Brochure Weld Inspection

7/31/2019 Brochure Weld Inspection

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GEMeasurement & Control

Integrity, saety & productivity through non-destructive testing solutionsrom GEs Inspection Technologies business

DATA INFORMATION KNOWLEDGE DECISION

Weld Inspection


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Overview

A leading innovator or inspection solutions, GE delivers accuracy, productivity and saety to customers in a wide range o industries, includingoil & gas, power generation, transportation and inrastructure.

Inspection Technologies advanced non-destructive testing (NDT) and imaging technologies utilize the electromagnetic, radiographic, ultrasonic orvisible energy spectrum to examine a wide range o components. With extensive depth and breadth o knowlegde, GE can help with a wide varietyo specic application needs.

Weld InspectionWelding is an essential manuacturing process perormed in almost every major industry. Thereore, weld quality and integrity are critical to saetyin an extremely wide range o products and structures.

Inspecting welds can also reduce costs by detecting discontinuities in the early stages o manuacturing, reducing the cost o rework and extendingthe lie o components by detecting and correcting faws. NDT methods can identiy cracking, porosity, incomplete penetration, misalignment,inclusions, lack o usion and similar conditions, which can compromise weld strength.

Multi-disciplinary Oering Ultrasonicawdetectorsandangle-beamtransducersarecommonlyusedorweldinspectionandaremandatedbymanyweldingcodesand

procedures. Phased Array technology adds additional perspective to the image thereby simpliying interpretation o the test results by creating

cross-sectional pictures o a weld, as well as oering beam-steering and dynamic-ocusing capability. RadiographicsolutionsrangeromtraditionalX-raygeneratorsandflmtonewertechnologiessuchasComputedRadiography(CR),Direct

Radiography(DR)and3DComputedTomography(CT). ElectromagneticTestingincludesrecentdevelopmentsin2DEddyCurrentarraysandimagingoweldsuraces. RemoteVisualInspection,andthenewermeasurementtechniquesitbrings,cansignifcantlyenhance weld inspection or many applications.

GEs Inspection Technologies business oers a comprehensive selection o testing and inspection capabilities and other products or industrialweld inspection applications. Our strength lies in the use o eld experience and customer eedback to build productive inspection products. With abroad complement o non-destructive testing methods, our customers can be condent they are getting an optimized solution to meet their weldinspection needs.


GEs NDT technologies help to collect important data and convert it into useul inormation. Coupled with historical plant data, intelligent sotware,image enhancement, databasing, applicable codes and additional knowledge, better inormed decisions regarding weld integrity can be made.


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On the cover

IN THIS GUIDE

Overview 2

Application Solutions

Oil & Gas 4 5

Power Generation

6 7Aerospace 8

Automotive 9

Rail 10

Ship Building 11

Product Solutions

Multi-Inspection Solutions 12 13

Ultrasonic Testing 14 17

Electromagnetic Testing 18

Remote Visual Inspection 19Radiographic Testing 20 25

Sotware Solutions 26 27

Weld Types 28 33

Codes, Standards, Regulations 34 39

Contact Inormation Back Cover

RVIoultra-purepipe I.D. weld

ConventionalUltrasonicWeld Inspection A-Scan

Phased Array ultrasonicweld imaging

3DComputedTomography (CT) oweld standard

Electromagnetic Testingo weld surace

2DDigitalRadiographo ailed butt weld joint


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Oil & GasApplication Solutions

The reliability and sae operation o

Oil & Gas inrastructure is heavily

dependant on the structural integrity

o its welded joints. The quality o these

joints must be assessed rom the pipe

mill and abrication yard to the end o the

operating lie o the pressure vessel or

piping system.

GEs Inspection Technologies business

continually strives to provide multi-

disciplinary weld inspection solutions,

whatever the application, whether onshore

or oshore, in the eld or in the actory.


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Upstream Midstream Downstream

Directional and crawler- compatiblepanoramicX-raysystemsorpipelinegirth-weld projects.

Inspection systems using the latestPhased Array ultrasonic technology ata pipe mill.

Weldstar is an automated ultrasonicinspection system or onshore oroshore pipeline girth-weld inspectionusing Phased Array and TOFD.

Ca-Zoom PTZ cameras are usedor downstream checks o renerytowers and storage tanks, avoidingmanned entry.

USMGoTM is a small, light and easy tousemanualUTawdetectoreectiveor everyday use and dicult-to-access applications.

In-service welds can be examined withElectromagnetic Testing technologyusing the WeldScan ECT probe andinstrument.


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Power GenerationApplication Solutions

In the power generation sector, reliable

and accurate non-destructive testing o

welds and integrity assessment o boiler

tubes are both essential in order to

maximize eciency, minimize downtime

and improve productivity.

GEs Inspection Technologies business

oers a wide portolio o support servicesand solutions or inspecting pipes, tubes

and vessels, in manuacture, pre-service

and in-service. These solutions use a

variety o technologies to ensure that the

inspection technique best matches the

application, and nds application in

ossil-uel and nuclear stations as well

as gas turbines, wind and hydro-electricassets.


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Fossil Fuel Nuclear Renewables

DigitalRadiographyorboilerpipeinspection at manuacturing stage aswell as or in-service inspection.

RVIvideoborecopeimageoweldinspection and sizing in a gas turbine.

ManualPhasedArrayUTinspectionoa weld using PhasorTMXSanddualPAtransducers.

PTZ camera and crawler or visualweld inspection on reactor headcontrol rod guide tubes.

Semi-automatedUTinspectionusingUSMVisionTM or wind tower weldinspection.

Nacelle weld inspection with PhasedArrayUTawdetector:PhasorTMXS.


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Airrame Manuacturing Engine Manuacturing Maintenance, Repair & Overhaul

Small welded tube inspection withdigitalX-rayatpanel.

Laser beam or riction stir weldinspection with PhasorTMXS.

Aircrat engine inspection using theXLG3TMvideoborescope,anRVIsolution.

RVIoweldI.D.inuel-supplylines. GEDXR500digitaldetectorarrayorweld inspection.

EC and EC Array blisk inspection (i.e. ECArray lm or EC probe).

Aerospace Application Solutions


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Body Shell Engines Saety Parts & Drivetrain

Ultrasonicinspectionospotweldsusing SpotChecker faw detector.

Microocus CT slice across a 1 mm(0.039)diameterweld.

Visualinspectionodifcult-to-accessareas using video endoscopes.

Fully automatic ultrasonic inspectiono bonds in pistons and valves.

Automatic2DX-rayinspectionolaserwelds in saety parts.

Microocus CT slice across a laser weldinterconnecting two inconell tubeswith a steel cylinder.

Automotive Application Solutions


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Rails Locomotives Rail Cars

Ultrasonicinspectionobuttweldsusing a roller probe.

STH 1 is an ultrasonic rail testingsystem used to inspect rail welds (fashbutt welds, alumino thermic welds) ordiscontinuity perpendicular to the railsurace.

Inspection o draw gear butt weldsusingUTawdetectors.

Digital radiography weld inspectionduring construction o boogies.

Internal remote visual inspection oliquid-carrying rail car.

PTZ camera image showing tank carinterior details.

RailApplicationSolutions


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Fabshop Welds Field Welds Propulsion Systems

Phased Array weld inspection providesimproved probability o detection andproductivity.

USMVisionTM weld inspection solutionor new process pipework abricationinspection which eliminates downtimeresultingromX-raymethods.

Completely light-tight, air-tight andmoistureprooPbVACUPACTM lm canbe used or eld weld inspection.

In-service radiographic inspection withtheErescoMF4X-raygenerator.

trueDGSTM probes oer increasedaccuracy in discontinuity sizing.

USMGoTM is a light weight andportable ultrasonic faw detectorsoering ease o use to detect, positionand size discontinuities in welds.

Ship Building Application Solutions


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Asset Lie-Cycle Weld Inspection with Multi-Inspection Solutions

Project

Planning

RhythmSotware

Manuacturing

EPCAsset Owner

FabricatorEPS/OEM

Inspection

Acquire

Service Provider

Acceptance

Review Archive

Service ProviderCertication Bodies

Asset Owner

Long-Term

Storage

Asset Owner

New Project Construction

ArchiveInterpretation & Decision

RemoteVisualRadiography

Ultrasonic Electromagnetic Testing

Weld inspection can be carried out using dierent NDT methods GE oers multi inspection solutions or new project construction as well as or most project maintenance


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Archive

Inspection/Repair

Acquire

Interpretation & Decision

Acceptance

Review Archive

Long-Term

Storage

Post Project Maintenance

RemoteVisualRadiography

Ultrasonic Electromagnetic Testing


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UltrasonicTesting(UT)

Ultrasonic techniques have been used in non-destructive testing or over 65 years, and apply to industrial applications requiring internal deect detection and sizing,

including the inspection o welds

Conventional Flaw DetectorsPortable faw detectors and angle-beam transducers arecommonly used or weld inspection and are mandated bymany welding codes and procedures.

Automated Girth-Weld Inspection SystemCombining the benets o both conventional and PhasedArray ultrasonic techniques, the complete systemapproach oers automated ultrasonic inspection, romjob setup to data archiving.

USMGoTM is a light weight and portable ultrasonic faw detector used to detect,position and size faws in welds.

PhasorTM displays a cross section o the weld and allows the operator to displaythe A-scan associated with the optimum inspection angle.

The girth-weld pipe tester Weldstar has the ability to adjust or pipe diameters assmallas150mm(6inches).

Phased Array Flaw DetectorsPhased Array technology simplies result interpretationby creating cross-sectional and top view pictures o theweld. Beam-steering and ocusing capability o PhasedArray are key in enhancing resolution or challengingapplications, resulting in aster weld inspections andbetter probability o detection.


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TheUSMVisionTM portable ultrasonic weld inspection system can be used in situations conventionally requiring radiography.TheintuitiveuserinteraceandintegrationotheRhythmTM Sotware platorm optimizes available skills to achieve accurate and meaningul inspection results. It now hasparallel-scanning capabilities, eectively doubling productivity.

Prepare

All that is required is to describe the inspection task, andenter the basic inormation such as site location, numbero welds, pipe diameter, thickness and material, weldpreparation, procedure and method to be used. ThesotwarewillthencalculateandgeneratealltheUTset-ups required to perorm TOFD and/or Phased Arrayinspection o the welds.

Collect

The inspection data or each weld is simply acquired byollowing the inspection plan and the dierent TOFD andPA passes calculated by the IPC (Phosphor ImagingPlates). Ater each pass the sotware will propose the nextweld or pass to be inspected helping the operator to usethe best, most productive inspection plan.

Analyze

All inspection data is communicated to an analysisstationusingtheDICONDE-compliantRhythmsotwareplatorm. Here, the suitably qualied ultrasonic inspectorcan review and analyze the inspection data, utilizingadvanced analysis tools such as real time, volume-corrected imaging, as well as conventional digitaltools eatures or image analysis, enhancement andmeasurement.

USMVisionTM

A total weld inspection solution to increaseproductivity in new process pipework abrication


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UltrasonicTestingMachines

Testing machines are integrated into production lines and are used to test a wide range o tubes and pipes From small diameter, cold nished, seamless tubes (power plants

or automotive industry) to large-diameter, heavy wall thickness, hot-rolled seamless tubes (casing and drill pipe and welded tubes or oil and gas pipelines)

UT Phased ArrayPhased Array technology can be applied or all kinds oseamlessandweldedpipes(HSAW,LSAW,ERW).Single-crystal probes are replaced by multi-elementprobes with corresponding electronics. Phased Arraytechnology supports a better probability o detection(POD) and an easier probe adjustment as a preconditionor repeatability o testing results. By applying theultrasonic Phased Array technology, dierent testingzones and angles can be created by electronic parametersetting. It is also possible that one Phased Array probe is

used instead o multiple probe arrangements withcomplex mechanics.

UT LSAW (Longitudinal submerged-arc welded)The plates or longitudinally welded pipes are typicallytested in the plate mill. The weld is tested rst time rightater the last welding step and beore mechanicalexpansion. The nal inspection, dened by the end-userspecication, is carried out ater the hydrostatic test.Dierent probe arrangements in single probe mode or intandem conguration are positioned adjacent to the weldor on the weld bead to detect longitudinal, transverse andlamination-type faws in the heat-aected zone. Flawevaluation and data processing is the same as or

HSAW pipes.

UT HSAW (Helical submerged-arc welded)The base material or spiral-welded pipes is tested as stripbeore the orming rolls or at the tube ater welding. Thein-line weld testing takes place right ater the welding andbeore pipe expansion. The nal inspection, dened by theend-user specication, is carried out ater the pressuretest. Dierent probe arrangements adjacent to the weldand on the weld bead, are used to detect longitudinal andtransverse faws as well as lamination type faws in theheat-aected zone (HAZ). All imperections where theecho exceeds the adjusted threshold are processed

automatically or faw marking. Testing results arerecorded in digital ormat and can be transerred to anysecond-level computer network.

Automated inspection o tubes and pipes


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UT/EC ERW (Electrical Resistance Welded)ThebasematerialorERWpipesistestedasstripbeorethe orming stands. In a later phase the complete pipebody is tested similarly to a seamless pipe testing. Theweld is tested in-line and ater the welder or ater thesizing stands because the pipe geometry can have aninfuence on the inspection. Typically probes arepositioned adjacent to the weld or testing o longitudinalfaw orientations. The number o probes used depends onthe thickness. In a later phase the complete pipebody is tested similarly to a seamless pipe.


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Electromagnetic Testing (EM)

Electromagnetic Testing is a cost-eective, versatile and fexible non-destructive testing method It has many advantages over other orms o inspection, including

exceptional sensitivity to faws at or near the surace, real-time results, documentation, elimination o the need to use chemicals, and additional environmental, health

and saety (EHS) benets

Array ProbesElectromagnetic Testing array technology can be anextremely useul tool or increasing productivity anddetection capabilities or large surace areas includingcomplex geometries. Typical surace inspection methodssuch as Dye Penetrant, require chemicals and processingtime, whereas an Electromagnetic Testing technique canbe done cleanly and nearly instantly.

New probe technology makes fexible arrays easier and more cost-eective to use,and Eddy Current systems and s otware easier to apply to new testingrequirements.

ProbesWeld inspection probes oer a cost-eective alternative tomagnetic particle inspection or in-service inspection owelded steel structures. They can detect surace-breakingatiguecracksthrough2mm(0.078)osuracecoatingmaterial and are less expensive and quicker to use thanany other method.

WeldScan probes can detect surace breaking deects through non-conductivecoatingsupto2mm(0.078).

Portable Flaw DetectorsPortable Electromagnetic Testing instruments are ideallysuited or in-situ weld inspection. These compact, durableinstruments can be used to inspect a variety o weldedproducts with GEs WeldScan probes. This inspectionmethod is used to inspect oil platorms, cranes, ships andamusement park rides or weld cracking caused by cyclicatigue, and can be accomplished through multiple layersopaintorcoatings.RopeAccessInspectorsfndtheequipment is extremely portable, cutting the costs oerecting access platorms. The inspection o welds is

coveredbyStandardBSEN1711-2000.

The portability o the Phasec amily combined with the sensitivity and durability oWeldScan probes enables perorming weld inspection in dicult applications.


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RemoteVisualInspection(RVI)

RVI is a cost-eective inspection technique used to capture real-time views and images rom inside tubes, pipes, rotating machinery, engines, heat exhangers, tray towers,

reractory-lined vessels and enclosed structures RVI can be a complementary technique to other NDT disciplines in the inspection o welds

Video BorescopesThe use o video borescopes speeds up inspection timeand provides sharp, clear illumination o surace-breakingweld attributes and deects.These instruments allow or the inspection o incompletepenetration o new welds inside a pipe and existing weldsinside assembled components.

Pan-Tilt-Zoom (PTZ) CamerasIndustrial PTZ cameras can ideally be used or remoteviewing in large areas. These system eature a color zoomcamera module, high-intensity lighting, pan-and-tiltmechanism and industrial waterproo packaging orprotection rom extreme environments.

Advanced Measurement & Imaging3DPhaseMeasurementprovidesaccurate3dimensionalsurace scans allowing measurement o all aspects osurace indications. Inspectors can view and measure adeect using a single probe tip, eliminating the extra stepsrequired to back out, change the tip and then relocate thedeect.3DPhaseMeasurementprovidesaccuratemeasurementon-demandwhilesimpliyingtheinspection process.

Menu Directed Inspection (MDI) is so tware that runs on the video probe to guidean inspector through the inspection process. It standardizes the inspectionworkfow, saves time, reduces error, and creates consistent quality.

Cro ss-section o a weld showing the bead height . Ca-Zo om PTZ cameras are used or downs tream checks o in-s ervice welds inrenery towers and storage tanks, avoiding manned entry.

InspectionPre

InspectionPost

Inspection


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RadiographicTesting(RT)

Radiography is a proven and reliable non-destructive testing method One o the main areas or the application o radiography is weld examination GE has invested in all

orms o imaging processes to ensure customers are ree to choose the right technology or their application: lm radiography, digital imaging including Computed

Radiography (CR) and Direct Radiography (DR), industrial X-ray tubes and generators and 3D Computed Tomography (CT)

Film RadiographyFilm systems are widely used or checking the integrity owelds and the circumstances in which these inspectionstakeplaceareotenverydemanding.VACUPACTM packedlm is protected by a synthetic oil ensuring trouble reeusageunderdirtyanddampconditions.ROLLPACTM lm inprecut ormat, is ideal or pipeline projects with manypipes o the same diameter.

Computed RadiographyAlthough conventional lm is still superior compared totheComputedRadiographytechnique,standardspermitCRinseveralcasesbecauseitcanprovidesufcientimage quality or weld inspection.ComputedRadiographysystemsprovideanoverallimaging solution including imaging plates in specicweld sizes, scanners and weld inspection sotware.

ROLLPACTM lm packaging is completely light-tight and resistant to moistureand grease.

CRXFLEXTM computed radiography scanner can be used in oce, lab or eldenvironments allowing imaging plates in various weld sizes to be s canned.

DXR500Lstaticdigitaldetectorarrayperormingautomatedweldinspectionachieves signicant throughput achievements.

Direct RadiographyAt stationary locations the high perormance DigitalDetector Array (DDA) panels can image large numbers ocomponents in a very short time due to the low doserequirements, coupled with automation or robotics.For eld applications large ormat portable detectorsbring signicant image quality advantages coupled withtheir low dose requirements, especially important orcontrol o radiation saety.


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Industrial X-ray Tubes & Generators160-300kVportableand160-450kVstationaryequipment with directional or panoramic tubes anddierent combinations o ocal-spot sizes nd applicationthroughout the industrial spectrum o weld inspection.

RhythmTM SotwareRhythmTMcanacquireimagedataromCRandDRsources or rom lm digitizers. This data can be displayedonthemonitoroastandardPC.RhythmTM oersstandardized reporting capability in easy-to-understandormats, with DICONDE-tagged images. This allows asthistorical and meaningul comparison o reports romdierent inspections.

3D Computed Tomography (CT)Process control and optimization o laser and rictionwelding technologies require deect detection in the micronrange. Additionally, or turbine or weld-seam inspection in

tubes,alargevarietyorodanodesoritsmicroocusX-raytubesexist.Anotherimportantadvantageo3DComputedTomography is that it shows the exact location, shape,orientation and size o the deect inside the sample.

Field-portableERESCOX-raygeneratorsareusedorawidevarietyoflm,CRandDRweldinspectionapplications.

Phoenixv|tome|xL300allowssamplesoupto50kg(110lbs)andupto600mm(23.6in)length/500mm(19.6in)diametertobescanned.

Flash! FiltersTM provide the sharpest view o weld inspection images.


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RadiographersWeldInterpretationReerence

Reerence RadiographsThe ollowing selection o radiographs illustrates the widevariety o possibilities or detection o discontinuities.

Oset or mismatch (Hi-Lo)

An abrupt change in lm densityacross the width o the weld image.

Oset or mismatch with Lack oPenetration (LOP)An abrupt density change across thewidth o the weld image with astraight longitudinal darker densityline at the centre o the width o theweld image along the edge o thedensity change.

External concavity or insucient llThe weld density is darker than thedensity o the pieces welded andextending across the ull width o theweld.

Excessive penetrationA lighter density in the centre o thewidth o the weld image, eitherextended along the weld or in isolatedcircular drops.


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External undercut

An irregular darker density along theedge o the weld image. The densitywill always be darker than the densityo the pieces being welded.

Incomplete - or Lack o Penetration(LoP)A darker density band, with verystraight parallel edges, in the center othe width o the weld image.

Internal (root) undercut

An irregular darker density near thecentre o the width o the weld imageand along the edge o the root passimage.

Interpass slag inclusions

Irregularly-shaped darker density spot,usually slightly elongated andrandomly spaced.

Internal concavity (suck back)An elongated irregular darker densitywith uzzy edges, in the vcentre o thewidth o the weld image.

Burn throughLocalized darker density with uzzyedges in the centre o the width o theweld image. It may be wider than thewidth o the root pass image.


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RadiographersWeldInterpretationReerence

Interpass cold lap

Small spots o darker densities, somewith slightly elongated tails in thewelding direction.

Elongated slag lines (wagon tracks)

Elongated parallel or single darkerdensity lines, irregular in width andslightly winding lengthwise.

Scattered porosity

Roundedspotsodarkerdensitiesrandom in size and location.

Lack o side wall usion (LOF)

Elongated parallel, or single, darkerdensity lines sometimes with darkerdensity spots dispersed along theLOF-lines which are very straight in thelengthwise direction and not windinglike elongated slag lines.

Cluster porosityRoundedorslightlyelongateddarkerdensity spots in clusters with theclusters randomly spaced.

Root pass aligned porosityRoundedandelongateddarkerdensityspots that may be connected, in astraight line in the centre o the widtho the weld image.


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Transverse crack

Feathery, twisting lines o darkerdensity running across the width othe weld image.

Longitudinal crack

Feathery, twisting line o darkerdensity running lengthwise along theweld at any location in the width o theweld image.

Longitudinal root crackFeathery, twisting lines o darkerdensity along the edge o the image otherootpassThetwistingeaturehelps to distinguish the root crackrom incomplete root penetration.

Tungsten inclusionsIrregularly shaped lower density spotsrandomly located in the weld image.


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Sotware Solutions

GE oers image review tools which enables smarter and quicker decisions in the eld, actory foor or in the oce We oer sotware or all non-destructive testing (NDT)

applications and methods, including sotware or data input, analysis, measurement, enhancement, review, documentation, data management, remote collaboration,

and storage

RhythmTM Enterprise ArchiveRhythmTM Enterprise Archive delivers a complete, scalableand fexible central archiving DICONDE* (the industry-accepted protocol) solution or non-destructive testingimages and inormation. One platorm to use to centrallystorealldata(Visual,Electromagnetic,Radiographic,andUltrasonic).Advanceddatasharingandastretrievingcapabilities allow signicant improvements in productivityand enable aster identication o quality problems.

Flash! FiltersTM Image EnhancementFlash! FiltersTM provide sharp views o weld images. As a plug-in

moduleortheRhythm TMReviewsotware,theclarityothe

images signicantly increases faw detection while minimizing

image analysis time. Flash! FiltersTM is able to quickly edge-

enhance and improve digital images into lm-like images.

NoWindowsleveling

StreamlinedworkfowSharperimages

Improved probability o detection with advanced image enhancementFlash! FiltersTM sotware tool.

Improving data sharing and providing a central, sae, long term inormationrepositorywithRhythmTM Enterprise Archive.


GEs Rhythm Sotware plays a key role in enabling asset owners to integrate NDT data and other inormation with additionally available

knowledge in order to make well-inormed decisions regarding plant components and their remaining lie

Conventional

Flash!FilterTM

Reporting and Advanced ReportingThe automated report generator tools allow creation ocustomizedreportofndings.Usersareabletocreatetheir own unlimited number o report ormats and canautomatically populate them with DICONDE data.

* DICONDE:DigitalImagingandCommunicationinnon-destructiveevaluation(frstASTMreleasein2004)

The reporting tool allows customized report templates and generates reports tomeet specic needs.


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RhythmTM ReviewRhythmTMReviewacceptsdataromRhythmAcquire,otherRhythmTMReviewworkstations,andremovablemedia,suchasCDsandDVDs.Itprovidesapplicationtools or analysis, enhancement, measurement, reportingand storage o received data.

RhythmTM Enterprise WebRhythmTM Enterprise Web provides on-demand access toNDTinspectiondatamaintainedinacentralRhythmTMEnterprise Archive server with just a web browser andlogin inormation.RhythmTM Enterprise Web brings DICONDE viewingcapabilities to the internet and provides a convenientdistribution engine with web-based unctionality.

RhythmTM Web allows or optimal delivery o multi-discip linary NDT images andreports to all users.

Remoteexpertreviewandanalysis,asinormationcanbesharedbetweennetworkedReviewworkstationswithnolimittoflesize.


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Weld Types

Manual Metal Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Tungsten Inert Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Submerged Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Gas Metal Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Metal Inert Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

ResistanceSpot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Flux-Cored Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Laser Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Electron Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Brazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Soldering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

ElectricResistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Friction Stir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Fusion Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Ultrasonic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33


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Base metal

Penetration

Shielded or heavy coating

Electrode core wireGaseous shield

Molten weld metal

Weld deposited

Slag

Projecting

sheath

Crater

Tungsten Inert GasTIG

Manual Metal Arc - MMAShielded Metal Arc - SMA

Submerged ArcSAW

Materials Iron and steel, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel,copper alloys

Stainless steel, non-errous materials,aluminum, magnesium

Carbon steel, stainless steel, nickel-basedalloys, low alloy steel, suracing applications(i.e. weld buildup)

Applications Steel structures, industrial abrication Aerospace and space vehicles, nuclearapplications, thin wall materials manuacturing

applications

Structural and vessel construction, pipes

Typical Location Fabrication shop, actoryField operationsSuitable or indoor or outdoor use

Fabrication shop, actory Fabrication shop, actorySuitable or indoor or outdoor use

Advantages Low equipment costs and wide applicabilityDominant process in repair and maintenanceBasically no thickness limitationsCan be used in almost any position

Stronger, higher quality weldsUsedwiththinmaterialsGreater operator control over the weldHighly resistant to corrosion and cracking

High deposition rates deep weld penetrationLittle edge preparation is neededSingle pass welds can be made with thickplatesArc is always covered under a blanket o fuxProduces sound, uniorm, and ductile welds

Limitations Applications are limited by welder skill

Potential saety issues i not monitoredApplications may require preheat

Cannot be used on lead or zinc

Economically not easible or steelSlower production and dicult to master

Limited to errous and some nickel based alloys

Limited positions and requires fux handlingLimited to long straight seams or rotated pipesRequiresinter-passandpostweldslagremoval

Typical DiscontinuitiesTypes

Porosity, lack o usion, incomplete penetration,and cracks

Lack o usion, porosity, tungsten inclusions Porosity, inclusions, incomplete penetration,and lack o usion.

Non-destructive TestingMethods

VT,PT,MT,RT,UT VT,PT,MT,RT,UT VT,PT,MT,RT,UT

Flux shel

Continuously ed

welding wire

Solid slag

Granular fux

Baking plate

Flux eed tube

Base metal

Weld metal

Nozzle

Gas shielding

Arc

Filler rod

Weld pool

VisualTesting............................... VT*Penetrant Testing ......................PT*Magnetic Particle Testing ......MT*

RadiographicTesting............... RT**UltrasonicTesting...................... UT**Eddy Current Testing................ET**** For surace discontinuities** For subsurace discontinuities*** For surace-breaking

discontinuities and usuallyused to supplement PT, MT


30/40

30 Weld Inspection

Flux-Cored ArcFCAW

Resistance SpotRSW

Materials Sheet metal, aluminum alloys Structural steel - aluminum sections stainlesssteel and nickel alloys - some oshoreapplications

Mild- and low-alloy steels, stainless steels,some high nickel alloys

Applications Automotive, weld studs and nuts to metal,weld screw machine parts to metal,

join cross wires and bars

Automotive , structural, ornamental Automotive , structural stee ls

Typical Location Fabrication shop, actory Fabrication shop, actory - eld applications Factory or eld

Advantages Limits the areas o excessive heatingEnergy controlled - more reliable weldsAllows closer spacing o weldsA production process can be completelyautomated

VersatilityandspeedAdaptive to robotic automation

No shielding gas is required making it suitableor outdoor welding and/or windy conditionsHigh-deposition rate processLess precleaning o metal requiredThe weld metal is protected initially romexternal actors until the fux is removed

Limitations Tends to harden the materialReduceatiguestrengthStretch or anneal the material

Cause the material to warp

Limited to indoor useUnusableunderwaterWeld quality can fuctuate

When the electrode contacts the base metal,the contact tip can melt using it to the basemetal

Irregular wire eed usually the result o amechanical problemMore costly ller material/wire than GMAW


Cracks, porosity and expulsion Dross and porosity, lack o usion, excessivepenetration, silica inclusions, cracking, undercut

Porosity, lack o usion, inclusions, incompletepenetration, hollow bead and cracks. Also,overlap, weld spatter, underll, and undercut.


VT,UT RT,UT VT,PT,MT,RT,UT

Shielding gas Contact tube

Solid wire

Molten weld metal

Base metal

Weld metal

Gas Metal Arc GMAWMetal Inert Gas MIG

Electrode

Electrode

C

T

PWSW

Workpiece

Switch

Main supplyContact tip

Flux core wire

Solidied slag

Nozzle

Base metal

Solidied weld metal

Shielding gas

Arc column


RadiographicTesting...............RT**UltrasonicTesting...................... UT**Eddy Current Testing ................ET**** For surace discontinuities** For subsurace discontinuities*** For surace-breaking



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31Weld Inspection

Filament

Cathodeelectrode

Anode

HighvoltageDC

Electron beam

Work piece

Vacuumchamber

LowvoltageDC

Focuscoil

Electron BeamEBW

Laser BeamLBW

Brazing

Materials Carbon steel, stainless steel, aluminum,titanium

Stainless steel, superalloys, reractory metals Copper, brass, bronze, aluminum and others

Applications Automotive, aerospace Aerospace and automotive, semiconductor Electrical, electronics, transportation,appliances, and construction

Typical Location Factory Manuacturing acility Manuacturing / eld - indoors or outdoors

Advantages Versatileprocess-highqualityyieldUsedinhighvolumeapplicationsEasily automated with robotics

Has a very small heat aected zoneIs used or dissimilar metal welds

Easy to learn, virtually any dissimilar metal canbe joined, the bond line can be very neat in ap-pearance, and the joint strength is strong enoughor most non-heavy-duty use applications.

Limitations Cracking with hi-carbon steelsSpeed depends on type and thickness omaterials

Lack o penetration, lack o usion, cracking A badly brazed joint can look similar to a good joint, and canhave a very low strength. The metal used to bond the two

parts may be dierent in color than the parts being bonded.

Long-term eects o dissimilar metals in constant contact

may need to be examined or special applications. Since the

fller material (typically bronze) melts at a relatively low tem-

perature, brazed parts should not be put in an environmentwhich exceeds the melting point o the fller metal.


Porosity, cracks, lack o usionAlso,humpingandundercut

Incomplete penetration, lack o usion, cracksand porosity

Lack o ll (unbond), porosity, cracks, and coldbond


VT,PT,MT,RT,UT VT,PT,MT,RT,UT VT,PT,UT

Source o light

Reectiveend

Partiallyrefective end

Rubyrod

Lens system Workpiece




Brazing rod


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32 Weld Inspection

Materials Copper, silver, gold, iron, nickel Steel Aluminum - copper

Applications Electronic components, pipe soldering,aluminum, stained glass

Round/squaretubing Ship building and oshore - aerospace andautomotive - railway rolling stock - specializedabrication

Typical Location Manuacturing / eld - indoors or outdoors Manuacturing Fabrication shop, actory

Advantages Soldering can be manual or automatedFormulated or maximum electrical conductivity

High production - easy automationEnergy ecientTypically stronger than the material itselVerydurableweld

Can be used on large pieces not post weld heattreatedUsedwheremetalcharacteristicsmustremainunchangedLow concentration o discontinuitiesCan operate in all positionsMinimum saety issues / low environmentimpact

Limitations Soldering diculty can increase when othermaterials are involved

Power source and material thickness mustmatch

Exit hole let when tool is withdrawnHeavy duty clamping necessaryLess fexible and oten slower


Cold solder joint, oxidation, cracks and voids Pin holes, cracks Cracks and lack o penetration, kissing bonds


VT VT,PT,RT UT,PT

Electric ResistanceERW

Soldering

Soldering iron tip

Liquid solder

Solder solidiying

Boiling fuxremovingoxide lm

Oxide layer

Clean base metal

Friction StirFSW

Electrode

Workpiece

Load Load

Load Load Switch

Main supply

Advancingside othe weld

Retreatingside othe weld

Probe

Tool

Joint

Shoulder

Downward orce

Trailing edge o the rotating tool


RadiographicTesting...............RT**UltrasonicTesting...................... UT**Eddy Current Testing ................ET**** For surace discontinuities** For subsurace discontinuities*** For surace-breaking



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33Weld Inspection

Materials Composites, stainless steels, alloys, ceramics Composites, plastics, dissimilar materials

Applications Aerospace Aerospace, automotive, medical, computer,packaging

Typical Location Manuacturing Manuacturing

Advantages Creates a bond by atomic attractionUsedwithMEMSabrication/silicon

No other materials required in the processAlternative to glue, screws or snap tEasily automatedClean, precise jointsUsedorelectricalwireharnessconnections

Limitations Must be highly polished, clean suracesLow strength improved by thermal treatment

Only used or small weldsMajor limitation is material thicknessLimited by the amount o power available


Laminations, lack o bonding Determine the presence o unbonds

Non-destructive Testing

Methods

UT VT

Ultrasonic

Sonotrode tip

Hard tip

Work piece

Clamping orceapplied

TransducerCoupler

AnvilBase metal

Penetration depth

Electrode coating

Core wire

Welding atmosphere

Arc steam

Arc pool

Solidied slag

Weld metal

Fusion Bonding





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34 Weld Inspection

Codes,Standards,Regulations&RecommendedPractices

United States

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME Codes)

ASME Section I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Power BoilersASME Section II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M aterials

ASME Section III . . . . . . . . RulesorConstructionoNuclearPower Plant Components

ASMESectionIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H eating Boilers

ASMESectionV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-destructive Testing

ASMESectionVI . . . . . . . RecommendedRulesorCareandOperation o Heating Boilers

ASMESectionVII . . . . . . . . . . . RecommendedGuidelinesorCare o Power Boilers

ASMESectionVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . PressureVessels-DivisionIASMESectionIX . . . . . . .Welding and Brazing Qualications

SectionIXsetstherequirementsorwritingaWeldingProcedureSpecication (WPS), testing the WPS through a Procedure QualicationRecordandtestingtheweldthroughaWelderPerormanceQualication.All o the ASME Codes reer to this document.

ASMESectionX. . . FiberReinorcedPlasticPressureVessels

ASMESectionXI . . . . . . . . . RulesorIn-serviceInspectionoNuclear Power Plant Components

ASMESectionXII . . . . . . . . . . RulesortheConstructionandContinued Service o Transport Tanks

ASMEB31.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P o w e r P i p i n gCoversboilerexternalpipingorsteamorvaporabove15psigandhightemperaturewaterexceeding160psigand/ortemperaturesexceeding250F.Fullpenetrationisrequiredorallgroovewelds.VisualInspectionisrequiredorallwelds.RadiographicTestingorUltrasonicTestingis

requiredithetemperatureexceeds750Forithetemperaturesarebetween350Fand750Fwithpressuresover1025psig.

ASMEB31.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fuel Gas Piping

Applies to piping systems or uel gases. These gases includemanuactured gas, liqueed petroleum gas, natural gas, and mixturesabove the upper combustible limits. The piping systems that are coveredby this code maybe be in or between buildings rom the meter set to therst pressure containment valve.

ASMEB31.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P r o c e s s P i p i n g

This code covers piping in chemical plants. The quality o the weld is setby the owner determination o the saety aspects o the fuid beingcontained.

ASMEB31.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pipeline Transportation Systemsor Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids

This code covers piping or liquid petroleum products such as crude oiland gasoline.

ASMEB31.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RerigerationPipingandHeatExchanger Components

This code applies to rerigerant and brine piping systems. It does notinclude sel-contained or unit rerigeration systems that are subject toULspecifcations.

ASMEB31.8 . . . . . . . . . . . Gas Transmission and DistributionPiping Systems

Applies to regulating stations, gas compressor stations, gas mains andservice lines up to the end users meter set .

ASMEB31.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Building Services

Covers building services or heating and cooling water, condensingwater, steam, vacuum, compressed air, combustible liquids andnon-ammablegases.Boilerexternalpipinghasamaxo15psigorsteamboilersandorwaterheatingunitsthemaxis160psigand250F.There is a maximum size or materials. For example carbon steel can notexceed30NPSor0.50wall.AllweldsmustbeVTalthough100%penetrant is not required.

American Society for Non-Destructive Testing (ASNT Codes)

SNT-TC-1A-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . .RecommendedPracticeNo.SNT-TC-1A:PersonnelQualifcationand

CertifcationinNon-DestructiveTesting(2011)

This program is a guideline to assist employers to establish their ownin-house certication program. It is a set o recommendations or thequalication and certication o NDT personnel. It also providesrecommended educational, experience and training or the NDTmethods.

ANSI/ASNT-CP189-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ASNT Standard orQualication and Certication o

Non-DestructiveTestingPersonnel(2011).

This document is a Standard which establishes minimum requirementsor the qualication and certication o non-destructive testing and

predictive maintenance personnel. It also details the minimum training,education, and experience requirements or NDT personnel and providescriteria or documenting qualications and certication.

American Welding Society (AWS Codes)

AWS D1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Structural Welding Code - Steel

Covers the design, welding and examination o welded structural steel1/8andthicker.Itallowsorbothpre-qualifedandnon-prequalifedwelding procedure.

AWSD1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . Structural Welding Code - Aluminum

Covers the welding o structural aluminum. All procedures must bequalied beore use. This Code does not contain any pre-qualiedwelding procedures.

AWSD1.3 . . . . . . . . . . Structural Welding Code - Sheet Steel

Coverstheweldingostructuralsheetsteellessthan3/16.

AWS D1.4 . . . . .StructuralWeldingCode-ReinorcingSteel

CoverstheweldingoReinorcingSteel.


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35Weld Inspection

AWSD1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bridge Welding C odeThis code covers the welding abrication requirements applicable towelded highway bridges. The Code does not apply to steels that are lessthan3mminthickness.

AWSD1.6 . . . . . . . Structural Welding Code - Stainless Steel

This Code applies to the welding o structural stainless steel.

AWSD1.7 . . . . . . . Structural Welding Code - StrengtheningandRepair

AWSD1.8 . . .Structural Welding Code - Seismic Supplement

AWSD1.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . .Structural Welding Code - Titanium

AWSD8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Automotive Spot Welding Code

AWSD8.6 . . . . . . . . . . . Automotive Spot Welding ElectrodesSupplement

AWSD8.7 . . . . AutomotiveSpotWeldingRecommendationsSupplement

AWSD8.8 . . . . . . . . . . . Automotive Arc Welding (Steel) Code

AWSD8.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Automotive Spot Weld Testing

AWSD8.14 . . . . . Automotive Arc Welding (Aluminum) Code

AWSD9.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sheet Metal Welding Code

AWSD10.10 . . . . . . . . . .Heating Practices or Pipe and Tube

AWSD10.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .RootPassWeldingorPipe

AWSD10.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P ipe Welding (Mild Steel)

AWSD10.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tube Brazing (Copper)

AWSD10.18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pipe Welding (Stainless Steel)

AWSD11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W elding (Cast Iron) Code

AWSD14.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial Mill Crane Welding

AWSD14.3 . . Earthmoving & Agricultural Equipment Welding

AWSD14.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Machinery Joint Welding

AWSD14.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Press Welding CodeAWS-D14.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IndustrialMillRollSuracing

AWSD15.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .RailroadWeldingCode

AWSD15.2 . . . . . . . . RailroadWeldingPracticeSupplement

AWSD16.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RoboticArcWeldingSaety

AWSD16.2 . . . . . . . RoboticArcWeldingSystemInstallation

AWSD16.3 . . . . . . . . . RoboticArcWeldingRiskAssessment

AWSD16.4 . . . . . RoboticArcWelderOperatorQualifcation

AWSD17.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A erospace Fus ion Welding

AWSD17.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .AerospaceResistanceWeldingAWSD18.1 . . . . . . . . Hygienic Tube Welding (Stainless Steel)

AWSD18.2 . . . . . . .Stainless Steel Tube Discoloration Guide

AWSD18.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hygienic Equipment Welding

American Petroleum Institute (API Codes)

APIStandard1104 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Welding Pipelines andRelatedFacilities

APIStandard620. . . . . . .Design and Construction o Large,Welded, Low Pressure Storage Tanks

APIStandard653. . . . . . .TankInspection,Repair,AlterationandReconstruction

APIStandard650. . . . . . Welded Steel Tanks or Oil Storage

APISpec5L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specication or L ine P ipe

APISpec6D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . SpecifcationorPipelineValves

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM codes)

E94-04(2010). . . . . . . . . . . .StandardGuideorRadiographicExamination

E114-10 . . . . . StandardPracticeorUltrasonicPulse-EchoStraight-Beam Contact Testing

E164-08 . . . . . . . . StandardPracticeorContactUltrasonicTesting o Weldments

E165-09 . . . . . . . . . . Standard Practice or Liquid PenetrantExamination or General Industry

E213-09 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .StandardPracticeorUltrasonicTesting o Metal Pipe and Tubing

E273-10 . . . . . . . . . StandardPracticeorUltrasonicTestingo the Weld Zone o Welded Pipe and Tubing

E309-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Standard Practice or Eddy-CurrentExamination o Steel Tubular Products

UsingMagneticSaturation

E426-98(2007) . . . . Standard Practice or Electromagnetic(Eddy-Current) Examination o Seamless

and Welded Tubular Products, AusteniticStainless Steel and Similar Alloys

E566-09 . . . . . . . . . . Standard Practice or Electromagnetic(Eddy-Current) Sorting o Ferrous Metals

E587-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .StandardPracticeorUltrasonicAngle-Beam Contact Testing

E703-09 . . . . . . . . . . Standard Practice or Electromagnetic(Eddy-Current) Sorting o Nonerrous Metals

E709-08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Standard Guide or MagneticParticle Testing


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36 Weld Inspection

E2662-09 . . .StandardPracticeorRadiologicExaminationo Flat Panel Composites and Sandwich Core

MaterialsUsedinAerospaceApplications

E2663-08 . . . . . . Standard Practice or Digital Imaging andCommunication in Non-Destructive Evaluation

(DICONDE)orUltrasonicTestMethods

E2698-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .StandardPracticeorRadiologicalExaminationUsingDigitalDetectorArrays

E2700-09 . . . . . . . StandardPracticeorContactUltrasonicTestingoWeldsUsingPhasedArrays

E2736-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Standard Guide or Digi tal

DetectorArrayRadiology

Canada

Canadian Standards Association (CSA Codes)

CSAW47.1 . . . . . . . . . .Certication o Companies or FusionWelding o Steel

CSAW59. . . . .Welded Steel Construction (Metal Arc Welding)

CSAW59.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Welded Aluminum Construction

E797/E797M-10 . . . . . . . . . Standard Practice or MeasuringThicknessbyManualUltrasonic

Pulse-Echo Contact Method

E999-10 . . . . Standard Guide or Controlling the Quality oIndustrialRadiographicFilmProcessing

E1000-98(2009) . . . . . . . . . . StandardGuideorRadioscopy

E1030-05(2011. . . StandardTestMethodorRadiographicExamination o Metallic Castings

E1032-06 . . . . . . . . StandardTestMethodorRadiographicExamination o Weldments

E1065-08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard Guide or Evaluat ingCharacteristicsoUltrasonicSearchUnits

E1212-09 . . . . . Standard Practice or Quality ManagementSystems or Non-Destructive Testing Agencies

E1255-09 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . StandardPracticeorRadioscopy

E1316-11a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S tandard Terminology orNon-Destructive Examinations

E1411-09 . . . . . . . . . . .Standard Practice or Qualication oRadioscopicSystems

E1416-09 . . . . . . . . . .StandardTestMethodorRadioscopicExamination o Weldments

E1417-05e1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S tandard Practice orLiquid Penetrant Testing

E1441-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard Guide or ComputedTomography (CT) Imaging

E1444-05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S tandard Practice orMagnetic Particle Testing

E1570-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard Pract ice or ComputedTomographic (CT) Examination

E1742/E1742M-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard PracticeorRadiographicExamination

E1815-08 . . . . . . . . .Standard Test Method or ClassicationoFilmSystemsorIndustrialRadiography

E1901-08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Standard Guide or Detection andEvaluation o Discontinuities by Contact

Pulse-EchoStraight-BeamUltrasonicMethods

E2007-10 . . . . StandardGuideorComputedRadiography

E2033-99(2006) . . . . . . . . . Standard Practice or ComputedRadiology(Photostimulable

Luminescence Method)

E2192-08 . . . . . . . . . Standard Guide or Planar Flaw HeightSizingbyUltrasonics

E2373-09 . . . . . StandardPracticeorUseotheUltrasonicTime o Flight Diraction (TOFD) Technique

E2375-08 . . . . . . . . StandardPracticeorUltrasonicTestingo Wrought Products

E2445-05(2010) . . . . . . . Standard Practice or Qualicationand Long-Term Stability o

ComputedRadiologySystems

E2446-05(2010) . . . . Standard Practice or Classication oComputedRadiologySystems

E2491-08 . . . . Standard Guide or Evaluating PerormanceCharacteristicsoPhasedArrayUltrasonic

Testing Instruments and Systems



37/40

37Weld Inspection

Europe

European Welding Standards

ENISO5817. . . . . . . . . . . . Welding Fusion-welded joints insteel, nickel, titanium and their alloys (beam

welding excluded) Quality levels or imperections

ENISO6520-1/2 . . . . . . . . . . . Welding and allied processes Classication o geometric imperections in

metallicmaterialsParts1and2

ENISO6520-2

ENISO10863 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-destruct ive testing o weldsUseotime-o-ightdiraction technique (TOFD)

ENISO10893-112. . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-destruct ive test ing o

steeltubesParts1-12ENISO10893-12

ENISO11666 . . . . . . . . . Non-destructive testing o welds Ultrasonictestingoweldedjoints

Acceptance levels

prENISO12932 . . . . Welding Laser-arc hybrid welding osteels, nickel and nickel alloys Quality levels or imperections

prENISO13588 . . . . . . . Non-destructive testing o welds UltrasonictestingUseo

automated Phased Array technology

ENISO/NP17405. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-destruct ive testing -Ultrasonictesting-Techniqueotesting

claddings produced by welding,rolling and explosion

ENISO17635 . . . . . . . . . Non-destructive testing o welds General rules or metallic materials

prENISO17636-1 . . . . . Non-destructive testing o welds Radiographicexaminationo

weldedjointsPart1:Industrialflms

prENISO17636-2 . . . . . Non-destructive testing o welds Radiographicexaminationo

weldedjointsPart2:Imagingplates

ENISO17637 . . . . . . . . . Non-destructive testing o welds Visualtestingousion-weldedjoints

ENISO17638 . . . . . . . . . Non-destructive testing o welds Magnetic particle testing

ENISO17640 . . . . . . . . . .Non-destructive testing o welds -

Ultrasonictesting-Techniques,testing levels, and assessment

prENISO19232-15. . . . . . Non-destructive testing ImagequalityoradiographsParts1-5:Image

quality indicators (wire type) Determinationo image quality value

FprENISO22825 . . . . . . Non-destructive testing o welds UltrasonictestingTestingoweldsin

austenitic steels and nickel-based alloys

ENISO23277 . . . . . . . . . Non-destructive testing o welds Penetrant testing o welds Acceptance levels

ENISO23278 . . . . . . . . . Non-destructive testing o welds Magnetic particle testing o welds

Acceptance levels

ENISO23279 . . . . . . . . . Non-destructive testing o welds UltrasonictestingCharacterization

o indications in welds

ENISO25239-5 . . . . . . . Friction stir welding Aluminium Part5:Qualityandinspectionrequirements

ISO and European standards or non-destructivetesting o welds

EN1435 . . . . . . . . .Non-destructive examination o welds Radiographicexaminationoweldedjoints

EN4678 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Aerospace series - Weldments andbrazements or aerospace structures -

Joints o metallic materials by laser beam welding -Quality o weldments Bilingual version

EN12517-1 . . . . . . . . . . . Non-destructive testing o welds Part1:Evaluationoweldedjointsinsteel,

nickel, titanium and its alloys byradiography Acceptance levels

EN12517-2 . . . . . . . . . . . Non-destructive testing o welds

Part2:Evaluationoweldedjointsinaluminiumand its alloys by radiography Acceptance levels

EN12952-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water-tube boilers and auxiliaryinstallationsPart6:Inspectionduring

construction, documentation and markingo pressure parts o the boiler

prEN13445-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UnfredpressurevesselsPart5:Inspectionandtesting

EN13480-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Metal lic industr ial p iping Part5:Inspectionandtesting


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38 Weld Inspection

Japan

Japanese Welding Standards (WES)

WES7101 . . . . . . . . . . . WeldingPositionandRangeoPlateThickness or Qualied Welder

WES7102 . . . . . RecommendedPracticesorInertShieldedArc Welding (Titanium and Titanium alloy)

WES7103 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RecommendedPracticeorOxyacetylene Welding o Cast Iron

WES7014 . . . . . . . . RecommendedPracticeorArcWeldingo Cast Iron

WES7105 . . . . . . RecommendedHardFacingPracticewithShielded Metal Arc Welding

WES7301 . . . . . . .RecommendedPracticeorSpotWelding

(Low Carbon Steel and Low Alloy Steel)

WES7302 . . . . . . .RecommendedPracticeorSpotWelding(Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy)

WES7303 . . . . . . .RecommendedPracticeorSpotWelding(Stainless Steel)

WES7601 . . . . . . RecommendedPracticeorFieldWeldingo Foundation Piles

WES7602 . . . . . . . . . .RecommendedPracticesorInertGasShielded Arc Welding o Titanium

Clad Steel and or Titanium Lining

WES8101 . . . . . . Standard or Certication o Fillet WeldingOperator

WES8102 . . . . . . . . . Welder Perormance Qualication (ForPetroleum Industry)

WES8103 . . . . . . . . . . . Standard or Certication o WeldingCoordination Personnel

WES8105 . . . . . . . . . .Standard or Certication o WeldingOperatoroPCSteelRods

WES8106 . . . . . . . . . .Standard or Certication o WeldingOperator o Foundation Piles

WES8107 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard or Certicat ion o Welding Practitioner

WES8109 . . . . . . . . . . . .Standard or Certication o Micro-Soldering Personnel

WES8110 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard Qualication ProcedureorRobotWeldingOperatorso

Building Structures

WES8111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . CertifcationProcedureorRobotWelding Operators o Building Structures

WES8201 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard or Certicat ion o Manual Arc Welding Operator

WES8205 . . . . . . . . . Standard or Certication o TitaniumWelding Operator

WES8207 . . . . . . . . . .Standard or Certication o Weldersand Welding Operators or Power

Plant Equipment

WES8217 . . . . . . . . . .Standard or Certication o WeldingProcedure or Power Plant Equipment

WES8221 . . . . . . . . . Certication Procedure o Welders oStainless Steels

WES8231 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Certication Procedure o Welders o Plastics

WES8241 . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard or Certication o Semi-automatic Welding Operator

WES8291 . . . . . . . . . Certication Procedure or Operatorso Silver Alloy Brazing

WES8302 . . . . . . . . . . Certication Test Manual o Weldersor the Processing Facility and

ReprocessingFacilityBasedontheReaderRegulationLaw

WES8312 . . . . . . . . . . Certication Test Manual o WeldingProcedure or the Processing Facility and

Re-ProcessingFacilitybasedon

theReactorRegulationLawWES8701 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard or Certicat ion o

Non-destructive Inspection Enterpriseor Welded Structures

WES8703 . . . . . . . . . .Standard Qualication Procedure orWeldingRobotsorBuildingStructure

WES8704 . . . . . . . . . . . Certication Procedure or WeldingRobotsoBuildingStructures

WES8705 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guidel ine or Accreditation o Non-destructive Testing Enterprise

WES8706 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . StandardoRegistrationo

Personnel in Non-destructiveTesting Enterprise or Welded Construction



39/40

39Weld Inspection

China

Chinese Welding Standards(GB Standards or Recommendations)

GB/T12467 . . . . . . . . . .Fusion Welding o Metallic MaterialsGB/T15169 . . . . . . . . Qualication Test o Welders Fusion

or Welding Steels

GB50235-97. . . . . . . . . . .Chemical Metal Pipe Constructionand Acceptance


40/40

Global Contacts

[email protected]

Americas

United States

50 Industrial Park Road

Lewistown, PA 17044

+1 866 243 2638 (toll ree)

+1 717 242 0327

Brazil

Av. Maria Coelho de

Aguiar, 215

Building C, 6th oor

So Paulo, SP 05804-900

+ 55 11 3614 1840

Europe

Germany

Robert Bosch Strae 3

50354 Hurth

+49 2233 6010

Hungary

East Gate Business Park,

Building F2

Ft 2151

Hungary

+36 27 565 000

Asia & Middle East

Singapore

31 Kaki Bukit Road 3

#04-09/11 Techlink

Singapore 417818

Tel: +65 6213 5500

China

5F, Building 1,

No.1 Huatuo Road,

Zhangjiang High-Tech

Park,

Shanghai 201203

+86 800 915 9966

(toll-ree)

+86 (0) 21-3877 7888

United Arab Emirates

11th Floor, City Tower 2

P.O. Box 11549

Sheikh Zayed Road

Dubai+971 43131234

India

Technosot Knowledge

Gateway

2nd Floor, Plot No. B-14,

Road No.-1

Near MIDC Bldg,

Wagle Estate,

Near Mulund Check Naka,

Thane (West) - 400 604

+9122-40793105

2011 General Electric Company. All Rights Reserved. Specifcations subject to change without prior notice. Other company or product namesmentioned in this document may be trademarks or registered trademarks o their respective companies, which are not afliated with GE.

GEIT-10018EN (04/12)

Documents

Brochure Weld Inspection