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BRS 214Introduction to
PsychologySensation & Perception
2013-2014
Ms. Dawn Stewart BSC, MPA, PHD
KEY POINTS
Distinguish between sensation and perception
Psychophysics: absolute threshold and difference threshold
Identify each major sensory system, their receptors, and type of sensory information each receives
Perception: selection, organization and interpretation
Sensation & Perception
Sensation: stimulation of sensory receptors. transmission of sensory
information to the brain.
Perception: Process by which sensations are
organized and interpreted, forming an inner representation of the world.
Sensation and Perception
Sensation occurs:a) Sensory organs absorb energy from a
physical stimulus in the environment.
b) Sensory receptors convert this energy into neural impulses and send them to the brain.
Sensory Systems
Vision
Hearing
Smell (olfaction)
Taste (gustation)
Vestibular sense (balance)
Kinethesis (body movement)
Touch (pressure, pain, temperature)
Sensation and Perception
Sensations can be defined as the passive process of
bringing information from the outside world into the
body and to the brain.
Sensation refers to the process of sensing our
environment through touch, taste, sight, sound, and
smell.
The process is passive in the sense that we do not have
to be consciously engaging in a "sensing" process.
Sensation and Perception
Perception can be defined as the active process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting the information brought to the brain by the senses
Perception is the way we interpret these sensations and therefore make sense of everything around us.
Sensation and Perception
Perception can be defined as the active process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting the information brought to the brain by the senses
Perception is the way we interpret these sensations and therefore make sense of everything around us.
Sensation and Perception
Perception follows:
a) The brain organizes the information and translates it into something meaningful.
Vision
Visual receptor cells located on retina:rods for night vision and cones for color vision
The eye captures light and focuses it on the visual receptors, which convert light energy to neural impulses sent to the brain
Hearing
Audition (hearing) occurs via sound waves, which result from rapid changes in air pressure caused by vibrating objects
Receptors located in the inner ear (cochlea) tiny hair cells that convert sound energy to neural impulses sent along to brain
Smell and Taste
Olfaction (smell) receptors are located at top of nasal cavity
Gustation - (taste) receptors are taste buds on tongue. Four basic tastes: sweet, salty, sour and bitter
Body Senses
Vestibular sense (sense of balance) results from receptors in inner ear
Kinethesis - (body posture, orientation, and body movement) results from receptors in muscles, joint and tendons
Skin senses detect touch (pressure, temperature and pain)
Processing
Sensory reduction - filtering and analyzing of sensations before messages are sent to the brain
Transduction - process of converting receptor energy into neural impulses the brain can understand
Adaptation- decreased sensory response to continuous stimuli
Psychophysics
Study of the relationship between the physical properties of stimuli and a person’s experience of them
Absolute threshold - minimum amount of energy we can detect
Difference threshold - (jnd) the smallest change in a stimulus we can detect
Perception
“…a constructive process by which we go beyond the stimuli that are presented to us and attempt to construct a meaningful situation”.
Perceptual Processing
Top-down: perception is guided by higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations
Bottom-up: perception that consists of recognizing and processing information about the individual components of the stimuli
Perception-Key Concepts
1. Selection
2. Organization
3. Interpretation
4. Subliminal perception and ESP
1. Three Major Factors of Selection
Selective attention
Feature detectors
Habituation
2. Organization
Form (Gestalt)
Constancy(size, shape, color, brightness)
Depth
Color
Gestalt Principles
Rules that summarize how we tend to organize bits and pieces of information into meaningful wholes
Gestalt Psychology: Form
figure ground
proximity
closure
contiguity
similarity
Constancy
Size constancy
Shape constancy
Color constancy
Brightness constancy
3. Four Major Factors of Interpretation
Perceptual adaptation
Perceptual set
Individual motivation
Frame of reference
Subliminal Perception
Stimuli that occur below the threshold of our conscious awareness but have a weak, if any effect on behavior
4. Extrasensory Perception (ESP)
Alleged perception in the absence of sensory data
Types of ESP - telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, and psychokinesis