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BS. Environmental Sciences: 4-Years (08 – semesters) Program Cr. (136)
pre-requisite, HSC (Pre-Medical, Pre-Engineering and General Sciences,) with atlest 45%
aggregate marks.
Scheme of Studies for BS (4-YEAR) Environmental Sciences:136 Cr. Hrs
Sem
este
r I
Course No. Title of Course Credit Hours Marks
Theory Practical
ES. 310 Introduction to Environmental Sciences. (Major) 3 0 100
ES. 311 Introduction to Environmental Sciences. (Major Pr) 1 100
CHE M:320
(Minor)
Chemistry-I Minor Theory Compulsory 2 0 100
CHE M:321
(Minor)
Chemistry-I Minor Practical Compulsory 0 1 100
MATH:300 Mathematics 3 0 100
Minor:320 Geology/Microbiology/Zoology/Botany/Geography/
Fresh Water Biology/ Statistics/ Physics/Bio
Chemistry/Bio Technology/Physiology Theory
(Minor)
2 0 100
Minor:321 Geology/Microbiology/Zoology/Botany/Geography/
Fresh Water Biology/ Statistics/ Physics/Bio
Chemistry/Bio Technology/Physiology Practical
(Minor)
0 1 100
ENGL:300. English (Remedial)-I 3 0 100
PAK.:300 Pakistan Studies 2 0 100
Total Credit Hours: 18
Sem
este
r I
I
ES. 312 Aquatic pollution and control Theory (Major) 3 0 100
ES. 313 Aquatic pollution and control Practical (Major) 1 100
Minor:322 Chemistry-II Theory (Minor Compulsory) 2 0 100
Minor:323 Chemistry-II Practical (Minor Compulsory) 0 1 100
Minor:322 Geology/Microbiology/Zoology/Botany/Geography/
Fresh Water Biology/ Statistics/ Physics/Bio
Chemistry/Bio Technology/Physiology Theory
(Minor)
2 0 100
Minor:323 Geology/Microbiology/Zoology/Botany/Geography/
Fresh Water Biology/ Statistics/ Physics/Bio
Chemistry/Bio Technology/Physiology Practical
(Minor)
0 1 100
MATH:301 (Mathematics ) 3 0 100
ENGL:301 English(Remedial)-II 3 0 100
IS/ETH:301 Islamic Studies/ Ethics 2 0 100
Total Credit Hours: 18
Sem
este
r I
II
ES410 Fundamental of Ecology Theory (Major) 3 0 100
ES411 Fundamental of Ecology Practical (Major) 0 1 100
Minor:420 Chemistry –III Theory (Compulsory) 2 0 100
Minor:421 Chemistry –III Practical (Compulsory) 0 1 100
Comp:400 Computer Sciences (N.C) 0 0 100
Minor:420 Geology/Microbiology/Zoology/Botany/Geography/ 2 0 100
2
Fresh Water Biology/ Statistics/ Physics/Bio
Chemistry/Bio Technology /Physiology Theory
(Minor)
Minor:421 Geology/Microbiology/Zoology/Botany/Geography/
Fresh Water Biology/ Statistics/ Physics/Bio
Chemistry/Bio Technology/Physiology Practical
(Minor)
0 1 100
ENGL:400 English Compulsory -I 3 0 100
CIVIL:400 Civilization 2 0 100
Total Credit Hours: 15
Sem
este
r I
V
ES. 412 Environmental Sampling and Instrumentation Theory
(Major)
3 0 100
ES. 413 Environmental Sampling and Instrumentation Theory
(Major)
0 1 100
ES:401 Communication Skills (Compulsory) 2 0 100
Minor:422 Chemistry –IV Minor Theory (Compulsory) 2 0 100
Mino:423 Chemistry –IV Minor Practical .(Compulsory) 0 1 100
Comp:401 Statistics (N.C) 0 0 200
Minor:422 Geology/Microbiology/Zoology/Botany/Geography/
Fresh Water Biology/ Statistics/ Physics/Bio
Chemistry/Bio Technology/Physiology Theory
(Minor)
2 0 100
Minor-423 Geology/Microbiology/Zoology/Botany/Geography/
Fresh Water Biology/ Statistics/ Physics/Bio
Chemistry/Bio Technology/Physiology Practical
(Minor)
0 1 100
ENG.401 English (Compulsory) -11 3 0 100
Total Credit Hours: 15
Sem
este
r-V
BIO. 500 Bio diversity &Nature Conservation Theory 3 0 100
AQUA. 502 Aquatic Culture Theory 3 0 100
AQUA. 503 Aquatic Culture Practical 0 1 100
MAN:504 Solid West Management Theory 3 0 100
MAN:505 Solid West Management Practical 0 1 100
MICRO:506 Environmental Microbiology Theory 3 0 100
MICRO:507 Environmental Microbiology Practical 0 1 100
MICRO:508 Introductory Economics and Sustainable Theory 3 0 100
Total Credit Hours: 18
Sem
este
r-V
I
GIS. 510 GIS Processing Computer Theory 3 0 100
GIS. 511 GIS Processing Computer Practical 0 1 100
ECO. 512 Applied Ecology Theory 3 0 100
ECO. 513 Applied Ecology Practical 0 1 100
TECH:514 Analytical Technique in Environmental Sciences
Theory
3 0 100
TECH:515 Analytical Technique in Environmental Sciences
Practical
0 1 100
EN PAK:516 Environmental Profile of Pakistan 3 0 100
URBAN:518 Urban Planning & Management 3 0 100
Total Credit Hours: 18
3
Sem
este
r-V
II
LAW.600 Environment Law & Policies Theory 3 0 100
EED. 602 Energy, Environment & Development Policies
Theory
3 0 100
RAC. 604 Risk Assessment and Communication 3 0 100
ANTH. 606 Environmental Anthropology 3 0 100
EIA:608 Environmental Impact Assessment 3 0 100
PHY:610 Geo Physics Theory 3 0 100
Total Credit Hours: 18
Sem
este
r-V
IIII
HSE.620 Health , Safety &Environment Theory 3 0 100
HSE.621 Health , Safety &Environment Practical 0 1 100
WRM. 622 Water Recourse Management Theory 3 0 100
AQUA. 624 Agro-Ecology Theory 3 0 100
RP:626 Research Project 4 0 200
COMP:628 Comprehensive Viva 2 0 100
Total Credit Hours: 16
(Total over all credit Hourse:136)
4
Details of Courses for BS (4-YEAR) in Environmental Sciences
SEMESTER I
COURSE 1
INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (Major) 3 (3-0)
Objectives
To introduce the students with basic concepts and the history of development of Environmental
Science as an academic discipline, its importance in human life, its interdisciplinary nature and
provide students with an understanding of the relationships between different components of
environment, current global, and national environmental challenges for sustainable development.
Course Outlines
Introduction: basic concepts, history, nature and scope of Environmental Science and its
contribution to society. Different aspects of environment: physical, ecological, socio-economic,
ethical, philosophical. Major components of environment: physico-chemical, biological and
social, and their relationships with various environmental factors. Human environment and its
problems: global, national, regional. Environmental challenges for sustainable development:
current and future trends in population growth, environmental pollution, development in industry
and agriculture, urbanization, poverty and resource depletion.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet, Botkin, D.B & Keller, E.A. 6th
Ed. John
Wiley & Sons, 2007.
2. Environmental Science: systems and solutions, McKinney, M.L., Schoch, R.M. &Yonavjak,
L. 4th
Ed. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2007
3. Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future, Wright, R.T. &Nebel, B.J. 10th
Ed.
Pearson Educational, 2007.
4. Environmental Science: working with the Earth.Miller, G., Thomson Learning, 2002.
5
COURSE 2
Minor-1 3 (2-1)
Objectives
To introduce the students with basic concepts and the history of development of Environmental
Science as an academic discipline, its importance in human life, its interdisciplinary nature and
provide students with an understanding of the relationships between different components of
environment, current global, and national environmental challenges for sustainable development.
COURSE 3
Minor-11 3 (2-1)
The primary aim of the course is a basic understanding of Environmente with other Sciences
COURSE 4 3 (3-0)
Remedial English - I
Objective: The objective of the course is to help students attain a basic proficiency in four language skills-
listening, speaking, reading and writing.
Course Outlines.
The course will include intensive reading, writing, and some listening practices. Special
emphasis will be given on writing correct sentences, guided writing, guessing word meaning in
context, understanding long sentences, understanding main idea and also the gist and details of a
reading text. Special focus will be on spelling, forming negatives and questions, complete and
incomplete sentences, making sentences with words from reading passages, arranging jumbled
words, punctuation correction, reading prose, reading for specific information, free writing,
writing formal letters, translation etc.
6
Text Books:
1.Raymond Murphy. Intermediate English Grammar.Cambridge University Press.
2Robert J. Dixson.Complete Course in English. A new revised edition.
Reference Books:
1.A.S. Hornby. Advanced Learners’ Dictionary of Current English, OUP
2. Greenberg, Rondinone& Wiener. The Advancing Writer Book I, Harper Collins, College
Publishers.
COURSE 5 2 (2-0) Pakistan Studies
COURSE CONTENTS Pakistan Ideology of Pakistan & its historical perspective (History & Islam) Historical Review of
South Asia ;Aligarh Movement and its implications’ Establishment of Pakistan and its problem;
Post Independence History, Separation of East Pakistan; Economy of Pakistan
Text Books:
1.Pakistan Studies by M. IkramRabbani
2.Ideology of Pakistan, byFerozsons, Dr. Javaid Iqbal
3.Geography of Pakistan by K.U. Qureishy
4.Geography of Pakistan by FazleKarim Khan
5.The Sole Spokes man by Ayesha Jalal
6.A new History of India by Stanley Wolpert
7
SEMESTER I1
COURSE 6 3 (3 – 0)
Aquatic Pollution & Control Technologies (Major)
Objectives
The course is focused on introducing aquatic environmental pollution, its sources
and their effects. Monitoring of aquatic Pollution; Pollution Control Strategies;
Environmental Laws:
Course Outline
Introduction to Environmental pollution; Types of Environmental pollution: Air,
Water, Soil, Noise, Marine & Industrial pollution; Chemistry of Environmental
Pollution; Fate of Environmental Pollutants; Characteristics of Domestic &Industrial
effluents; Effects of Pollutants; Human & other living organisms; Treatment
Technologies for Pollutants: Industrial & Domestic; Solid Waste generation,
Collection, transportation & treatments; Hazardous Waste Management & Disposal;
Case Studies.
Recommended Books:
1. Understanding Environmental Pollution, Hill, M.K., 2ndEdition. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge UK, 2005.
2. Environmental Pollution and Control. Peiece, J.J., Weiner, R.F. and Vesilaind,
P.A. 4thEdition, Butterworth-Heinemann, (Elsevier) USA,1998.
3. Environmental Contaminants: Assessment & Control Dairel, A.V.,Academic
Press, USA, 2005
COURSE 7
Minor- 1 3 (2 – 1)
COURSE 8 3 (2 – 1)
Minor – II
COURSE 09
Remedial English- II 3 (3 – 0)
8
Course Outline:
Paragraph writing
Practice in writing a good, unified and coherent paragraph
Essay writing
Introduction
CV and job application
Translation skills
Urdu to English
Study skills
Skimming and scanning, intensive and extensive, and speed reading, summary and
précis writing and comprehension
Academic skills
Letter / memo writing and minutes of the meeting, use of library and internet
recourses
Recommended Books:
a) Grammar
Practical English Grammar by A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet. Exercises 1.Third edition.
OxfordUniversity Press. 1997. ISBN 0194313492
Practical English Grammar by A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet. Exercises 2.Third edition.
OxfordUniversity Press. 1997. ISBN 0194313506
b) Writing
Writing. Intermediate by Marie-Christine Boutin, Suzanne Brinand and Francoise Grellet. Oxford
Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression 1993. ISBN 0 19 435405 7 Pages 20-27 and 35-41.
c) Reading/Comprehension
Reading. Upper Intermediate. Brain Tomlinson and Rod Ellis. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Third
Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19 453402 2.
9
COURSE 10
Islamic Studies 2 (2 – 0)
This course is aimed:
1. To provide Basic information about Islamic Studies
2. To enhance understanding of the students regarding Islamic Civilization
3. To improve Students skill to perform prayers and other worships
4. To enhance the skill of the students for understanding of issues related to faith and
religious life.
Course Outline:
INTRODUCTION TO QURANIC STUDIES: Basic Concepts of Quran; History of Quran;
Uloom-ul-Quran
STUDY OF SELLECTED TEXT OF HOLLY QURAN: Verses of Surah Al-Baqra Related to
Faith (Verse No-284-286): Verses of Surah Al-Hujrat Related to Adab Al-Nabi (Verse No-1-18)
Page 63 of 84 ;Verses of Surah Al-Mumanoon Related to Characteristics of faithful (Verse No-1-
11); Verses of Surah al-Furqan Related to Social Ethics (Verse No.63-77); Verses of Surah Al-
Inam Related to Ihkam (Verse No-152-154)
SEERAT OF HOLY PROPHET (S.A.W)-I Life of Muhammad Bin Abdullah ( Before Prophet
Hood); Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Makkah; Important Lessons Derived from the life of
Holy Prophet in Makkah
SEERAT OF HOLY PROPHET (S.A.W)-II: Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Madina: Important
Events of Life Holy Prophet in Madina; Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy
Prophet in Madina INTRODUCTION TO SUNNAH: Basic Concepts of Hadith; History of
Hadith; Kinds of Hadith; Uloom –ul-Hadith; Sunnah & Hadith; Legal Position of Sunnah
INTRODUCTION TO ISLAMIC LAW & JURISPRUDENCE
Basic Concepts of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence; History & Importance of Islamic Law &
Jurisprudence; Sources of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence; Nature of Differences in Islamic Law;
Islam and Sectarianism
ISLAMIC CULTURE & CIVILIZATION
Basic Concepts of Islamic Culture & Civilization; Historical Development of Islamic Culture &
Civilization; Characteristics of Islamic Culture & Civilization; Islamic Culture & Civilization
and Contemporary Issues
10
Recommended Books:
1) Hameed Ullah Muhammad, “EMERGENCE OF ISLAM” , IRI, Islamabad
2) Hameed Ullah Muhammad, “MUSLIM CONDUCT OF STATE”
3) Hameed Ullah Muhammad, “INTRODUCTION TO ISLAM”
4) Hussain Hamid Hassan, “An Introduction to the Study of Islamic Law” Leaf Publication
Islamabad, Pakistan.
5) Ahmad Hasan, “Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence” Islamic Research Institute,
international Islamic University, Islamabad (1993)
6) Mir Waliullah, “Muslim Jrisprudence and the Quranic Law of Crimes” Islamic Book
Service (1982)
7) H.S. Bhatia, “Studies in Islamic Law, Religion and Society” Deep & Deep Publications
New Delhi (1989)
8) Dr. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, “Introduction to Al Sharia Al Islamia” Allama Iqbal Open
University, Islamabad (2001)
11
SEMESTER II1
COURSE 11
FUNDAMENALS OF ECOLOGY (Major) 3 (2-1)
Objectives
To develop an understanding in the about ecology, its fundamental concepts, description of
population, community, Ecosystem and its types, biogeography, and systems ecology
Course Outlines
Introduction, branches of ecology, levels of ecological organization, species, population,
community and ecosystem, role of light, soil, water, temperature, topography and air as
ecological factors, biotic factors, Concepts of Limiting factors, habitat and niche. Populations;
Population distribution and abundance, population dynamics, distribution limits, carrying
capacity and environmental resistance. Community: organization, various concepts of
community, community dynamics. Ecosystem: structure and function, energy flow and material
cycling within ecosystem. Biomes of the world, characteristics of urban, agricultural and
industrial ecosystems. Terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in Pakistan, their distribution and
potential threats to these ecosystems, plant geography and animal distribution. Ecological
production: primary and secondary productivity, productivity of different ecosystems, Systems
ecology, ecological modeling, landscape ecology, landscape changes and their importance.
Recommended Books 1. Ecology (principles and applications). Chapman, J.L and Reiss, M J. 1
st Ed. Cambridge
University Press, UK, 1992.
2. Fundamentals of Ecology. Odum, E P. and Barett, G.W. 5th
Ed.
Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2004.
3. Ecology (concepts and applications.) Moles, M C J 1st ed. WCB/McGraw-Hill. New York,
1999
4. Fundamentals of Ecology. Dash, M. C. Tata McGraw-Hill. New Delhi. 2001
5. Biogeography (an ecological and evolutionary approach).Cox, C. B. and More, J. 6th
Ed.
King’s College London, UK. 2000.
12
COURSE 12
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (Major) 3(0-3)
Objectives
The course will educate the students about different types of solutions, instruments & analytical
procedures and their skills about practical aspects of environmental science will become more
productiveA practical introduction to analytical methods and instrumentation available to the
environmental scientist. Emphasis is given to recent analytical developments and to
instrumentation available to Environmental Science Program students. Provides the basic skills
and information required to prepare an environmental sample for analysis i.e. Inorganic Analysis
and Organic Analysis.
Course Outline
Quality assurance in an Environmental Science laboratory. Biomarkers in environmental
assessment. Purposes and designs of environmental sampling. Sample preservation methods.
Standard solutions and standard curves. Instrumentations: principles and procedure for
Potentiometery, Conductivitymetry, Titrimetery, Gravimetery, Spectroscopy and
Chromatography. Topics include: (1) sampling of air, water, and sediment and in situ
instrumentation (e.g., CTD and sensors); (2) extraction and separation techniques, such as
ultracentrifugation and ultrafiltration, and electrophoresis; (3) thin layer, gas, and liquid
chromatography; 4) mass spectrometry; and (5) UV-Vis, fluorescence, NMR, and ESR
spectroscopy.
Lab Work
S.I. and derived S.I. units. Sample collection, handling, preparation and storage. Analytical
techniques for soil, water and plant analysis. Data interpretation for quality control, precision and
accuracy. Preparation of Standard solutions and Standard curve. Use of Potentiometery,
Conductivitymetry, Titrimetery, Gravimetery, Spectroscopy and Chromatography for the
analysis of environmental samples. Determination of chemical characteristics of water and
waste water (pH, All Solids, BOD, COD, Fluoride, NO3–N & NH4-N), soil (NPK and organic
matter contents, salinity & sodicity).
13
Recommended Books:
1. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 8th
Edition. Skoog, D. A., West, D. M. and F. J.
Holler. Thomson and Brooks,2004.
2. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water & Wastewater. A Greenberg (American
Public Health Association), 2005.
3. Qualitative Chemical Analysis. 6th
Edition. Harris, D. C., Freeman & Co., New York, 2003.
4. Soil Analysis: An Interpretation Manual. Peverill, K.L., L.A. Sparrow and D.J. Reuter. CSIRO
Publ., Collingwood, Australia, 1999.
14
COURSE 13
Minor-1 3 (2 – 1)
COURSE 14
Minor-11 3 (2 – 1)
COURSE 15
English (Compulsory) – I 3 (3 – 0)
Prose and Poetry
Syllabus & Course of Reading:
A selection of English Prose.
Topics Included:
1. The Damned Human Race (By Mark Twain)
2. The last lesson (By Alphonse Daudet)
3. Bromides and Sulphites (By Gelet Burgess)
4. How to Live to be 200 (by Stephen Leacock)
5. The Place of Science in a Liberal Education (by Bertrand Russel)
6. On a Common Cold (by Osbert Sitwell)
7. The secret Life of Walter Mitty (by james Thurber)
8. Emotional Meanings (by Robert H. Thousless)
9. Where Do bright Ideas Come From? (by Lancelot Whyte)
10. The Open Window
Recommended Books:
1. A Selection of Modern English Essays : edited by Prof. Sajjad Sheikh, published by Maktaba-
e-Karvan, Katchery Road , Lahore .
2. A New Anthology of English Poetry: edited by Prof. Shoaib bin Hassan and Prof. K. Aslam,
published by Maktaba-e-Karvan, Katchery Road, Lahore.
3. A Selection of Short Stories and One-Act Plays: edited by Dr. Nasim Riaz Butt, published by
Maktaba e-Karvan, Katchery Road , Lahore .
4. The Old Man and the Sea : Eornest Hemingway.
15
COURSE 16
Physical Education 2 (2 – 0)
The course is intended to familiarize the students towards the concepts of health and physical
education and the relative contribution of physical education for the skill development.
OBJECTIVE 1. To provide students a general concept of physical education and fitness.
2. To provide knowledge and understanding regarding health and nutrition.
3. To familiarize the students regarding safety education and health promotive measures for day
to day life.
Course Outline:
Concept of Physical Education
Meaning, Definition, Aims and Objectives of Physical Education
Need and Importance of Physical Education
Physical Education and its Relevance in Inter Disciplinary Context.
Physical Fitness Components
Type of Fitness
Health Related Physical Fitness
Performance Related Physical Fitness
Activities for developing Physical Fitness Components
Recommended Books:
S. Stein and M. Wysession, An Introduction to Seismology, Earthquakes, and Earth
Structure, Blackwell Publishing.
K. Aki and P.G. Richards, Quantitative Seismology, 2nd edition, W.H. Freeman and Co.
T. Lay and T.C. Wallace, Modern Global Seismology, Academic Press.
P. Shearer, Introduction to Seismology, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press.
SEMESTER IV
16
COURSE 17
Environmental sampling and instrumentation (Major) 3 (3-0) Laboratory and lecture course on equipment, instrumentation, methodologies, and strategies for
measuring environmental chemical and microbiological contaminants. A primary emphasis is placed on
air monitoring for human exposure assessment in the workplace and general environment. Dermal,
surface, soil, and water contamination measurements are also covered. Lectures, laboratories, and
demonstrations. Primarily for students in environmental health sciences with interests in occupational
and ambient-environmental exposure assessments for regulatory compliance and epidemiologic risk
estimation.
Objectives:
Upon completion of the course, the participants should be able to:
Use essential resources for selection of sampling and instrumentation Calibrate sampling and direct-reading instrumentation for particles and gases Calculate and perform essential QA/QC measures Describe the basic principles of operation of common sampling and instrumentation Characterize noise sources using survey instrumentation and octave band analysis Measure and calculate the wet bulb, globe temperature (WBGT) heat stress index
17
COURSE 18
Applied Ecology (Major) 3 (2-1)
Course Description: This graduate/senior-undergraduate course will explore the ways in which ecological science can
be applied to solving some of the most important environmental problems facing our world
today, such as the conservation of species, wetland restoration, and mitigation of environmental
impacts. We will draw together, in a single course, major topics in environmental and resource
management that traditionally have been presented amongst several different courses so that we
will look at those difficult conflicts and choices in a balanced way. Students will be encouraged
to explore current and emerging fields in applied ecology.
Reference Books:
Applied Ecology and Environmental Management. 2nd
edition. By Edward Newman. Blackwell
Science, 2000.
First Ecology. 3rd
edition. By Alan Beeby and Anna-Maria Brennan. 2008. Oxford University
Press;
Applied Ecology and Natural Resource Management. By G.R. McPherson and S. DeStefano.
Cambridge University Press. 2003.
Additional selected articles from journals (e.g., Journal of Applied Ecology) and the internet will
be given as supplemental reading materials.
18
COURSE 19
Minor-1 3 (2 – 1)
COURSE 20
Minor-11 3 (2 – 1)
COURSE 21
English (Compulsory II) 3 (3-0)
Objectives
English II will build upon the language skills learned in English I. This course is designed to
improve and polish the communication skills through listening, speaking, reading and writing.
Documentaries, online resources for grammar exercises, articles from major national and
international newspapers (Express Herald Tribune, Dawn, The New York Times, etc.) will be
used to encourage students’ engagement with contemporary media and write essays (personal,
expository, argumentative) as well as develop excellent presentation skills.
Enable the students to meet their real life communication needs.
After the successful completion of this course students will be able to:
Write personal, expository and persuasive essays
Demonstrate advanced communication skills (listening, speaking, reading & writing)
Write personal statements
Develop critical thinking through listening documentaries
Give excellent formal and informal presentations
Exhibit research skills
Develop formal report writing
Demonstrate proficiency in English grammar
Course Contents
Paragraph writing
Practice in writing a good, unified and coherent paragraph
Essay writing; Introduction , CV and job application, Translation skills, Study skills
19
Recommended books:
Communication Skills
a) Grammar
1. Practical English Grammar by A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet. Exercises 2.
Third edition. Oxford University Press 1986. ISBN 0 19 431350 6.
b) Writing
1. Writing. Intermediate by Marie-Chrisitine Boutin, Suzanne Brinand and Francoise
Grellet. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression 1993. ISBN 019 435405
7 Pages 45-53 (note taking).
2. Writing. Upper-Intermediate by Rob Nolasco. Oxford Supplementary Skills.
Fourth Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19 435406 5 (particularly good for writing
memos, introduction to presentations, descriptive and argumentative writing).
c) Reading
1. Reading. Advanced. Brian Tomlinson and Rod Ellis. Oxford Supplementary
Skills. Third Impression 1991. ISBN 0 19 453403 0.
2. Reading and Study Skills by John Langan
3. Study Skills by Riachard Yorky.
4.
20
COURSE 22
Sociology 2 (2-0)
Systematic study of social behavior and human groups. It focuses on the influence of social relationships
upon people’s attitudes and behavior and on how societies are established and changed. This course
provides students with both methodologies and knowledge of the study of critical social issues ranging
in scope from family to global.
Objectives:
1. Correctly identify causes of critical social issues through a systematic study of social behavior and
social change;
2. Demonstrate comprehension of roles and functions of various social institutions and relationships
among them;
3. Demonstrate understanding of several sociological theories and apply them to explain social
phenomena or situations;
4. Demonstrate interest in taking part in social activities;
5. Use sociological imagination to explain their life experience in a broader social context.
21
SEMESTER V
COURSE 23
BIODIVERSITY AND NATURE CONSERVATION 3(3-0)
Objectives
The objective of this course is to familiarize the students with different forms of biodiversity,
threats to biodiversity and its conservation.
Course Outlines Introduction, types of biodiversity, alpha and beta diversity, philosophical, ecological, economic,
social and ethical values of biodiversity, plant, animal and microbial resources of world and
Pakistan, threats to biodiversity, hot spots of biodiversity, Conservation of biodiversity, need and
approach; conservation at species, population, community and ecosystem level; conservation
strategies, in-situ and ex-situ conservation, Conservation of wildlife, plants, forests; conservation
in man-made ecosystems, croplands, cities, role of protected areas and ecological corridors in
conservation, Legal protection of species, habitats, national and international laws and
regulations, international agreements, protected areas, their categories, management, ecotourism,
conservation and livelihood, National Conservation Strategy of Pakistan, role of traditional
knowledge in conservation.
Recommended Books: 1. A Primer for Conservation Biology. 2
ndEd. Sinauer, P.R.B. Associates Inc. Publ. Sunderland.
2000.
2. Biogeography, Cox, C.B. and Morre, P.D., Kings College, London., 2000.
3. Illustrated Handbook of Biodiversity of Pakistan. Mirza, Z.B., Saad Printers, Rawalpindi,
1998.
22
COURSE 24
Aquatic Culture. 3(2-1) The history and the current status of world aquaculture production are discussed, with emphasis
on species with potential in Pakistan. Advances in freshwater and marine finfish and shellfish
culture are included. Aquatic plant production is discussed. Business aspects of aquaculture are
introduced.
Aquatic Systems
An introduction to the physical characteristics, chemistry, and biology of lakes, streams, and
rivers. Includes information on human impacts and alteration of these natural systems. Includes
laboratory simulations and field exercises.
Fish and Shellfish Hatcheries and Aquatic including Seaweed Farming Systems
Aquaculture practices in different parts of the world. Criteria for selection of organisms for aquaculture.Criteria
for selection of sites for culture, farms, hatcheries, nurseries. grow outs. Hatchery
technologyfor different species. Pond culture, cage culture, pen culture.
recirculatory systems, aquaranching.Broodstock development, maintenance,
maturation and induced breeding of cultivable species- Inducedb r eed i n g , h a t ch er y
p r o t oco l s , l a rv a l s t age s , l a rv a l f e ed s and r ea r in g t e chn i qu es , p ack ag i n g
an d transportation of larvae. nursery rearing. Preparation and stocking of grow-out ponds, water and soil
qualitymaintenance, natural and suplementary feeds, health management. Integration
of aquaculture withagriculture and animal husbandry, organic aquaculture. Aquaculture
practices for freshwater fish (carps,catfish, snakeheads, mahseer, trouts). Prawns, brackish water
and m,.inc fish (sea bass, milkfish, mullets,rabbit fish, Cobia, breams), shrimp (Penaeus
monodon and P. indicus. P semisulcatus) mussels, oysters,pearl oysters, scallops, clams,
sea cucumbers. Culture of aquatic weeds including seaweeds: major seaweed species of
commerce, methods of culture of seaweeds, farming of agar, algin, carrageenanyielding
species in India and emerging trends in their farming in open seas and integrated
with otherfarming system. Breeding and rearing of freshwater and marine ornamental fish.
Feeding, packaging andt r an sp o r t o f l i v e f i sh . G oo d m an ufac t u r in g p r ac t i c e
( G MP ) , R es po ns ib l e A qu acu l tu r e , S an i t a r y an d phytosanitary (SPS) agreement.
23
Fish physiology and Nutrition
Nutritional requirements of cultivable fish and shellfish at larval, Juvenile and adul t
stages. Role ofamino acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. Nutritional
physiology, biochemistry,bioenergetics. Diet formulations, digestibility of Feeds and
their evaluation, feed additives (attractants,growth stimulants, probiot ics) and
binders their role in nutrition. Stability and storage properties of formulated feeds.
Methods of feeding. Feed quality assessment. Feeds suitable for application in differentaquaculture
systems. Nutritional pathology. toxins in feeds and economic of formulated feeds. Reproductivephysiology,
endocrine control of growth, moulting and reproduction. Eco-physiology. Stress physiology.
Genetics and Biotechnology
Principal of fish genetics. Heredity and cytogenties of fish reproduction:
inheritance of qulitativean d qu an t i t a t i ve t r a i t s i n f i sh , b io ch emi ca l and
m ol ecu l a r gen e t i c m a rk e t s e l ec t i v e b r eed i n g an d hybridization, chromosome
set manipulation and sex control in aquaculture, genetic engineering: andproduction
of transgenic fish, fish genomes, proteomies, comparative genomies. Regulatory
aspects offish biotechnology and transgenics. Use of molecular genetic markers in management
of fish. Resources,identification of resource, understanding breeding and stock
structure of the resource, estimating thesize of resource, identification of key
habitats for the resource. Biotechnologies in fish conservation.Biotechnology in
health management-- molecular (nucleic acid and antibody based) diagnostics
andvaccines GMOs.
Fish Health Management
Diseases in aquaculture: parasitic, bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens of fish and shellfish.
Water,soil, environmental quality and effects on fish health. Pathological changes in
diseases: nutritionalpathology. Disease in hatcheries and grow out systems.
Epidemiology of diseases. Microbiological
histopathological and molecular techniques. Disease surveillance and reporting. Defence
systems in fish-innate and acquired immunity, inflammation and Response to diseases.
Antibody and cell mediatedimmunity in fish and shellfish. Methods for disease control and
management. Environment management,chemotherapeutic agents, host management,
prophylaxis vaccines, immunostimulants, probiotics. Useand abuse of antibiotics and
24
chemicals in health management. Fish heath and quarantine systems. seedcertification,
germplasm exchange.
Aquatic Microbiology and Fish Food Organisms
Bacteria, viruses. fungi, unicellular algae and protozoa in aquatic environment.
Primary production,d egr ad a t i on o f mo l ecu l es i n aq u a t i c env i ro nm en t , w a t e r
p o l lu t io n and pu r i f i ca t i on , ph ys io lo g y an d biochemistry of aquatic
microorganisms, their role in carbon. nitrogen, phosphorus. sulphur cycling andtheir
impact on aquatic habitats and fish species. Role of microorganism, in fish
production, fish heathand fish safety. Public health microbiology, algal blooms Shellfish
toxicities.Fish food organisms- bacterioplankton, phytoplankton and zooplankton and their role in larval
nutrition,nutrition and feeding in aquaculture systems. Mass culture of fish food
organisms and its applications inhatcheries. Culture of microalgae, rotifers, artemia and
other fish food organisms
COURSE 25
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 3 (3-0)
Course Objective The goal of this course is to provide students with a broad awareness of the framework of municipal solid waste
management, highlight the relative issues, and provide a selection of technical skills. Exposure to management of
other types of waste (construction, hazardous, medical and mine waste).
Course Description: Municipal, construction, hazardous, medical and mine waste management. Waste composition and potential
impacts, collection and transport, material recovery facility, recycling and reuse, landfilling, composting and waste
to energy.Types of Waste, Waste Management Components, Characteristics of the Municipal Solid Waste
(Classification, Components, Sampling, Quantity, Composition, Physical-Chemical-Biological Properties.
Logistics: Estimating Generation Rates, Transport of Waste, Hauling Costs. Transfer Stations, Collection Route
Development. Material Recovery Facility, Separation Processes.Recycling Trends for Waste Stream
Components.Landfilling: Site Selection, Estimating Landfill Capacity, Basic Design, Leachate and Landfill Gas
Management, Pertinent Legislation. Waste to Energy: Combustion, Incineration, Energy Recovery and Pyrolysis.
Composting.Construction Waste. Hazardous and Medical Waste: Characteristics, Properties, and Classification.
Mine Waste: Tailing and Waste Rock, the Acid Generation Process, Relevant Mine Waste Characteristics and Mine
Waste Management.
Recommended Books
1. Pichtel, J. 2005. “Waste Management Practices”. Taylor and Francis, USA.
2. Hazardous Waste Management by LaGrega, Buckingham and Evans, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill (2001)
3. Integrated Solid Waste Management by Tchobanoglous, Thiesen and Vigil, McGraw-Hill Inc., (1993)
25
COURSE 26
ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 3(3-0)
Objectives This course will provide an awareness and understanding to the students about the role of
microorganisms in the environment. After completion of this course, students will be able to
understand the significance, role and application of microorganisms in the environment.
Course Outlines Introduction and historical perspective of environmental microbiology. Introduction and general characteristics of
archaea, bacteria and eukarya. Microbial metabolism. Microbiology of terrestrial environments, aquatic
microbiology, aero-microbiology and food microbiology. Biogeochemical cycles of C, N, P, and S, with special
emphasis on their environmental impact. Biodegradation and bioremediation of organic and inorganic pollutants.
Recommended Books
1. Environmental Microbiology, Maier, F.M., Pepper, I.L. and Gerba, C.P. 2nd
Edition,
Academic Press, London, UK, 2009.
2. Principles and Applications of Soil Microbiology, Sylvia, D.M., Fuhrmann, J.J., Hartel,
P.G. and Zuberer, D.A. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA, 2005.
3. Microbiology, Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P. and Klein, D.A. McGraw Hill Inc., USA, 2007.
4. Manual of Environmental Microbiology, Hurrst, C.J., Crawford, R.L., Knudsen, G.R.,
McInernery, M.J. and Stetzenbach, L.D. American Society for Microbiology, Washington
DC, USA, 2002.
5. Environmental Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual,
peppor,I.L.,Gerba,C.P.andBrendecke,J.W. and Jeffery, W.B. Academic Press, USA, 1995.
COURSE 27
INTRODUCTORY ECONOMICS & SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 3(3-0)
Objectives The course aims to introduce the fundamental concepts of economics and provide understanding
about economic development and economic growth. It discusses the impacts of economic
activity on environment and sustainable development.
This course aims to provide students with a sound knowledge and understanding of the major
fundamental results of environmental economics. Diagrams are widely used throughout the
26
course. Some basic knowledge of partial differential calculus (i.e., taking derivatives of
functions) is indispensable.
Course Outlines
The topics covered will include:
environmental externalities and the theory of market failure
economics of pollution control
economics of natural resource use
economics of sustainable development
valuation of environmental resources
economics of international environmental problems
Environmental economics, Economic management and environmental quality, economic growth
and its measurement, population and environmental quality, Natural resources and the economy,
interaction between ecology and economic management. Economic functions of environment.
Introduction to economics; scope and fundamental concepts of Economics: Consumer behavior,
Producer behavior, and Resource allocation. Optimum utilization of resources from consumer,
producer and community point of view. Economic development, economic progress, economic
growth, economic welfare and difference among all. Man environmental relationship, Impact of
economic activity on environment, Sustainable development, Measures for sustainable
development. Sustainable development in developed and developing countries. Pakistan
economic context: National income, concepts and measurement, Growth and development,
poverty, Growth and Environment.
Recommended Books: 1. Economic Development, Todaro, M. P., 7th Ed. Wesely Publishers. USA, 2008.
2. Development Economics through the Decades: A Critical Look at 30 Years of the World
Development Repor, Yusuf, S. The World Bank's annual World Development Report. World
Bank Publications. USA, 2008.
3. World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography. World Bank
Publications. USA, 2008.
4. Environmental Economics in Theory and Practice. Hanley, N., Shogren, J. and White, B.
Palgrave Macmillan. USA, 2007.
27
SEMESTER VI
COURSE 28
GIS& COMPUTER IMAGE PROCESSING 3 (2+1) Objectives The main objectives of the GIS/RS are to maximize the efficiency of decision making and
planning, provide efficient means for data distribution and handling, eradication of the duplicated
data, integration of information from many sources. Geographical information system (GIS) and
remote sensing (RS) had been one of the key subprojects envisaged in the National Information
System. The attempts of a digital description of that world create a computerized GIS which is
usually a partial description of the world in relation with some feature tasks.
Course Outlines
Fundamentals of Remote Sensing.History and data collection, advantages and limitations of
process. Energy Sources, energy matter interaction in the atmosphere. Aerial photography,
history and platforms.Active and Passive remote sensing.Remote sensing of vegetation and
landscape.Introduction to Photogrammetry, Satellite Imageries, Image Processing, Interpretation,
Preparation of thematic maps. Fundamental of Geographic Information System(GIS).
Iontegration with other technologies and its importance.Data acquisition, analysis and output.
Types of data used in GIS. Cartography, map projection and coordinate systems. GIS
applications in: Environmental protection and resource conservation, Environmental Impact
Assessment(EIA), Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery and wildlife. Introduction to relevant Pakistani
Institutions working in GIS.
Lab Work Introduction to ArcView, Data entry and output.Using and reading GPS in field. Different types of maps. Reading
maps (Maps characteristics)
Recommended Books: 1. A Primer of GIS-fundamentals Geographic and Cartographic Concepts.
Harvey, F. Guilfoudpress New York, 2009.
2. Dynamic Earth Environmental Remote Sensing Observations from shuttle Mission. Lulla, K and L. V.
Dessinov. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. 2000.
3. Introduction to GIS. Campbell. McGraw Hill Education. 2008.
4. Remote Sensing of the environment: An Earth perspective. Jensen, R. Pearsons Education, Inc. 2000.
5. Remote Sensing for the Earth Sciences. A. Z. Rancez. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. 1999.
28
COURSE 29
ENERGY, ENNVIRONMENT& DEVELOPMENT
Incorporate environmental concerns and climate change adaptation measures into development
programmes and policies.
Promoting the transition to green growth requires measures that promote growth whilst guiding
the energy sector into modes of production and consumption that are more efficient and secure,
have a lower environmental impact, and improve opportunities to prosper.
Objectives
To describe the principles and techniques used in energy conservation and development. To
describe the principles of efficient energy usage in residential, commercial and industrial sectors.
Course Outline
Introduction: energy and the environment, energy and development, energy demand and supply,
energy sources and production. Pattern of energy used in domestic, agricultural and industrial
production, commercial and service sectors. Energy conservation and efficient use of energy
Energy Inefficiency. Clean energy and alternatives sources of energy: wind, solar and PV,
hydroelectric, bio‐fuels, bio‐ diesel, ethanol, ester .Green architecture and green
city.Energytechnology.Value engineering and management.Energy economic decision making.
Energy management and conservation: steps in energy management
Recommended Books
1. Kleindorfer, P et al (Eds.) Energy, Environment, and the economy : Asian perspectives.
Cheltenham, UK : Edward Elgar. 1996.
2. Leitmann, J. Energy‐environment linkages in the urban sector. Washington, D.C. : World
Bank. 1991.
3. O’Callaghan, Paul W. Energy management. London:McGraw‐Hill. 1993.
4. Olivier, D. Energy‐efficient futures : opening the Solar option. London : Earth Resources
Research. 1983.
5. Patrick, D. and Fardo, S. Energy management and conservation. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. :
[s.n.]. 1982.
29
COURSE 30
ENVIRONMENTAL ANTHROPOLOGY 3 (3-0)
Objectives Environmental Anthropology is the study of applied action and/or advocacy research to address practical
environmental problems, and concerns. The course will emphasize how anthropologists work and the students will
also learn the use of anthropology in handling some of these issues and therefore application will frame much of our
class discussions.
Course Outlines
Relationship between environment, culture and society. Goals and expectations. Scope and
application.Conceptualizing environment.Tripartite nature of environment.Understanding the environment-human
relationship.Chronological.Perspective of human-environment evolution.Contemporary environmental
status.Consumption, globalization and environmental issues.Science and the globalization of environmental
discourse.The Ecology of global consumer culture.Ecotourism’s impact on the environment.Contemporary
environment issues and debate.Use of environment for vested interest.power& hegemony.
Recommended Books: 1. Environmental Risks and the Media, Adam, Allan & Carter., Routledge, UK, 2009.
2. New Directions in Anthropology and Environment: Intersections, Crumley, C. L. (editor).Walnut Creek, CA:
AltaMira Press, 2001.
3. The Environment in Anthropology: A Reader in Ecology, Culture, and Sustainable Living. Hannen, Nora and
Wilk, R. (editors). New York: New York University Press, 2006.
4. Environmental Anthropology: From Pigs to Policies. Townsend, P.K. Prospect Heights, IL:WavelandPress, Inc.
2005.
5. Environmentalism and anthropology: Exploring the role of anthropology in environmental discourse. Milton,
K., Rutledge.,London 1996.
6. Nature across cultures: Views of nature and the environment in non-western cultures. Selin,H. Ed. Kluwer
Academic Publishers. 2003.
30
COURSE 31
ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF PAKISTAN 3(3-0)
Objectives
To provide students with a comprehensive knowledge about the environmental resource base of
Pakistan in order to learn its efficient utilization for sustainable development.
Course Outlines
Introduction to history, land, geography, people, culture, health, education; Ecological: ecological
zones, major ecosystems, topographic zones; Economic: agriculture, industry, water resources,
urbanization and pollution.
Recommended Books
1. State of the Environment-Pakistan , Government of Pakistan,2005
2. Environmental Profile of Pakistan, 1989
COURSE 32
URBAN PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT 3 (3-0)
Objectives
The course aims to provide basic concepts of urban planning and its relation with environmental
management at different administrative levels. It describes different theories and planning system
of different cities in Pakistan and some countries in Asia and Europe.
Course Outline
Introduction to Urban Planning and Management, Justification for planning for city
management, Aims and Objectives of planning, Principles of planning, Levels of planning,
Types of Urban Plans, Elements of urban planning, Planning and its relationship with other
professions, New trends in planning and city management, The planning process, Introduction to
planning system in Pakistan, Scope, nature and purpose of urban planning, Land use planning
theories, Planning theories and concepts, Applications of urban planning concepts to address the
environmental issues at local level, City Design for Sustainable Development.
31
Surveys and Study of planned areas in a city to assess the urban management plans. Surveys and
Study of unplanned areas in a city to assess the impacts on environment. Preparation of Urban
and environmental management plan for a selected city or part of a city. Survey and field work in
industrial states around city to assess the impacts of industrialization on land degradation. To
study impacts of urban sprawl and urbanization on energy and water resources of the area.
Recommended Books:
1. Planning and Urban Change, Ward, S. V., SAGE Publications Ltd. London, UK, 2004.
2. Land-Use Planning for Sustainable Development, Silberstein, J.and Maser, C., CRC Press
LLC. USA, 2000.
3. The Works: Anatomy of a City, Kate. A., Penguin Group, New York, USA, 2007.
4. Introducing Town Planning, Clara, G. H., Longman Group, UK, 1993.
5. National Reference Manual on Planning and Infrastructure Standards, Government of
Pakistan, E&UA Div. Ministry of Housing and Works, Islamabad, 1986.
32
SEMESTER VII
COURSE 33
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS & POLICIES 3 (3-0)
Objectives
To give an understanding of the role of state and its instruments in the governance of
environment in order to learn responsibilities of state and rights of its citizens for
environmentally sustainable development.
to enhance knowledge of international water and environmental law and how it
influences national decision-making on resource use;
to enhance knowledge of regional and national water and environmental problems and
how law, politics and policies are used to address these problems;
to increase the ability of participants to analyze the interrelations between the various
issues; and to develop analytical academic skills, policies strategies and negotiation
techniques;
to connect professionals from different parts of the world and different organizations to
allow for exchange of ideas and insights and to learn from each other’s experiences; and
to create a continuous learning environment where professionals can 'meet' and refresh
their knowledge on the subject.
Course Outlines
National Environmental Policy of Pakistan and its implementation, Conservation Strategies and
Action Plans; Environmental provisions in the constitution of Pakistan; Pakistan Environmental
Protection Act of 1997 and the rules, regulations made there under; environmental provisions in
the Local Government Ordinance, 2001 and the rules of business made there under.
Recommended Books: Environmental Laws and their implementation in Pakistan, Qadar, S. Law Books House, 2000.
Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997, Government of Pakistan
National Environmental Policy
National Conservation Strategy
33
SNBP Local Government Ordinance, 2001.
COURSE 34
RISK ASSESMENT AND COMMUNICATION
Objectives
The course will introduce the concepts of adverse toxic effects of environmental chemicals, from
natural and anthropogenic sources, on human and other living organisms. The course is focused
on providing knowledge related to toxic chemicals in air, water and soil, dose response
relationship in living organisms, short term (acute) and long-term (chronic) effects on organ
system, their containment and control strategies.
Course Outlines Introduction to Toxicology: History, toxicology of chemicals; terminologies: Poisons, toxins vs
toxicants, Anthropogenic chemicals as toxicants; Classification of environmental toxicants:
Natural & anthropogenic; toxicological agents and their types based on chemical structures,
biological effects, long-term (Chronic) & short-term (Acute) effects; Chemical interactions and
their types, Synergism, Potentiation and Addition; dose and dose response relationship:
Threshold limit for chemicals, toxins & toxicants; Toxicity: Types and its measurement; Organs,
Organ system and effects of toxicants on Organ system; Bioaccumulation and biomagnifications;
Toxicant metabolism and accumulation in body organs and pathways; Response of the body
systems to toxicological agents; Immunological considerations in toxicology; Toxicological
testing techniques: in vitro & in vivo techniques, toxicity screening using microbial systems;
Risks and their characterization: risk assessment and management
Recommended Books 1. Essentials of Environmental Toxicology, Hughes, W. Williams, CRC Press Llc; 1
st Edition, 1996.
2. Casarrett&Doull’sToxicology- Science of Poisons ,Klassen, W.D., 5th
Edition, McGrawhill, USA, 2005
3. Environmental Toxicants (Human exposure and their Health Effects) Lippmann, M, 1st Edition. Van Nostrand
and Reinhold New York, USA. 1992.
4. General and Applied Toxicology, Ballantyne, B.M, T and Turner, P. (ed.), Vol.1 Macmillan Press Ltd. USA,
1993.
34
COURSE 35
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 3(3-0)
Objectives
The aim of this course is to ensure that environmental factors are considered in the decision-
making process of a development project, possible adverse environmental impacts are identified
and avoided or minimized, and the public is informed about the project proposal
Course Outlines
Introduction, overview, principles and purposes of IEE and EIA and its significance to the
society. Cost and benefits of EIA. Main stages in EIA process, law, policy and institutional
arrangements for EIA systems, public involvement, screening, scoping, impact analysis,
mitigation and impact management, reporting, review of EIA quality, decision-making to
implement the project, project implementation and follow up, EIA project management, social
impact assessment (SIA), National Environmental Quality Standards for air, liquid, solids, and
noise, role of quality assurance and quality control in environmental analysis, EIA Regulations
2000 of Pakistan.
Recommended Books: 1. Environmental impact assessment: Guidelines by the Government of Pakistan, Ministry of
Housing and Works, Islamabad; 1986.
2. Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment, Glasson, J., Therivel, R., and Chadwick,
A., Routledge, London, 2005.
3. Environmental Impact Assessment in Practice, Harrop, D.O. & Nixon, J.A., National Book
Foundation, Islamabad, 2000.
4. Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment (vol 1 & 2), Petts, J., (ed.). Blackwell,
Oxford, 1999.
5. EIA Manual: Training Resource Manual, Sadler, B., & McCabe, M., (ed.),2nd
Edition,
United Nations Environment Programme, 2002.
6. Environmental Impact Assessment for Developing Countries in Asia, Lohani, B., Evans, J.,
Everitt, R., Ludwig, H., Carpenter, R. and Tu, S.,Asian Development Bank; 1997.
35
COURSE 36
PRACTICALS.
SEMESTER VIII
COURSE 37
HEALTH, SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT 3 (3-0)
Objectives The objective for this course is to introduce students to the hazards of working with or around
hazardous chemicals.
Course Outline
Introduction to occupational safety and health. Definitions: health vs. safety. Scope of
occupational disease and injuries.Occupational safety professionals.Accidents.Definition and
classification of accidents.Job safety analysis.Accident investigation.System safety.Legal
regulation of occupational safety and health.Federal regulatory system.Regulation at the state
level.Inspections, citations, penalties.Standards. Worker’s compensation and recordkeeping
History and legal principles. Disability classifications.OSHA recordkeeping and
reporting.Facilities, falls. Definitions: slips, trips, falls. Mechanics of slips and falls. Walking and
working surfaces. Fall prevention and protection. Materials Handling.Manual materials handling
and lifting.Equipment-aided handling.Powered industrial trucks.Cranes.Materials
storage.Personal protective equipment (PPE) and first aid.General requirements for PPE.Hazard
assessment. Eye, head, hand, foot protection. First aid.Machine Safeguards.Machine motions
and hazards.Safeguarding techniques. Lockout/Tagout: the control of hazardous energy. Portable
tools.Fire and process safety.Causes of fire. Fire prevention inspections. Response to fires:
alarms, equipment, Evacuation. Training for fire protection. Exits. Emergency plans. Fire
suppression equipment. Exit marking. Process safety management.Safety Programs.OSHA's four
point program.Training and motivation.Inspection programs. Additional
resources for safety and health
Recommended Books 1. Caeneross, S, 1993, Environmental Health Engineering. Wiley intersience
2. Yassi, A, Kjellstrom, T, de Kok, T, and Guidotti, T,L, 2001. Basic Environmental Health.
1st ed. Oxford University Pres New York, USA
3. Nebel, B J and Wright, R T, 1998, Environmental Science(The Way the World Works).
1ST
ed. Prentice Hall International Inc. London, UK
4. Lippmann, M Van Nostrand and Reinhold, 1992, Environmental Toxicants (Human
Exposure and their Health Effects). 1sted. New York, USA.
5. Park K, 2002, Park’s book of Preventive and Social Medicine, 2nd
ed. M/S Banarsid.
36
COURSE 48
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 3(3-0)
Objectives
The aim of this course is to educate students about the Water Resources Management with
reference to Pakistan, how to minimize their wastage and how to increase its efficiency
especially in irrigation sector.
Course Outlines
Water resource and its management, hydrological cycle, water quality and quantity aspects,
integrated water resources management (IWRM), water supply and demand management
measures, virtual water, groundwater exploitation, it’s over-mining and pollution and
urbanization aspects, improving water productivity/irrigation water efficiency, flood and
droughts, water conservation and rain water harvesting in urban and rural environment, wetlands
resources management, flood and drought management, recycling and re-use of wastewater,
fisheries management, climate change and its impacts on our future water resources,
precipitation distribution in Pakistan, Indus Water Treaty 1960 (IWT), Indus Water Accord
1991, water relevant intuitions and authorities in Pakistan, water resources management and
future challenges in Pakistan.One to two day study tour(s) to visit water supply & waste water
treatment plant, watershed/catchment, with drinking water facilities like springs, tube-wells,
pollution aspects, like solid waste and waste water disposal into the natural streams etc.
Recommended Books:
1. Water Resources of Pakistan and their Utilization, Ahmed, N., Mirajuddin
Publication , Lahore, Pakistan ,1993.
2. Groundwater Resources of Pakistan, Ahmed, N., Revised & enlarged edition,
Mirajuddin Publication ,Lahore, Pakistan, 1993.
3. Integrated Water Resources Management in South and Southeast Asia, Biswas,
A.K.,Varis, O, and Tortajada, C, (eds.), Oxford University Press New Delhi, 2005.
4. Pakistan’s Water Economy Running Dry, Briscoe, J. and Qamar, U., Oxford
University Press Karachi, 2006.
5. Problems and Politics of Water Sharing and Management in Pakistan, Cheema, P. I.,
Khan, R. A. and Malik, A. R., Asia Printer, Islamabad, 2006.
6. The Politics of Managing Water, Bengali, K., (ed.), SDPI Oxford University Press,
Islamabad, 2003.
37
COURSE 39
Agro-Ecology 3(3-0)
Objectives
The course will give better understanding about significance of agriculture in environment. It
will improve the management skills of the students in interacting ultimate producers and
consumers.
Course Outlines
Introduction to agro-ecosystem. Agroecology, principles and strategies for designing sustainable
farming systems. Biotic structure, primary producers, consumers, decomposers. Consumer and
producer relationship. Farming practices for pests and weeds control. Ecological concept in crop
and food production. Deforestation for agricultural purposes. Sustainable livestock management.
Effect of pollutants on plants and animals. Phytoremediation and bioremediation. Agro-
biodiversity and ecosystem. Raunkiaer’s standard frequency model in plant biodiversity.
Recommended Books:
1. Agroecology: Science of Sustainable Agriculture. Altreri, M.A. Westview Press, Boulder,
USA. 1995.
2. Agrocology. Corol, C.R., Yandermeer J.H. and Rossel.P.M. McGraw Hill Publishing
Company, New York, USA. 1990.
3. Experimental Plant Ecology. Kapur, P. and Sudha. R.G. CBS Publishers and Distributors,
New Delhi, India. 2000.
38
COURSE 40
INDEPENDENT RESEARCH PROJECT 3(1-2)
Objectives
The course will provide participants with an introduction to the knowledge and skills necessary to develop a
research proposal and subsequently to conduct a research study. It will help: to develop research abilities in the
activities of research design and practice; to develop skills in reading research papers and in writing reviews with
critical thinking skills &to evaluate a range of specific literature via the ability to reason clearly and think critically;
to introduce students to research design, research methods, and the process of doing research and reporting the
results
Course Contents Introduction to Research, Research Design & Research Methods; Scientific Research: Science,
Scientific Methods, Techniques & Pre-requisites for Scientific Research, Critical Thinking and
Developing the Research Question: Defining the Research Problem; Selecting the Research
Method; Research Proposal: its importance - A pre-requisite for Research; Research Proposal
Writing Techniques: Importance of Research Design, Review of Literature, Objectives,
Methodology; How to put things together? Introduction, Material Methods, Review of Literature,
Bibliography, Literature Search: Database, Search Engines; Analytical tools in research:
qualitative and quantitative methods; Sampling: the logic of sampling, concepts and
terminologies, population and sampling frames, types of sampling design/; Data Collection:
Techniques in data collection: Quantitative & Qualitative Data; Experimental Research, Case
Studies, Surveys, Interviews, Questionnaire; Data Analysis: Data Interpretation: Current data
interpretation with comparative studies (Inter-laboratory comparison), Inference based on
findings; Research Presentation Techniques – Data presentation
Recommended Books: 1. Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research, Creswell, J. W. & Plano Clark, V.L.
Thousand Oaks, Sage CA, USA, 2007.
2. The Craft of Research by Wayne C. Booth, 2nd Edition, Univ. of Chicago Press. USA, 2003.
3. Writing Science Through Critical Thinking, Marilyn F. Moriarty, 1st Edition Jones and
Bartlett Publishers. 1997.
4. Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Robert Yin, 3rd Edition, Sage Publishers. USA,
2003.
5. Survey Research Methods. Babbie, E. R., Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont
California.USA, 1989.
6. Students project in Environmental Science,Harrad,S.,Batty,h., Diamon, M. and Arhonditsis,
G, John and sons Ltd., Chichester, England, 2008.
39
M.Phil. in Environmental Sciences: 2-yr, 4- Semester Program (40)
Pre-requisite: M.Sc. in relevant discipline & Pre-Entry Test
1st Semester
ENVI 800 Environmental Impact Assessment (4)
ENVI 801 Research Methodologies
ENVI 802 Fundamentals of Earth Sciences
ENVI 803 Elective: Any one from the list hereunder:
Environmental Chemistry
Environmental Health and Safety
Sustainable Management of Natural Resources
Environmental Physics
Population Dynamics and the
Environment
2nd Semester
ENVI 804 Environmental Biology (4)
ENVI 805 Elective: Any one from list, related to:
Semester First
Compulsory S.No Course
Number
Course Name
1. ENVI 800
Environmental Impact Assessment
2. ENVI 801
Research Methodologies
3. ENVI 802
Fundamentals of Earth Sciences
Elective 4. ENVI 803
Environmental Chemistry
5. Environmental Health and Safety
6. Sustainable Management of Natural Resources
7. Environmental Physics
8. Population Dynamics and the Environment
Semester Second
Compulsory 1. ENVI 804
Environmental Biology
Elective 2. ENVI 805
Meteorology
3. G.I.S. & Remote Sensing
4. Water Resource Management
5. Environmental Auditing
6. Plant systematic & Environment
2nd to 4th SemesterENVI 895 Research Study on approved topic. Thesis/ Dissertation & Defense.
Note: Elective subjects to be offered with minimum 03 students offering the course.
40
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Basic concept of environmental issues and priorities, Environmental Standards and criteria setting,
indicators indices, environmental information system, environmental control, environmental monitoring,
Environment impacts of industrial/ development projects. Industrial sector in Pakistan process and
operation used in an industry, specially cement, lather, sugar and textile industries
Recommended Books
1. Wood, C, 1995. Environmental Impact Assessment (A Comprehensive Review). Longman
Scientific and Technical. Longman House Burnt Hill, Harlow Essex, UK.
2. World Bank (1993) Public Involvement in Environmental Assessment: Requirements,
Opportunities and Issues, Environmental Assessment Sourcebook Update, Environmental
Department, W B, Washington, DC.
3. Sectoral Guidelines of Environmental Impact Assessment, Ministry of Environment, Government
of Pakistan.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES
Identification of selection of research problem. Formulation of hypothesis. Experimental procedure.
Survey and types of survey. Sampling advantages and disadvantages. Collection and recording data.
Evolution and analyzing of results. How to write research articles. Introduction, material and method,
result and discussions, references, acknowledgement. Review type of research.
FUNDAMENTAL OF EARTH SCIENCE
Planet Earth: Earth in the solar system; differentiation of the earth into core, mantle, crust, hydrosphere
and atmosphere; rock-forming, ore-forming and soil-forming minerals; energy, mineral, water and soil
resources. Earth processes: Plate-tectonic processes, rock-forming and ore-forming processes,
hydrologic, weathering and erosional processes; development of large-scale physiographic features such
as oceans, land, mountains, plateau, floodplains and deltas. Rivers and their relation to geology and
climate; erosional, transportational and depositional processes of water, air, waves and glaciers.
Resources: Concepts of resources and reserves in energy, mineral and water resources; geological
constraints in their availability and use; environmental consequences of their exploitation to air, water,
soil, climate and life. Natural hazards: Floods, landslides, earthquakes-tsunami and volcanism, cyclones,
coastal erosion and sea level changes; impact of urbanization on the rate of these processes; general
methods to identify the hazard potential, to mitigate and to cope with natural processes. Land use: Land
evaluation and land use planning for construction and waste disposal; landscape geochemistry and
human health; Desertification and associated problems.
Recommended Books
1. Botkin, D and Keller, E, 2000. Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet, 8TH
ed. John
Wiley and Sons, Inc.
2. Nebel, B J and Wright, R T, 1998, Environmental Science(The Way the World Works). 1ST
ed.
Prentice Hall International Inc. London, UK
3. Engr. E D and Smith, B F, 2000. Environmental Science: A study of inter-relationship. 7th edition.
McGraw-Hills.
41
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
This course is designed to provide knowledge about different chemical process occurring in the
environment, various physical and chemical methods to minimize pollution and adverse effects of various
pollutants on human health and toxicity.
Chemistry of atmosphere, Major layers in atmosphere, temperature changes in the atmosphere, units to
describe atmospheric chemistry, chemical reactions in the atmosphere sources and effects of following
pollutant on human health Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen oxides, Sulfur dioxide, Volatile organic compounds,
automobile pollutants, Industrial smog, Photochemical smog, production of hydroxyl radical, their reaction
with hydrocarbons, Indoor air pollution various indoor air pollutants, particulates, chemistry of ground level
air pollution. Production of ozone in the stratosphere catalytic destruction of ozone, Hydroxyl Radical
cycle, NO cycle, the chlorine cycle, Null cycles, Effects of ozone depletion on human health and
environment, Green chemistry, its principles, Water pollution, Types of water pollutants oxidation
Reduction reactions in aqueous systems. Suspended solids and sediments, Dissolved solids. Toxic
organic compounds, pesticides, organochlorine insecticides, carbamates. Accumulation in biological
systems. Biomagnification and Biodegradation. Toxic heavy metals and their Bioaccumulation.
1. Environmental Chemistry. Ibanez, J.G., Hemandez-Esparaz, M., Doria- Serrano, C., Fregoso-Infante,
A. and Singh, M.M., Springer, Germany.2008.
2. Principles of Environmental Chemistry, Girard, le., 1 st Edition. Jones and Barlett, USA, 2005. 6970 3.
Environmental Chemistry. Baird Collin and Michael Cann. W.H. Freeman and Company, New
York USA. 2008.
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
The objective of this course to provide orientation to the students on importance of occupational safety,
health and environment.
Health, safety and environment: Hazards; Physical, mechanical, biological, chemical and psychological
hazards and stress. Health and environment, Environmental safety, Hazards identification and risk
assessment and management process. Work place environment: Occupational safety and health issues
in industries, construction, agriculture and service sectors, Accidents, injuries and workplace fatalities
statistics, Occupational safety and health management systems (international and national). Safety
Management: Regulations of health, safety and environment. Internal control and management
philosophy, Duties and rights, strategies and goals, Roles and responsibilities of occupational health and
safety professionals. Key principles of management and HSE, Measures and models for HSE,
Organizational environment, HSE statutes and regulations, Establishing HSE plans, Challenges of health
within working environment, external environment and safety, Different tools and instruments
recommended books
1. Caeneross, S, 1993, Environmental Health Engineering. Wiley intersience
2. Yassi, A, Kjellstrom, T, de Kok, T, and Guidotti, T,L, 2001. Basic Environmental Health. 1st ed.
OxfordUniversityPresNew York, USA
3. Nebel, B J and Wright, R T, 1998, Environmental Science(The Way the World Works). 1ST
ed.
Prentice Hall International Inc. London, UK
4. Lippmann, M Van Nostrand and Reinhold, 1992, Environmental Toxicants (Human Exposure and
their Health Effects). 1st ed. New York, USA.
5. Park K, 2002, Park’s book of Preventive and Social Medicine, 2nd
ed. M/S Banarsid.
42
SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Introduction to natural resources and their consumption patterns. Types of natural resources: renewable
and non-renewable resources. Time frame. Approaches to natural resource management.. Alternative
agriculture, sustainable agriculture. Land use and environmental problems of soil. Soil surveys and Land
use planning. Minerals resources, their use, mining and sustainability. Genesis of mineral deposits:
Environmental impact of mineral production. Mineral conservation strategies: the resource cycle. Non-
renewable energy resources: patterns of consumption, issues and options. Global energy source: an
overview. Fossil fuels: reserves of coal, its classification and basic geology.
Wildlife management. Wildlife of Sindh reason for depletion of wildlife, necessity for wildlife conservation
modes of wildlife conservation, protection by laws, protective species of Sindh, wildlife establishment of
centuries and natural parks other conservation masseurs.
Recommended Books
1. Goldsmith, F B and Warren, A, 1983. Conservation in Progress. John Wiley and Sons Inc.
2. Pearce and Turner, 1990. Economic of Natural Resources and the Environment. Harvester
Wheat Sheaf, London.
3. Dasmann, R F, 1984, Environmental Conservation. John Wiley and Sons Inc.
4. GoP and IUCN. 1992. The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (PNCS), Islamabad.
5. Hansen, P E and Jorqensen, S E, 1991. Introduction to Environmental Management –
Development in Environmental Modeling. 18; Amsterdam, Elsevier.
ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS
The course will provide an introduction to the physical principles that underlie environmental issues and
their relationship with different types of interactions with energy and matter.
Introduction to environmental physics, Global climate and climatic change, Solar spectrum, interaction of
light with matter, Ozone and UV light, Energy; trophic level, photosynthesis, Entropy, Energy conversion.
Heat radiation and heat transfer, Nuclear energy, Transport of pollutants,Diffusion, Conversion of mass,
Solids, Liquids and Gasses, Equations of fluid dynamics, Turbulence, Turbulent diffusion, Gaussian
plumes in the air, Turbulent jets and plumes, Particle physics, Sound and Noise, Basic acoustics, Human
perceptions and noise criteria, Reducing the transmission of sound, Active control of sound, Radioactivity
and nuclear physics, Isotopes and radioactive decay, Electromagnetic radiation, Scientific notations and
mathematical hints for basic concepts.
Recommended Books:
1. Introductory Environmental Physics, Boeker, E. and Van Grondelle, R. John Wiley and Sons Inc.
New York, USA, 2001.
2. Environmental Physics, Smith. C. Routledge, Kentucky USA; 2001.
3. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change, Seinfeld, J. H. and
Pandis, S. N. John Wiley and Sons Inc. USA, 2006.
4. Physics of the Environment and Climate, Guyot, G. Praxis publishing. UK,1998.
43
POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ENVIRONMENT
This course will provide the conceptual framework to the students for understanding of complex web of
multiple dimensions of environmental issues linked with population and development.
World Population: current scenario and future trends. Framework for understanding population-
environment nexus, population size and environment, population distribution and environment. Population
composition and environment, population growth and climate change, population growth and land use
change, research need for correlation studies. Povertypopulation-environment linkages in the context of
migration and urbanization. Population-development nexus: integrating environment and development.
Response to demographic crisis: Government responses, Individual attitudes and perceptions,
sustainable approach to population stabilization, Population dynamics in Pakistan, Pakistan s
Biocapacity, resource consumption & crisis.
1. Botkin D. & Keller E., 2000. Environmental Science: Earth as Living Planet. 8 th ed. John Wiley
and Sons
2. Cunningham W.P., &Saigo, B.W., 2001. Environmental Science, 6 th Ed. McGraw-Hill. E-11
44
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
This course introduces environmental processes and the influence of human activities upon them.
Topics include environmental sustainability, ecology and evolution, population growth, natural resources,
and a focus on current environmental problems from scientific, social, political, and economic
perspectives. Upon completion, students should be able to demonstrate an understanding of
environmental interrelationships and of contemporary environmental issues. This course has been
approved to satisfy the Comprehensive Articulation Agreement general education core requirement in
natural sciences/mathematics. the student should be able to: a) Discuss current environmental issues
with an understanding of the basic ecological concepts involved. b) Use an interdisciplinary approach to
analyze environmental issues/problems; show knowledge of the interplay between the ecological,
political, social, cultural and economic aspects of environmental problems. c) Develop a worldview related
to an understanding of current environmental issues and how global problems affect us locally. d)
Demonstrate an understanding of core ecological principles, and define scientific principles and concepts
as related to environmental studies and sustainability. e) Participate in basic field ecology research and
experiments according to the scientific method.
OUTLINE OF INSTRUCTION: I. Science and the scientific method II. The Biosphere a) Biomes b)
Ecosystems c) Biodiversity d) Evolution and extinction Revised June 2013 III. Environmental Resources
a) Water b) Land c) Energy IV. Environmental Threats a) Global Climate change b) Population dynamics
c) Disease d) Pest and pest control e) Pollution and waste management V. Environmental Biology and
Public Policy a) Risk assessment b) Assigning economic values to natural resources c) Sustainability d)
Geopolitics REQUIRED TEXTBOOKS AND MATERIAL: Cunningham, W.P. and Cunningham, M.A.
Environmental Science: a global concern. 12th ed. McGraw-Hill Higher Education 2012. STATEMENT
FOR STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES: Students who require academic accommodations due to any
physical, psychological, or learning disability are encouraged to request assistance from a disability
services counselor within the first two weeks of class. Likewise, students who potentially require
emergency medical attention due to any chronic health condition are encouraged to disclose this
information to a disability services counselor within the first two weeks of class. Counselors can be
contacted by calling 919-536-7207, ext. 1413 or by visiting the Student Development Office in the Phail
Wynn Jr. Student Services Center, room 1209
METEOROLOGY
The atmosphere. Instrument and observation. Clouds and precipitation. Condensation and precipitation
process. Heat and temperature change. Radiation and exchange of heat. Shore, thunderstorms, hall and
tornados. Haze, mist, smog and fog. The law of motion. Local wind system. The major wind system. Air
masses. Front and frontogenes. Cyclones and anti cyclones. Tropical disturbances, storms and
hurricanes. Temperature regions. Precipitation regions. World climate. From weather low to forecasting
Recommended Books
1. Botkin, D and Keller, E, 2000. Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet, 8TH
ed. John
Wiley and Sons, Inc.
2. Cunningham, W P, Saigo, B W, 2001, Environmental Science. 6TH
ed. McGraw-Hill.
3. Enger, E D and Smith, B F, 1997. Environmental Science: A Study of interrelationships. McGraw-
Hill.
4. Kupchella, C E and Hyland, M C, 1986. Environmental Science: Living within the System of
Nature, Prentice Hall
45
GIS AND REMOTE SENSING AND
The main objectives of the RS & GIS are to maximize the efficiency of decision making and planning,
provide efficient means for data distribution and handling, eradication of the duplicated data, integration of
information from many sources. Remote sensing (RS) Geographical Information System (GIS) and had
been one of the key subprojects envisaged in the National Information System. The attempts of a digital
description of that world create a computerized GIS which is usually a partial description of the world in
relation with some feature tasks.
Review of Basic Remote Sensing, Electromagnetic Spectrum. History and data collection, advantages
and limitations of Remote Sensing process. Energy Sources, energy matter interaction in the
atmosphere. Aerial photography, history and platforms. Active and Passive remote sensing. Remote
sensing of vegetation and landscape. Introduction to Photogrammetry, Satellite Imageries, Image
Processing: Image enhancement, Histogram, stretching, colour palettes, Contrast enhancement, Linear
Stretch, Histogram equalization, Interpretation, visual interpretation, Preparation of thematic maps.
Review of Geographic Information System(GIS). Integration with other technologies and its
importance.data acquisition, analysis and output. Types of data used in GIS. Cartography, map projection
and coordinate systems. GIS applications in: Environmental protection and resource conservation,
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery and wildlife. Introduction to
relevant Pakistani Institutions working in GIS. 80
81 Lab Work: Review of Image processing and GIS software. Conversion of raster to vector data.
Demonstration of GPS operations, Interpretation of satellite images for different application, Ground
Truthing. Thematic Maps Generation, Preparation of GIS Maps for different utilities.
1. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. Thomas Lillesand (Author), Ralph W. Kiefer (Author),
Jonathan Chipman Wiley; 6 edition (2007)
2. Fundamentals of remote sensing and airphoto interpretation Prentice Hall series in geographic
information science Authors Thomas Eugene Avery, GraydonLennis Berlin Edition 5, 2009
ISBN0023050357 .
3. A Primer of GIS-fundamentals Geographic and Cartographic Concepts. Harvey, F. Guilfoud Press,
New York, 2009.
4. Dynamic Earth Environmental Remote Sensing Observations from shuttle Mission. Lulla, K and L. V.
Dessinov. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. 2000.
5. Introduction to GIS. Campbell. McGraw-Hill Education. 2008.
6. Remote Sensing of the environment: An Earth perspective. Jensen, R. Pearsons Education, Inc.
2000. E-16
46
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Introduction; Hydrological cycle, water resources and their role, limits to water availability, water losses,
water consumption, water pollution, water storage problems and solution, improving water productivity,
water conservation practices, integrated coastal and marine resources, wetland resources, irrigation
resources, sustainable aquaculture practices, flood and drought management, government Policies and
Programmes. Dams, barrages and their environmental impacts on farm water management. Recycling
and re-use of wastewater as a resource. Indus water treaty 1960, Indus Water Accord 1991, relevant
institutions and authorities.
Recommended Books
5. Botkin, D and Keller, E, 2000. Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet, 8TH
ed. John Wiley
and Sons, Inc.
6. Chua T E 1993, Essential Elements of Integrated Coastal Zone Management. Oceans and Coastal
Management.
7. Linsley. Water Resources Management. McGraw-Hill
8. Dr. Khan M I, Tahir B A and Akhtar N, 2004. Integrated Environmental Management, Allama Iqbal
Open University, Islamabad.
9. Dr. Khan M I, Tahir BA, Amir S, and Akhtar N, 2004. Participatory Management, Allama Iqbal Open
University, Islamabad.
PLANT SYSTEMIC AND ENVIRONMENT Introduction, roll of plant in environment, concept of species, basic structure of flowering plants. Plant
classification, pant nomenclature of rules of nomenclature. Plant identification, source of identification.
Herbarium, collection of plants, preparation ofn herbarium specimen. Plant introduction to the flora of
Pakistan. Environmental sensitivity and production potential of semi-arid range levels. Grazing pressure
and recent desertification and its effects on environment. The role of botanic gardens in systematic of
environment. The challenge of adapting human societies to the arid environment . Vegetation of Pakistan
. palynology of environment. Taxonomic study of the pollen grains in natural honey.
47
PhD Environmental Science course work.
The Centre for Environmental Science University of Sindh Jamshoro , 18 Credit Hour course work for PhD.
S.NO Course Code Course Title Credit Hours
FIRST SYMESTER
1 ENVS-900 Advanced Research Methology. 3 compulsory
2 ENVS-901 Project Report and Thesis Writing 3 compulsory
3 ENVS-902 Presentation and Proposed Work 3 compulsory
4 ENVS-903 Environmental Biogeochemistry 3 optional
5 ENVS- Advance Environmental Communication 3 optional
6 ENVS- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology 3 optional
7 ENVS- Science, Economics &Climate Changes 3 optional
SECOND SYMESTER
8 ENVS-904
Advance Industrial Ecology Study 3
compulsory
9 ENVS-905
Coastal Marine Ecosystem
Processes Policy & Management 3
optional
10 ENVS- Nanao Materials in the Environment 3 optional
11
ENVS-
Fate and Transport of pollutant in the
Environment 3
optional
#12 credit hours are selected for first semester (four subjects)
# 6 credit hours are selected for second semester (two subjects)
48
ADVANCE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Course objectives:
The primary objective of this course is to develop a research orientation among the scholars and to
acquaint them with fundamentals of research methods. Specifically, the course aims at introducing them
to the basic concepts used in research and to scientific social research methods and their approach. It
includes discussions on sampling techniques, research designs and techniques of analysis.
1. Introduction to research – The role of research, research process overview
2. Philosophies and the language of research theory building – Science and its functions,
What is theory?, and The meaning of methodology
3. Thinking like a researcher – Understanding Concepts, Constructs, Variables, and
Definitions
4. Problems and Hypotheses – Defining the research problem, Formulation of the
research hypotheses, The importance of problems and hypotheses
5. Research design – Experimental and Nonexperimental research design, Field
research, and Survey research
6. Methods of data collection – Secondary data collection methods, qualitative methods
of data collection, and Survey methods of data collection
7. Attitude measurement and scaling – Types of measurement scales; Questionnaire
designing – Reliability and Validity
8. Sampling techniques – The nature of sampling, Probability sampling design, Non-probability sampling
design, Determination of sample size
9. Processing and analysis of data
10. Ethical issues in conducting research
11. Report generation, report writing, and APA format – Title page, Abstract,
Introduction, Methodology, Results, Discussion, References, and Appendices
PROJECT REPORT AND THESIS WRITING . Formal outline: The most important part of a scientific work is their content. However, the content must be communicated to a potential reader. A strict formal outline is a precondition for an effective communication. The general outline of a project report or master thesis looks like the following: Titlepage [template] Abstract German ( 100-300 words) [optional] Abstract English (100-300 words) Acknowledgements [optional] Table of Contents List of Figures [optional] List of Tables [optional] Introduction Main text Conclusion Appendix [optional]
General:
49
Consistent terminology/symbols: Use the same terminology for the same concept throughout your thesis. This is especially true for symbols in your equations. Abbreviations: Before you use an abbreviation you should introduce it, i.e., write the term and put the abbreviation in parentheses afterwards. Avoid abbreviations in the title and chapter/section headings (unless they are known for a general audience). Write complete sentences in the running text. Use some formatting for enumerations such as (i), (ii), bullets etc. You can write your thesis either in German or English. The title page should be in German (except for the title) – adapt the template. Carefully proofread your thesis before you submit it. When you write in English as a non-native speaker use short sentences. Try to write in active voice. When you write in German avoid using „ich“ and „wir“, respectively. Passive voice is more common in German.
Figures and Tables: All figures and tables must be enumerated by unique identifiers. Write a concise caption for every figure and table. All figures and tables must be referenced in the running text (e.g., Figure 3 shows a…) Watch for the font size in the figures and tables. Label the axis of the diagrams (including units) The meaning of the columns and rows in tables must be clear (put headings in the appropriate places)
Equations: Mathematical equations can be given either in the running text or in a separate „block“. “Blocked” equations can be enumerated by unique identifiers and referenced in the running text. (cp. “Figures and Tables”). Every mathematical symbol (e.g. letters etc.) must be explained.
Bibliography: Literature is cited in the running text typically by numbers in squared brackets. Note that it is also possible to use other unique identifiers such as combination of the authors’ initial letters and the year of publication. LaTeX and BibTeX provide different formatting styles for the bibliography (“bibliographystyles”) Provide complete bibliographic data. As a simple rule - every entry in the bibliography should consist of the following elements: author(s), title, booktitle/title of journal, volume, issue, page numbers, publisher and year. Format the Bibliography as defined by “standard” style guides such as the IEEE style guides. Using the standard LaTeXbibliographystyles such as “plain”, “abbrv” or “unsrt” is also fine.
Footnotes: Footnotes are numbered consecutively and are positioned at the bottom of the page where the reference appears. Footnotes are referenced in the text with superscript numbers.
Basic Formatting Style: A basic formatting style is proposed as follows:
Fontsize of text: 11pt margin left/right/above/below: approx. 3 cm pagination PRESENTATION AND PROPOSED WORK Contents will be provided later
50
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOGEOCHEMISTRY covers area of study.
Biogeochemical processes as applied to the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, land, and inland waters, and applications to environmental issues such as eutrophication, toxic pollution, carbon sequestration, and acidification. Study focused on detailed advanced concepts.
ADVANCED ENVIRONMENTAL COMMUNICATION covers area of study.
This course will focus on strategic communication about environmental issues with the ultimate goal of
optimizing communication to target audiences, such as the general public, policymakers, business
leaders, NGOs, and funders. Effective communication about environmental issues is not just about
getting the message right, it involves understanding the intended audience, and their real values and
attitudes. Effective communication also involves multiple strategies that may be designed strategically to
augment one another, or may, if poorly designed, contradict one another with disastrous consequences.
Additionally, effective communication requires an understanding of how reason and emotion work, and
the complex relationship between the two. This course will employ cutting-edge interdisciplinary research
to demonstrate how we can move towards more effective and strategic communication about
environmental issues.
ADVANCED ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY covers area of study.
The course examines the use of biotechnology techniques and methods for the analysis and solution of
environmental problems. Areas of particular interest include the use of novel microorganisms for
applications in the removal of pollutants, toxic chemicals, and hazardous wastes from the environment
SCIENCE, ECONOMICS, & CLIMATE CHANGE cover area of study.
Natural and social science of climate change. Human causes, expected impacts and how systems might
adapt. Greenhouse gas generation, possible mitigation strategies and policy actions, assessments of
current and projected future change and strategies for ameliorating impacts. Use of an integrated
assessment model
ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGICAL STUDY covers area of study.
Detailed introduction to the study of material and energy flows in industrial and consumer activities and
their effects on the environment. Explores the concept of industrial ecosystems and teaches tools like life
cycle assessment and material flow analysis
COASTAL MARINE ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES POLICY & MANAGEMENT covers area of study.
Examination of physical, chemical and geological processes in coastal ecosystems, including estuaries
that are influenced by human activities. Focus centers on dynamical processes that control biological
communities and resources, and the relationship of the science to marine resource management and
policy. Conceptual approaches and analytical tools used in marine ecosystem management, marine
biodiversity protection, and integrative watershed planning. Review of relevant international, federal and
state marine policies and programs.
51
NANOMATERIALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT covers area of study.
This course provides an overview of environmental, societal, and regulatory issues related to synthesis, use, and disposal of nanomaterials. Topics include industrial flame synthesis of nanomaterials, nanoparticle dispersion and colloidal chemistry, environmental fate and transport of nano materials, the nano-bio interface and mechanistic nanotoxicology, predictive toxicological profiling, the nanomaterial ecosystems interface, effects of nanoparticles on marine organisms, in vivo and inhalation toxicity, societal implications of nanotechnology, and nanotechnology regulation.
FATE AND TRANSPORT OF POLLUTANTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT covers area of study.
Transport and biogeochemical transformation of pollutants in the environment. Review of pollutant
properties and media characteristics that affect transport, accumulation, and degradation of pollutants.
Basic tools for managing pollutants in the environment, including prevention, detection, and remediation.
