impendance, reflection, refraction etc. interference with media, interface,

attenuation.

Transducer – Piezoelectric effect, construction, types of arrays – mechanical & electronic.

Acoustic coupling media.

Ultrasound instrumentation.

Display modes – A mode, B mode, M mode, Real time.

Grey scale imaging

Doppler methods – continuous wave Doppler, pulsed Doppler, duplex, real time colour flow

imaging.

Ultrasound artifacts.

Patient preparation and handling.

Basic diagnostic aspects.

Interventional techniques – transducer sterlisation, needles, diagnostic procedures, therapeutic

procedures.

Documentation

Safety consideration – effects of healing,cavitation.

Quality assurance – phantoms, performance, accuracy, sensitivity, spatial resolution tests.

NUCLEAR MEDICINE IMAGING :

History

Isotopes and Radionuclides

Production of Radionuclides

Radio activity

Radio active transformations

Specific activity

Radiopharmaceuticals and their preparation

Precautions while handling radiopharmaceuticals

Principles of tracer techniques

Instrumentation – Multihole collimator, crystal, photomultiplier, computer, monitor.

Scanning technique

50

Resolution – spatial temporal

Gamma camera

Rectilinear scanner.

Position Emission Tomography (PET)

Single photon emission computed Tomography (SPECT)

Radio Immuno Assay (RIA)

Documentation

Safety considerations – Radiation dose

Quality Assurance.

TEXT BOOKS RECOMMENDED( Latest Edition )

1. R.F. Farr & P.J.Allisy : Physics for medical Imaging , Publication: W.B.Saunders.

2. D.N.Chesney & M.O. Chesney : X-ray equipment for student Radiographers,

C.B.S.publication,Blackwell Scientific.

3. Christensen, Curry & Dowdey : An introduction of Physics to Diagnostic Radiography,

Lea & Febiger,Williams Wilkisons.

4. Cullinan : Illustrated guide techniques (Blackwell)

5. Jamdrell, Thompson & Ashworth : X-ray physics and equipment (Blackwell)

6. Adrian K.Dixon : Body C.T. – A handbook (Churchill Livingstone)

7. John M.Stevens, Alan R. Valentine & Brian E. Kendall : Computed cranial & spinal

Imaging (Williams & wilkins)

8. John R. Haaga, Charles F. Lanzion, David J. Sartoris & Elias A. Aerhouni : Computerised

Tomography and magnetic Resonance Imaging of the whole body (vol.I & vol.II),

W.B.Saunders,

9. Philip T. English & Christine Moore : MRI for Radiographers (Springer).

10. Pablo R. Ros & W. Dean Bidgood : Abdominal Magnetic Resonance imaging (Mosby)

11. Roger C. Sounders : Clinical Sonography : A practical guide (little Brown & Company)

12. PES Palmer : Manual of Diagnostic Ultrasound (WHO)

13. Sandra L Hagen Ansert : Text book of Diagnostic Ultrasonography (BI Publications).

14. Rehani : Diagnostic Imaging – Quality Assurance.

51

IIIRD YEAR B.Sc. (RADIOGRAPHY)

RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE – II

COURSE CONTENTS:

INTRODUCTION :

Responsibility of Radiographer during Radiological Procedures.

Preparation of patient for different procedures.

Contrast media – Positive and Negative, ionic & non – ionic

Adverse reactions to contrast media and patient management

Emergency drugs in the Radiology Department

Emergency equipments in the Radiology Department

Asepsis

Radiation protection – Ten day Rule.

The following should be dealt with indication, contraindications, patient preparation, contrast

media used, method of administration of contrast media, accessories required, technique to be

adopted, variation in normal technique in specific circumstances, films taken, complications,

precautions and after-care of the patient.

GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT:

Barium Swallow – Tracheo – oesophageal fistula

Barium Meal – single contrast and double contrast

Hypotonic duodenography

Barium meal follow through

Small bowel enema

Barium enema – Gastrograffin enema for reducing intussuception Loopogram

Additional Investigation – Computed Tomography, Radio isotopes Scanning.

BILIARY TRACT :

Oral cholecystography

Hours of teaching - 100

Demonstration - 500 hours.

52

Intravenous Choledochography

Pre operative Choledochography

Post operative Choledochography – Percutaneous extraction of retained biliary calculi

Percutaneous Transhepatic Choledochography – Biliary drainage.

Endoscopic Retrograde Choledochopancreatography

Additional Investigation : Ultrasound Scanning,

Radio isotope scannings

Computed Tomography

MRI, Magnetic resonance cholangio-pancreatography.

URINARY SYSTEM :

Excretion Urography

Percutaneous Renal Puncture

Percutaneous Nephrostomy

Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

Lithotripsy

Retrograde Pyeloureterography

Micturating Cysto Urethrography – Urodynamic investigations

Ascending Urethrography

Additional Investigation : Ultrasound Scanning,

Radio-isotope Scanning

Computed Tomography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MR Urogram.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM :

Hystero Salphinogram

Gynaecography

Pelvimetry

Vesiculography

Additional Investigation: Ultrasound Scanning, Sono- Salpingography

Computed Tomography

Magnetic Resonance and Imaging

CARDIO – VASCULAR SYSTEM :

Angiography :

Percutaneous Catheterzation

Catheterization sites, asepsis

Guide Wire, Catheter, pressure injector and accessories

Use of Digital subraction, single plane and biplane

Head and neck Arteriography

Pulmonary Arteriography

53

Coronary Arteriography

Ascending Aortography

Trans lumbar Aortography

Codiac axis, Superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric Arteriography

Renal Arteriography

Trans femoral Arteriography

Interventional vascular Radiography

Additional Investigation : Echo cardiogram (Doppler)

Radio-isotope Scanning

Computed Tomography

Magnetic Resonance and Imaging, MR Angiography, MDCT

angiography.

VENOGRAPHY :

Peripheral Venography – lower limb, Upper limb

Central Venography - Superior venacavography

- Inferior venacavography

- Pelvic venography

- Ascending lumbar venography

Intra osseous venography

percutaneous splenoportography

transhepatic portography

selective Retrograde venography - Renal venography

- Adrenal venography

- Hepatic venography

- Internal jugular venography

- Orbital venography

Interventional Vascular Radiography

additional Investigation : Ultrasound imaging, Color Doppler, Scanning.

Radio isotope scanning

Computed Tomography

Central Nervous System:

Cervical Myelography – Cisternal puncture and lateral cervical puncture

Lumbar myelography

Myelography with water soluble and oily contrast media

Air encephalography

Ventriculography

Lumbar discography

Addition Investigation: Compute Tomography

Radio isotope scanning

Magnetic Resonance and Imaging, MR Myelogram,

CT Myelogram.

Ultrasound imaging

54

Respiratory system :

Nasopharyngography

Larynogography

Bronchography

Percutaneous lung Biopsy

Additional Investigation: Radio isotope scanning

Computed Tomography

Ultrasound Imaging

Magnetic Resonance and Imaging

Miscellaneous:

Arthrography

Sialography

Lymphography

Sonography

Fistulography

Dacryocystography

Mammography

Xeroradiography

Thermography

Kymography

Stereo-radiography

Duplication radiography

Macro radiography

High Kilovoltage Technique

Soft tissue Radiography

Multiple radiography

Subtraction radiography

Foreign body Localisation

Mobile Radiography

Theatre Radiography

Domiciliary Radiography

Forensic Radiography

Tomography.

+

Text books recommended ( Latest Edition )

Piles : Medical Radiographic Technique (Thomas)

Sante L.R. ``````: Roentgenologic Technique (Edwards Inc).

Philip W Balliger: Merils atlas of Radiographic Positions and Radiological

Procedures (Mosby)

Goldman : A Radiographic index, Wright publ.

55

Patesson : Printed notes for radiographers in India (CMAI)

Achwaz : Unit step Radiography (Thomas)

Ross & Galloway : A handbook of Radiography (Lewis)

Glenda J. Bryan : Diagnostic Radiography (Churchill Livingstone)

Jacobi & Paris : Textbook of Radiological Technology (Mosby)

Scarrow : Contrast Radiography (Schering Chemicals)

Vander Plasts : Medical x-ray technique (Mac Millan)

Stephen Chapman& Richare Nakielny: A Guide to Radiological Procedures (Jaypee Brothers).

B.Sc. RADIOGRAPHY IIIRDYEAR

RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE II (Practicals)

Total hours – 500

.

(In Radio-diagnosis IIIrd year)

Barium swallow exam (E) Radiology Technique II

Barium meal exam (E)

Barium follow through exam

Barium enema exam (E)

Hypotonic duodenography

Barium double contrast study (E)

Intravenous pyeography (E)

Angiographic studies 1. Arterial 2. Venous.

Myleographic studies

Macroradiography studies

M.M.R.

Mammography

Hystero-salpingography – HSG.

Note: (E) Indicates practicals prescribed for University examination.

Text books recommended (Latest Edition )

V.R.Narayana, Sharma Strengthen your writing,

Orient Longman, New Delhi.

56

Distribution of subjects and hours of teaching

Third year

Sl.

No.

Subject Theory

No. of

hours

Practical

No. of hours

Total

1. Radio-diagnosis

Imaging Technique

200 200 400

2. Radiographic

Technique II

100 500 600

B.Sc. Degree in Radiography (Radio-diagnosis)


Theory 3hrs duration.

Table : Distribution of Subjects marks for Theory and Practicals for Third year.

Sl.

No.

Subject Theory Practicals

Written

paper

I.A. Practical I.A. Viva-

voce

Grand

Total

A. Main Subjects

1.

Radio-Diagnosis

Imaging

Technique

80

20

No Practical exams

100

57

2. Radiographic

Technique – II

80

20 65 20 15 200

TOTAL 300


B.Sc.RADIOGRAPHY - IIIrdYEAR

SUBJECT: RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE - II

I. Long Essays:


Question to be

answered


Three


II. Short Essays:


Question to be

answered


Eight


II. Short Notes:


Question to be

answered


Ten


Time: Three Hours Maximum: 80 Marks

58


B.Sc. RADIOGRAPHY IIIrd YEAR

SUBJECT: IMAGING TECHNIQUE

I. Long Essays:


Question to be

answered


Three


II. Short Essays:


Question to be

answered


Eight


II. Short Notes:


Question to be

answered


Ten


Time: Three Hours Maximum: 80 Marks

59

ATTENDANCE:

Candidates who have attended at least 75% of the total number of classes conducted in a

year in all subjects prescribed for that year separately in Theory and Practical are eligible to

appear for the University Examination in their first attempt. Special classes conducted for any

purpose shall not be considered for the calculation of percentage of attendance for eligibility. A

candidate lacking in prescribed percentage of attendance in any one or more subjects either in

Theory or Practical in the first appearance will not be eligible to appear for the University

Examination either in one or more subjects. Failed candidates should have attended at least 75%

of the total number of classes conducted in that term in individual subjects separately in Theory

and Practical to become eligible to appear for the University Examination in that subject in the

Supplementary or subsequent Examination. However, this is not applicable in case of carryover

subjects.

INTERNAL ASSESSMENT

There shall be a minimum of two periodical tests in theory and practicals preferably one

in each term in each subject in an academic year, and the average marks of the two tests will be

taken as the final Internal Assesment marks in that subject. If a candidate is absent for any one of

the test due to genuine and satisfactory reason, such a candidate may be given re-test.

The marks of the Internal Assessment shall be communicated to the University at least 15

days before the commencement of the University examinations.

The marks of Internal Assessment must be put-up on the notice boards of the Colleges.

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION:

A) The examinations shall consist of:

B.Sc. Radiography I Year: Written examinations consist of 5 papers.

B.Sc. Radiography IInd Year: Written examinations consist of 4 papers & there will be one

practical examination (Radiography).

B.Sc. Radiography IIIrd year: Written examinations consist of 2 papers (Radio-diagnosis) & there

will be one practical examination (Radio-diagnosis). The details of examinations for the three

years are given.

60

Practical Examination:

Practical examinations will be conducted at end of IInd year and the practical examinations will

be relating to Radiographic Techniques.

Practical examinations will be conducted at the end of IIIrd year in Radio-diagnosis and the

practical examinations will be relating to Radio-diagnosis technique.

SCHEDULE OF EXAMINATION:

There shall be two University examinations in an academic year, one regular and one

Supplementary examination. The supplementary examination will be held 4-6 month after the

regular examination.

CRITERIA FOR PASS:

Main subjects: A candidate is declared to have passed the examination in a subject, if he /

she secure 40% of the marks in Theory and 40% in practical separately. For a pass in a subject in

theory, a candidate has to secure a minimum of 40% in the written examination, and 40%

aggregate i.e., marks of written examination, and internals assessment added together, and for a

pass in practical, a candidate has to secure a minimum of 40% marks in the Practical

Examination and 40% in aggregate i.e., Practical and Internal Assessment (of practical) & viva-

voce added together.

Subsidiary subjects: The minimum prescribed marks for a pass in a subsidiary subject shall

be 35% of the maximum marks prescribed for a subject. The marks scored by the students in the

subsidiary examinations should be sent of the university 15 days before commencement

University examination, however these marks are not considered for passing.

CARRY OVER:

1st year: The examination for “English” will be conducted by the respective colleges. A

candidate shall secure 35% of the total marks prescribed for a pass and is eligible to carry the

subjects if he / she fails but has to pass the subject, before appearing for final year examination.

A candidate who fails in any two of the main subjects of 1st year is permitted to carry that subject to IInd year. However, such a candidate shall pass the carry over subject 6 months before appearing for II year examination. (Such a candidate is not permitted to

proceed to III year, if the candidate does not pass in the carry over subject of first year.)

IInd year: A candidate is permitted for a carry over of any one subject to the IIIrd year.

61

But shall pass this subject 6 months before appearing for the IIIrd year examination.

DECLARATION OF RESULTS:

Class / rank shall be declared for the first, second and third year examinations on the

basis of aggregate marks secured by a candidate at each of these examinations.

A successful candidate obtaining 75% and more marks in the Grand Total Aggregate in the

first attempt shall be declared to have passed this examination with Distinction. A successful

candidate obtaining 65% and more and less that 75% of the marks in the Grand Total Aggregate

in the first attempt shall be declared to have passed the examination with First class. A successful

candidate obtaining 55% and more and less than 65% of the marks in the Grand Total Aggregate

in the first attempt shall be declared to have passed in Second Class and a candidate who secures

between 50% & 55% will be placed in Pass Class. A candidate who passes in more than one

attempt will be placed in pass class irrespective of percentage of marks secured.

BOARD OF EXAMINERS:

Practical examination will be conducted by 2 examiners, one will be internal & other will

be external.

The examiner should have qualification of M.D. in Radio-Diagnosis / Postgraduate

qualification in respective subject with three years experience.

Log Book:–

Every candidate shall maintain a work diary and record. His/ her participation in the

training programmes conducted by the department such as journal reviews, seminars, etc. special

mention may be made of the presentations by the candidate as well as details of clinical or

laboratory procedures, if any, conducted by the candidate. The work diary shall be scrutinized

and certified by the Head of the Department and Head of the Institution, and presented in the

university practical /clinical examination.

Documents

B.Sc. Radiography Syllabus 2016-17 KLE University, BELGAUM