BRITISH STANDARD BS 3701:1964

Specification for

Hand operated plate sided winches

BS 3701:1964

This British Standard, having been approved by the Mechanical Engineering Industry Standards Committee and endorsed by the Chairman of the Engineering Divisional Council, was published under the authority of the General Council on5 February 1964

© BSI 03-2000

The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard:Committee references MEE/64 MEE/64/5Draft for comment AB(MEE) 9399

ISBN 0 580 34668 4

Co-operating organizations

The Mechanical Engineering Industry Standards Committee, under whose supervision this British Standard was prepared, consists of representatives from the following Government departments and scientific and industrial organizations:

The Government departments and scientific and industrial organizations marked with an asterisk in the above list, together with the following were directly represented on the Committee entrusted with the preparation of this standard:

Admiralty* High Commission of IndiaAir Ministry Institute of Marine EngineersAssociated Offices’ Technical Committee* Institute of PetroleumAssociation of Consulting Engineers Institution of Civil Engineers

(Incorporated) Institution of Gas EngineersAssociation of Mining Electrical and Institution of Heating and Ventilating

Mechanical Engineers EngineersBritish Chemical Plant Manufacturers’ Institution of Mechanical Engineers

Association Institution of Mechanical EngineersBritish Compressed Air Society (Automobile Division)British Electrical and Allied Manufacturers’ Institution of Production Engineers

Association Locomotive and Allied Manufacturers’British Gear Manufacturers’ Association Association of Great BritainBritish Internal Combustion Engine London Transport Board

Manufacturers’ Association Machine Tool Trades AssociationBritish Iron and Steel Federation Ministry of Labour (H.M. FactoryBritish Mechanical Engineering Federation Inspectorate)*British Railways Board Ministry of PowerCrown Agents for Oversea Governments and Ministry of Public Building and Works

Administrations Ministry of TransportD.S.I.R. — National Engineering Laboratory National Coal BoardElectricity Council, the Generating Board and National Physical Laboratory (D.S.I.R.)

the Area Boards in England and Wales* Radio Industry CouncilEngineering Equipment Users’ Association* War Office*Gas Council

Association of Lifting Tackle Makers Machine Made Chain Manufacturers British Constructional Steelwork Association AssociationChain Testers Association of Great Britain National Association of Iron and SteelCouncil of British Manufacturers of Petroleum Stockholders

Equipment National Federation of Building TradesDock & Harbour Authorities Association EmployersFederation of Civil Engineering Contractors National Federation of Demolition ContractorsFederation of Wire Rope Manufacturers of North East Coast Institution of Engineers and

Great Britain ShipbuildersHard Fibre Cordage Institute Post OfficeHonourable Company of Master Mariners Individual makers and usersInstitution of Plant Engineers

Amendments issued since publication

Amd. No. Date Comments

BS 3701:1964

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Contents

PageCo-operating organizations Inside front coverForeword ii

1 Scope 12 Definitions 13 Materials 14 Factor of safety 15 Wire rope 16 Manual power 17 Fusion welding 18 Rope drum 19 Shafts 2

10 Bearings 211 Lubrication 212 Keys and keyways 213 Gearing 214 Ratchet and pawl 215 Frame 216 Brake 217 Gear change 318 Winding handles 319 Protection from corrosion 320 Finish 321 Guards 322 Test conditions 323 Operational test 324 Static test 425 Certificate of test and examination 426 Marking 4Appendix A Information which should be supplied by the purchaser with the enquiry or order 5Appendix B Information which should be supplied by the manufacturer when tendering 5Appendix C Gear tooth design formula 5Appendix D Recommendations relating to contracts 6Appendix E Care and safe use of a hand winch 7

BS 3701:1964

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Foreword

This standard makes reference to the following British Standards:BS 15, Mild steel for general structural purposes. BS 46, Keys and keyways and taper pins — Part 1: Keys and keyways. BS 302 & 621, Steel wire ropes for cranes, excavators and general engineering purposes. BS 309, Whiteheart malleable iron castings. BS 310, Blackheart malleable iron castings. BS 592, Carbon steel castings for general purposes. BS 693, General requirements for oxy-acetylene welding of mild steel. BS 970, Wrought steels in the form of bars, billets, and forgings, up to 6 in ruling section, for automobile and general engineering purposes. En series. BS 1452, Grey iron castings. BS 1856, General requirements for the metal-arc welding of mild steel. BS 3468, Austenitic cast iron. This British Standard has been prepared to clarify the meaning of terms relating to hand-operated plate-sided winches and to ensure that there is understanding of the performance required and available, and that the winch is able to provide and maintain the stated performance.Winches complying with this standard are designed to be operated when bolted to a firm foundation which will prevent racking, crabbing or horizontal movement. It is assumed that all lifting of other than insignificant loads will be done in slow speed gear. In a higher gear, supposing the operators were strong enough to lift the safe working load, the safety factor would be exceeded for the shafts and gears.Lists of information which should be supplied by the purchaser with the enquiry or order and by the manufacturer when tendering are given in Appendix A and Appendix B. Another appendix provides recommendations relating to contracts.The requirements of this standard are based on the assumption that the winch will be properly used. To assist the user Appendix E has been provided giving recommendations for care and safe use of a hand winch.A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.

Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.

Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 7 and a back cover.This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover.

BS 3701:1964

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1 ScopeThis British Standard applies to hand-operated plate-sided winches with drums suitable for wire rope, for hoisting and lowering loads up to 8 tons, for intermittent use.

2 DefinitionsFor the purposes of this British Standard, the following definitions apply:

2.1 capacity of drum

the maximum length of rope of the required diameter which the winch drum is designed to carry when lifting

2.2 slow speed gear

the gear (of a winch with changeable gears) giving the greatest number of turns of the handle to one turn of the drum

2.3 safe working load

the maximum load on the rope at a point where it is leading on to the drum which can be safely operated by the winch when hoisting in slow speed gear when the drum is carrying its capacity of rope

2.4 factor of safety

a factor applicable to any part of the winch and equal to

Unless otherwise stated, it is assumed that:the slow speed gear is engaged,the winch drum is filled to its capacity,the rope may leave the drum at any angle normal to the drum axis,the load is moving at a constant speed.

3 MaterialsMaterials shall be as specified in the following standards, or alternatively if other materials are used the manufacturer shall produce evidence satisfactory to those concerned that such materials have the essential qualities of the standard material.BS 1452, Grey iron castings.BS 3468, Austenitic cast iron.BS 310, Blackheart malleable iron castings.

BS 309, Whiteheart malleable iron castings.BS 592, Carbon steel castings for general purposes.BS 15, Mild steel for general structural purposes.BS 970, Wrought steels in the form of bars, billets and forgings, up to 6 in ruling section, for automobile and general engineering purposes. En series.

4 Factor of safetyThe winch shall be so designed and constructed that the factor of safety is at least 5 where not otherwise stated and that there shall be no detrimental distortion of any part during the application of the safe working load at any angle normal to the drum axis or during the dynamic and static tests of Clauses 23 and 24.

5 Wire ropeThe winch shall be designed for wire rope complying with BS 302 & 6211) having a tensile strength of 100/110 tonf/in2, with a factor of safety of 5.

6 Manual powerThe winch shall be capable of operation at the safe working load in slow speed gear with the drum filled to its capacity without exceeding the efforts in the following table:

7 Fusion weldingThe use of fusion welding in the construction of a winch or its components is permitted, providing that the welding is in accordance with BS 6932) or BS 18563).

8 Rope drumThe rope drum shall be of cast iron, cast steel or mild steel fabricated construction.The diameter of the drum shall be not less than 12 times the diameter of the appropriate wire rope (Clause 5).

the minimum breaking strength of the materialthe computed stress at the safe working load

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1) BS 302 & 621, “Steel wire ropes for cranes, excavators and general engineering purposes”.

Safe working load of winch Torque Number of men based on

a mean effort of 35 lb per man and a 3 ft turning

circletons lb ft

Less than 1 105 2

1 and under 3 157" 3

3 and under 5 210 4

5 and over 315 6

2) BS 693, “General requirements for oxy-acetylene welding of mild steel”.3) BS 1856, “General requirements for the metal arc welding of mild steel”.

BS 3701:1964

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Drums shall be flanged at both ends. When the drum is filled to its capacity the flanges shall project a distance of not less than two rope diameters above the wound rope.The rope anchorage shall be adequate and shall not obstruct the free coiling of the rope on the drum.When motion is carried from a gear wheel to the drum partly or wholly through dogs, positive means shall be provided to prevent lateral movement of the drum or wheel along the shaft.The drum shall be a good fit on its shaft. Neither wedges nor packing pieces shall be used to tighten or to align the drum or the main gear wheel.

9 ShaftsShafts and axles shall have ample rigidity and adequate bearing surfaces for their purpose. They shall, where necessary, be finished smoothly, and where shouldered, shall be provided with fillets of as large a radius as is practicable.Provision shall be made for attachment of a winding handle to the handle shaft at each end.

10 BearingsBearing surfaces in rotating contact with steel shafts shall be of either anti-friction material or of cast iron.

11 LubricationAdequate provision shall be made for lubrication of all bearings. Lubrication points shall be readily accessible without removal of guards, and shall be either suitably positioned to avoid damage, or shall be suitably protected.

12 Keys and key-waysAll keys and key-ways shall be of adequate size to transmit the required load or torque and shall be correctly fitted4).

13 GearingGearing may be of steel or cast iron. Cast iron used for gearing shall comply with the requirements of BS 14525).The strength of gearing shall not be less than that calculated by the formulae in Appendix C.

14 Ratchet and pawlThe winch shall be provided with a ratchet and pawl capable of sustaining the load. If the ratchet and pawl are fitted to a layshaft instead of to the main drum, it shall not be possible to disconnect the layshaft from the main drum.The pawl and pawl pin shall be made of steel and shall be of sufficient rigidity in conjunction with the anchorage to ensure correct mating with the ratchet wheel.The pawl shall be operated by gravity. Means shall be provided whereby it can rest out of engagement when required, the design being such that there is no tendency to accidental re-engagement.The pawl and its operating gear shall be such that the pawl can be engaged or disengaged without endangering the operator.The relative angle of the ratchet wheel teeth and the pawl shall tend towards engagement under load.The ratchet wheel teeth shall be cleanly formed of sufficient depth to allow full engagement of the pawl.

15 FrameThe winch frame shall be made of mild steel. It shall be so designed that when secured to a firm foundation it will withstand without any detrimental distortion or misalignment the application of the safe working load at any angle normal to the drum axis. If necessary, the side frames shall be braced together and stiffened for this purpose. It shall be provided with holes for holding down bolts of adequate strength. There shall be provided a hole on each side as near to the base as practicable or other suitable means for attaching anchorage ties of adequate size. Means of slinging shall be provided.

16 BrakeA brake shall be provided, either controlled by the operator or of the automatic self-sustaining type.The brake shall be capable of exerting a restraining torque at least 50 per cent greater than the torque transmitted to the brake drum by the safe working load on the rope when the drum is carrying its full capacity of rope.

4) Attention is drawn to BS 46, “Keys and keyways and taper pins” Part 1, “Keys and keyways”.5) BS 1452, “Grey iron castings”.

BS 3701:1964

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To exert this restraining torque, brakes applied by hand shall not require a force greater than 35 lb at the handle, and brakes applied by foot shall not require a force greater than 70 lb on the pedal.The lever, handle and screw mechanism or pedal which operates the brake, shall be situated at a position convenient to the operator at the rear of the winch.Where brake shoes or a band are employed, they shall be fitted with a suitable brake lining which shall be permanently secured during the effective life of the lining. The brake shoes or brake band and brake drum shall be protected by means of a durable cover to prevent as far as practicable ingress of water, oil, grease or any other substance liable to be detrimental to the efficiency of the brake. The cover shall be provided with efficient means of drainage and shall be readily removable for the purposes of inspection, renewal of brake lining, etc.The wearing surface of the brake drum shall be machined.A factor of safety not less than 8 shall be employed in all stress bearing parts of the brake.Metal to metal brakes shall not be employed unless they are of the oil-immersed type.

17 Gear changeWinches with sliding gears to provide different gear ratios or free running of the drum shall incorporate robust and positive mechanism to maintain the gears in mesh and to prevent them taking up a position where they are free to move out of mesh when the winch is hoisting or lowering.

18 Winding handlesTwo winding handles shall be provided. Handles shall be removable, but shall be provided with secure means of fastening to their respective shafts when winding.The turning circle of winding handles shall not exceed 3 ft diameter.The grip of a winding handle designed for one operator shall not be shorter than 12 in, for two operators 20 in, for three operators 28 in.

19 Protection from corrosionExposed working surfaces shall be treated where necessary with a corrosion inhibitor before leaving the maker’s works.

20 FinishMetal surfaces other than working surfaces, shall either be cleaned by scratching-brushing or equally effective means and freed from grease and scale and shall then be painted with at least one good quality coat; or shall be given a suitable alternative treatment.

21 GuardsEffective guards shall be provided for dangerous moving parts, unless they are made safe by design or position.The guards may be of sheet metal, perforated or expanded metal, wire mesh or other suitable material. They shall be designed to allow for routine lubrication inspection and maintenance work. They shall be securely fixed in position.Attention is drawn to the statutory requirements for adequate guarding of machinery in many circumstances of use.

22 Test conditionsBefore being taken into use, the winch shall be tested by the operational test of Clause 23 and by the static test of Clause 24.During the tests, the winch shall be secured to a firm base and the winch drum shall be filled with rope to its capacity to the centre of the length of the barrel in the top layer or shall be suitably packed with timber so that the torque will be as though it were filled to its capacity. The rope shall be arranged to leave the winch drum in a horizontal direction from the top of the winch drum and shall be loaded by lifting or other means.During the tests there shall be no detrimental distortion of the winch or of its components. After the tests, the winch and its components shall be carefully examined. They comply with this standard if free from patent defects.

23 Operational testThe rope shall be loaded to produce a load at the drum equal to the safe working load of the winch plus 25 per cent.With this load, the drum shall be caused to revolve at least once by operating the handles.The load shall then be taken on the pawl.

BS 3701:1964

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24 Static testThe rope shall be loaded to produce a load at the drum equal to the safe working load of the winch plus 50 per cent.The load shall then be taken on the pawl.The pawl shall then be released and the load held by the brake.

25 Certificate of test and examinationA certificate of test shall be issued. This shall either be on the appropriate statutory form or shall contain the information given on that form. It shall confirm that the winch complies with this standard.

26 MarkingEach winch shall be permanently marked with the following information:

Safe working load.Direction of rotation of drum when lifting.identification number corresponding with that of the test certificate (Clause 25).

The following operating requirement shall also be marked:

“This winch must not be used with less than 2 dead turns on the barrel”.

BS 3701:1964

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Appendix A Information which should be supplied by the purchaser with the enquiry and orderThe following information should be supplied by the purchaser with the enquiry and the order:

Safe working load required.Diameter or circumference of rope.Minimum length of lift required.Statutory regulations under which the winch is to be used.

Appendix B Information which should be supplied by the manufacturer when tenderingThe following information should be supplied by the manufacturer when tendering:

Safe working load.Size of rope to be used (Clause 5).Capacity of drum in terms of live rope (not counting dead turns) (Clause 2).Diameter of drum (Clause 8).Number of layers of rope when the drum is filled to its capacity.Number of operators for whom the winding handles provide (Clause 18).

Average velocity ratio in slow speed gear:

Construction of gearing (cast or machine cut) (Clause 13).Material of gearing (Clause 13).Base plan and overall dimensions.Weight excluding rope.

Appendix C Gear tooth design formulaClause 13 of the specification requires that the tangential load on each gear wheel at pitch diameter imposed by the application of the safe working load to the winch (Clause 2) shall in no case exceed the maximum safe tangential load L computed as follows:

all factors being in consistent units.

where L = Maximum safe tangential load at pitch diameterS = allowable static unit stress for materialY = Strength factor (see Table below)P = Diametral pitchF = face width

Examples of safe static stresses for gear materialsMaterial Safe stress S

lbf/in2

Cast iron 7 000 to 10 000

BS 1452a Grade 10 or higher carbon steel, BS 970b

En. 3A 20 000 to 25 000En. 8 35 000 to 40 000a BS 1452, “Grey iron castings”.b BS 970, “Wrought steels in the form of bars, billets, and forgings, up to 6 in ruling section, for automobile and general engineering purposes. En series”.

Distance moved by handleDistance moved by load

------------------------------------------------------------------------

L SFYP

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BS 3701:1964

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Appendix D Recommendations relating to contractsIt is recommended that contracts relating to hand winches complying with this standard should include provisions on the following lines.Responsibility for testing. The manufacturer should be made responsible for the tests and examination described in Clauses 22, 23 and 24.Inspection. Representatives of the purchaser should have access to the works of the manufacturer at all reasonable times for the purpose of inspecting the winches during manufacture and witnessing the tests and the methods of examination.

Strength factors used in calculating the power capacity of spur gears

Number of teeth

Standard tooth forms

Number of teeth

Standard tooth forms

14" deg composite

and involute

20 deg full depth involute system

20 deg stub tooth system

14" deg composite

and involute

20 deg full depth involute system

20 deg stub tooth system

Strength factors Y for use with diametral pitch

Strength factors Y for use with diametral pitch

12 0.210 0.245 0.311 28 0.314 0.352 0.43013 0.220 0.261 0.324 30 0.320 0.358 0.43714 0.226 0.276 0.339 34 0.327 0.371 0.44615 0.236 0.289 0.348 38 0.336 0.383 0.45616 0.242 0.295 0.361 43 0.346 0.396 0.462

17 0.251 0.302 0.367 50 0.352 0.408 0.47418 0.261 0.308 0.377 60 0.358 0.421 0.48419 0.273 0.314 0.386 75 0.364 0.434 0.49620 0.283 0.320 0.393 100 0.371 0.446 0.50621 0.289 0.327 0.399 150 0.377 0.459 0.518

22 0.292 0.330 0.405 300 0.383 0.471 0.53424 0.298 0.336 0.415 Rack 0.390 0.484 0.55026 0.307 0.346 0.424 — — — —

BS 3701:1964

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Appendix E Care and safe use of a hand winch1. Be sure that the appropriate statutory regulations are being followed.2. All hand winches should be registered. They should be inspected frequently and should be thoroughly examined, cleaned and lubricated at regular intervals. Attention is drawn to the requirements of statutory regulations in this respect.3. When lifting a winch use the means provided for that purpose.4. Winches must be securely bolted to a firm foundation which must provide adequate anchorage. Attention is drawn to the Construction (Lifting Operations) Regulations (No. 11, Para. 3) which does not allow the use of timber bearers.5. Winches must be square with the line of pull.6. The first lead block around which the rope passes should not be less than six times the length of the drum away from the drum axis, and should be positioned as nearly as possible centrally between the drum flanges.7. NEVER lift or lower a load in excess of the SWL marked on the winch. Use of the winch at a load greater than the SWL may result in damage.8. NEVER attempt other than a very light load in a gear other than slow speed gear, since this may result in excessive forces at the handles and stresses on the handle shaft. Higher speed gears when provided are for manoeuvring when unloaded.9. MAKE SURE that the rope is:

strong enough for the job,long enough (when the load is at its lowest position at least two turns must remain on the drum),properly anchored,does not overfill the drum (the width between the outer layer of rope and the outer edge of the flange should be not less than two rope diameters).

10. Every precaution should be taken to keep water, oil or other foreign matter away from lined brakes. A wet brake loses its effectiveness.11. Before using the winch:

CHECK the brake,MAKE SURE that the winch is in the correct gear. If in doubt use slow speed gear.MAKE SURE that the driving pinion is fully engaged,MAKE SURE that the locking device provided to keep the pinion in position is properly applied,MAKE SURE that the handles are fully engaged and properly secured.

12. When hoisting MAKE SURE that the pawl is engaged with the ratchet wheel.13. When lowering it is advisable to maintain control by the handles. Use slow speed gear unless the load is known to be much less than the safe working load.14. DO NOT try to stop a falling load with the pawl.

BS 3701:1964

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