Broadcast Audience Measurement

Ratings and beyond

Audience measurement

• One of the most significant forms of practical research is the measurement of audiences for electronic media content– Became a major issue when radio began carrying

commercials– Expanded tremendously with television– Has become far more sophisticated and more

difficult with the explosion of electronic media

Measuring radio audiences

• Why was radio audience measurement such an issue when film audience measurement wasn’t?– Advertising—those buying time had no idea how

many people would actually hear their commercials

– Advertisers (represented by their agencies) wanted to know which of the stations, shows, etc. to place their spots on

So what was the first ‘measure’ of audience size for radio shows?

Fan mail

Enhancements of fan mail ‘measurement’

• Shows began to request fan mail– “If you like us, send us a letter”

• Prizes, contests– Lum and Abner offered free newspapers– 50,000 mailed in cigar bands for Kate Smith’s

picture• But what % of listeners actually wrote? Were

writers/contest respondents regular listeners or just occasional/one-time?

Survey methods applied to audience measurement

• Cooperative Analysis of Broadcasting (CAB) 1929 Crossley’s surveys of radio listening– Phone survey of thousands of listeners in 33 cities– recall of listening that morning, afternoon or

previous day• Concern over respondents’ memory of actual listening• Sample problems• Expensive

• Hooperatings based on 11 million phone calls per year in 103 cities asking about “coincidental” listening (what they were listening to at the time of the call)– Also asked about advertising• Less concern over memory• Continued high cost

Diary methods instituted

• Hooper developed a diary service in NYC in 1947

• American Research Bureau began in 1949 with a diary service (Later became Arbitron)

• Panel recruited for completion of diaries evaluating listener/viewership over extended periods of time

Hooperatings came out on top

• In 1941 CAB adopts coincidental method• In 1946 CAB discontinued• In 1950, Hooper sold national radio and tv

ratings business to A. C. Nielsen

Mechanization

• Nielsen audimeter

The first audimeter (1936)Source: Nielsen

• Bought by A. C. Nielsen• Not practical for use in nationwide sample

Mailable audimeter (TV)

• Difficulty getting all data mailed in and preventing technical problems– Incentives given to ‘housewives’ to send in tapes

and replace them promptly

Recordimeter (1954)

Instantaneous audimeter

Instantaneous audimeter

• Data collected electronically through modem supplied by Nielsen

Storage instantaneous audimeter (1973)

Storage instantaneous audimeter

• Data stored during the day, downloaded to Florida at night

• Two-day turnaround on ratings

People meter (1987)

• Demographic data collected along with set use, tuning

http://diary.tvratings.com/

Local v. national ratings

• Local ratings for many DMAs still collected via diary methods– In some larger markets, set meters and surveys

combined• Rollout of local people meters began in mid-

2000s– Currently in 25 markets

• Recently accredited by Media Ratings Council (MRC)

– Likely will eventually displace diaries or else be superseded by PPM or set-top data

Problems with people meters

• Undercounting of certain audiences– Children

• Mechanical failure• Expense– Increased sample size required for fractionated

audience• Disruption of normal viewing behavior• Annoyance of sample members

Measurement innovation

• Passive systems– Inaudible signals– Set-top-box measurement

• Multi-screen measurement– Portability for out of home exposure

• Individual rather than household orientation

Leading innovation--PPM

• A small (pager-sized) system that receives and processes inaudible signals carried over electronic media

• Whenever the PPM comes within range of a source emitting such a signal it identifies the source and makes a record of the time

• Demographic, etc. info about the person whose PPM it is will be included in the database

• But it may be that simply determining that someone is in the proximity of a medium carrying video content is not a good measure of ‘exposure’ to the content, much less exposure to or engagement with the commercial content

Focus on advertising, engagement

• Advertisers want estimates of audiences for commercials rather than programming– A large percentage of the audience leaves the room

during commercial pods– Zipping and Zapping– DVRs removing commercial content

• Engagement with material has an important influence on the effectiveness of commercials– Not just whether people are in the room but whether

they are engaged with the content

The video world changes

• Cable networks and the fractionalization of audiences

• Switch to digital• Time-switching– VCRs– DVRs

• Distribution of content via Internet, mobile• Out-of-home viewing• Individualization of viewing