10-8-2008 1

Brown Bag Buildings

David E. Culler

Building Innovations Workshop

Feb 24, 2009

10-8-2008 2

What they say about buldings

Source: U.S. Department of Energy 2007 Building Energy Data Book. Sept 2007

The Numbers Tell the Story

$370 BillionTotal U.S. Annual Energy Costs

200%Increase in U.S. Electricity Consumption Since 1990

40%Total U.S. Energy Consumption for Buildings

72%Total U.S. Electricity Consumption for Buildings

55%Total U.S. Natural Gas Consumption for Buildings

The Numbers Tell the Story

$370 BillionTotal U.S. Annual Energy Costs

200%Increase in U.S. Electricity Consumption Since 1990

40%Total U.S. Energy Consumption for Buildings

72%Total U.S. Electricity Consumption for Buildings

55%Total U.S. Natural Gas Consumption for Buildings

10-8-2008 3

Buildings Matter! Buildings construction/renovation contributed 9.5% to US GDP and employs

approximately 8 million people. Buildings’ utility bills totaled $370 Billion in 2005. Buildings use 72 % of the electricity and 55 % of the nation’s natural gas.

Buildings construction/renovation contributed 9.5% to US GDP and employs approximately 8 million people. Buildings’ utility bills totaled $370 Billion in 2005.

Buildings use 72 % of the electricity and 55 % of the nation’s natural gas.

Source: Buildings Energy Data Book 2007

10-8-2008 4

EPA Nat Action Plan for Energy Efficiency

• 30% of energy consumed in buildings is wasted

• 66% electrical, 34% gas and other

• 15.5 kWh per square foot

* 2003 EIA Commercial Building Consumption Survey

10-8-2008 5

How ‘bout Berkeley Buildings?

Annual Consumption

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

kwh/sq ft

kwh

Stanley

KoshlandSoda

CoryLSA

McConeNat

iona

l ave

rage

10-8-2008 6

Soda…Green?

•511 kw average power consumption•4.5 M kwh per year•41.2 kwh/sq ft annually•3 times national average

10-8-2008 7

State of the Art Building Energy Monitoring

10-8-2008 8

With a little programming …

Do nothing well …

10-8-2008 9

Peaks or Baseline?

10-8-2008 10

Where does it all go?

• Lighting?

• Heating, Ventilation and Cooling (HVAC)?

• Plug Loads – desktops, laptops, kitchenettes?

• Servers?

• Microfab?

10-8-2008 11

Structural: Soda Electrical

12 KV dist.2x Substation

1200

A 2

77/4

80 3

pha

se

2500

A 1

20/2

08 3

pha

se

2x ChillerMCM1

HP1A400

HP1A400

HP2A600

HP3A400

HP4A400

HP5A400

HP6A100

HP7A400

MCM2

Lighting

Pumps

Fans

Machine Rooms

Offices

Classrooms

LP2E225

LP2D225

LP2C225

LP1A400

LP2A800

HP3A400

HP4A400

HP5A400

HP6A100

HP7A400

LP1B400

LP2B225

LP2G225

LP2F225

LP2E225

LP2D225

LP2C225

LP3B225

LP2E225

LP2D225

LP2C225

LP4B225

LP2E225LP2C

225LP5B

225

LP2D225

LP2C225

LP2B225

LP2D225

LP2C225

LP2B225

LP2K225

LP2J225

LP2I225

LP2H225

LP2G225

LP2F225

LP2K225

LP2J225

LP2I225

LP2H225

LP2G225

LP2F225

LP2J225

LP2I225

LP2H225

LP2G225

LP2F225

~42 circuits each

10-8-2008 12

Structural: Soda HVAC

• Blow cold air throughout building

• Maintain circulation• Adjust cooling with

vents and VFDs• Heat it where

needed• AC determined by

needs of the worst heat load

– Comm closet

2x chillers

Cooling Towers

287 288 290

340

420

530

Pumps

Fans

Machine Room ACCs

10-8-2008 13

SCADA portion

• 1300 sense / ctrl points in Soda Hall

• Vast database of action / effect

• No science to turning all the knobs

10-8-2008 14

Some initial steps

• When you don’t (cant) have the sensors you want, get as much as you can with the ones you have.

• Take inventory

• Build models

• Point measurements

• Sample in time, space, population

10-8-2008 15

Blueprint Analysis of Lighting

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Flo

or

Design Sizing for Lighting by Floor (KVA)

Lighting (KVA) 14 23 45 37 32 21 21

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Total Provisioning: 193 kVAHow much is Active? Idle?

10-8-2008 16

HVAC components

• Chillers 2 x 130 kw

• Colling Towers: 2 x 33.2 kw

• Computer Room units: 12 x 45 kVA

• AHU SF: 3.2 kw

• AHU RF: 2.3 kw

• Economizers: 4 x 2.6 kw + 2.1 + 1.4

• Supply fans: 4 x 2.3 kw + 1.4

• Pumps: 2 x 9.3 kw + 2 x 14 kw

• Compressors: 2 x 5 kw

- It’s all duty cycle

10-8-2008 17

Estimating the Server Load

• Forsake temporal dimension

• Inventory the servers

• Measure their idle and active power

• Estimate total load

10-8-2008 18

Research Server Rooms - 443 Machines Project Num of Start-Up 5 min

Room By Rack Nodes Description CPU RAM Drives Spike (W) Idle (W) Spike (W)

287 DETER 32 - PowerEdge 1850 245 230 ---1 - HP ProLiant DL360 (Frontend/support - no sample)

DETER 32 - PowerEdge 1850 245 230 ---1 - HP ProLiant DL360 (Frontend/support - no sample)2 - PowerEdge 1900 (Frontend/support - no sample)

DETER 34 - SunFire V60x 225 145 ---DETER 31 - SunFire X2100 203 190 ---

5 - Cyclades Switches

340 Millennium 8 - Compaq ProLiant DL360 G2 Dual 1.4GHz PIII 4GB 2 - 36GBi3 15 - HP ProLiant DL140 Dual 3.8GHz P4 Xeon 2GB 2 - 80GB (No Access)

NLP 9 - PowerEdge 1850 Dual 3.4GHz P4 Xeon 4GB 2 - 147GB 245 230 ---PlanetLab 14 - PowerEdge 650 (No Access)DETER 32 - Compaq DL360 180 161 ---RADLab 8 - SunFire X2200 214 200 ---

420A CITRIS 16 - HP Integrity rx2600 Dual 900MHz Itanium 2 4GB 2 - 36GB 342 300 3102 - HP Integrity rx2600 Dual 1.5GHz Itanium 2 8GB 2 - 73GB (Frontend/support - no sample)

16 - HP Integrity rx2600 Dual 1.3GHz Itanium 2 4GB 2 - 73GB 335 287 30016 - HP Integrity rx2600 Dual 1.3GHz Itanium 2 4GB 2 - 73GB 335 287 30010 - HP Integrity rx2600 Dual 1.3GHz Itanium 2 4GB 2 - 73GB 335 287 3006 - HP Integrity rx2600 Dual 900MHz Itanium 2 4GB 2 - 36GB 342 300 310

30 - HP Integrity rx1620 246 235 237PSI 32 - Dell PowerEdge 1850 Dual Intel Xeon 3.0GHz 3GB 2 - 147GB 230 209 ---

32 - Dell PowerEdge 1850 Dual Intel Xeon 3.0GHz 3GB 2 - 147GB 230 209 ---20 Dell PowerEdge 1950 Dual Intel Xeon 3.0GHz 16GB 2 - 147GB 335 248 255

530 RADLab 2 - SunFire x4600 - Cyber Switching (Frontend/support - no sample)1 - SunFire x2200 - Cyber Switching (Frontend/support - no sample)

22 - SunFire x2100 - Cyber Switching 203 190 ---1 - SunFire x4500 - Cyber Switching (Frontend/support - no sample)

18 - SunFire x2200 - Cyber Switching 214 200 ---1 - SunFire T2000 - Cyber Switching (Frontend/support - no sample)1 - SunFire x2100 - Cyber Switching (Frontend/support - no sample)1 - SunFire x4150 - Cyber Switching (Frontend/support - no sample)

Ganglia

10-8-2008 19

Server Power Consumption

• Do nothing well

230

15

248

87

190

13

190

13

200

14

161

19

287

48

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Wat

ts

Pow

erE

dge

1850

Del

l Pow

erE

dge

1950

Sun

Fire

V60

x

Sun

Fire

x21

00 -

Cyb

er S

witc

hing

Sun

Fire

X22

00

Com

paq

DL3

60

HP

Int

egrit

y rx

2600

Server Power Consumption

Active

Idle

10-8-2008 20

Putting it Together

• x 1/PDU efficiency + ACC

• If Pidle = 0 we’d save ~125 kw x 24 hours x 365 …

Soda Machine Room Power Consumption

26.5 30.6 31

18.118.9 19

44.5

50.9 50

9.5

10.117

10

31

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

est kW min est kW max kW meas

KW

290 Soda

288 Soda

530 Soda

420A Soda

340 Soda

287 Soda

10-8-2008 21

Breaking Soda down

Servers / Clusters

HVAC / CRU / PDU support

Lighting

HVAC & Plug Loads

10-8-2008 22

Plug Loads

• 1178 Hosts (desktops, laptops, switches) in network database

– Power profile, duty cycle?

• Kitchens

• Projectors

• …

10-8-2008 23

Subset (plugs) of a region (RAD lab)

10-8-2008 24

Working up from the leaves …

10-8-2008 25

Sample of the RAD Lab “population”

Appliance Actual Measured

Desktop 4 2

Laptop 25 6

LCD 25 4

Refrigerator 1 1

Coffee maker 1 1

Projector 6 2

Xbox 1 1

Conf. phone 5 1

10-8-2008 26

Rad Lab Power Usage (72 hours)

10-8-2008 27

Guess this load…

HP desktop Workstation

Idle

Pow

er

Act

ive

Pow

er

Duty Cycle

10-8-2008 28

Guess this Load … Dell Dimension desktop

Idle

Pow

er

Half the idle power!

10-8-2008 29

Guess this Load … Thinkpad T61 laptop

•Active power actually depends on what it is doing•Actually sleeps!•Midnight madness…

10-8-2008 30

Guess this Load … MacBook Pro laptop

10-8-2008 31

Guess this Load … Sun 24’’ LCD

10-8-2008 32

Guess this Load … 15’’ IBM LCD

Not so big and beautiful,But a whole lot greener!Busy person

10-8-2008 33

Guess this Load … Desktop + monitor

10-8-2008 34

Guess this Load … Laptop + monitor

Windows “turns off” monitor

Monitor “unplugged” screensaver

10-8-2008 35

Guess this Load … HP B&W laser printer

10-8-2008 36

Guess this Load … HP color laser printer

10-8-2008 37

Guess this Load … CRT TV

10-8-2008 38

Guess this Load … Sanyo HD projector

10-8-2008 39

Guess this Load … Polycom Phone

10-8-2008 40

Guess this Load … Refrigerator

10-8-2008 41

Guess this Load … Coffee maker

10-8-2008 42

Guess this Load … Water dispenser

10-8-2008 43

Composite Power Picture

Monitor On, Unplugged

Desktop Idle

inauguration

Projector left OnClean Shutdown

10-8-2008 44

The Rad Lab Power Pie

10-8-2008 45

Relationship to the Bigger Picture

10-8-2008 46

UCB today

• Consumes 210 M kwh annually [campus sustainability assessment]

• Buildings measured @ 130 M kwh annually [demandless]

– approx $13 M

• Top 15 buildings are 2-4 time national average khw/sq ft and constitute 58% of the 130 M

• IT is a big part of the problem

• IT can potentially be a big part of the solution– We need to gain most of the reduction by utilizing existing

facilities better

– “Physical” Information processing to identify where the energy goes, what to change and how.

– Big gains come from changing behavior, and this is most effective from the bottom up.

– IT is key to providing the energy awareness to guide action

10-8-2008 47

Auto-DR Study

Tweak the facilities knobsChange

Behavior

10-8-2008 48

Further evidence that behavior matters

• 3x difference in consumption for same setting

1/26/2009 Building Energy - C. Spanos 42

Another Opportunity - Occupant Behavior…

10-8-2008 49

Staged Energy Awareness

• Export existing facilities instrumentation into real-time feed and archival physical information base– Retain isolation of facilities control

• Augment with usage-focused sensing– Numerous emerging products, possible flagship

• Create highly visible consumer feedback and remediation guidance– Think Pruis, not web page. Localized solutions.

• Sponsor whole-building dynamic models

• Expect it to generate maintenance work orders

10-8-2008 50

Resources

• http://www.demandless.org/building/

• http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/documents/sector-meeting/4bi_officebuilding.pdf

• http://sustainability.berkeley.edu/

• http://acme.cs.berkeley.edu/