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KM-6>9 Oahtkro Fssagmokmt.

Ypramg 4>69.

Xbk catkrfry ahkfs le tbk Tlofmtai.

Xbk wlrh ‛rlofmtai― bfs ofmy mufmiks fmh ifm hkmltk ofmy fspkits. Cll`amg elr tbkwlrh f haitalmfry ylu wluch dk ca`kcy tl eamh hkeamatalms ca`k0 efmiaeuc, aoprfitaifc, umrkfcastai

ahkfs, aodukh watb lr hloamftkh dy ahkfcaso, f hksark elr fhvkmturk fmh ibavfcry, fmh

haspcfyamg lr kxprkssamg strlmg koltalm. Yaopcy dy cll`amg ft tbksk olhkrm hkeamatalms wk

ifm skk f efarcy strlmg ilmmkitalm tl tbk ahkfs le tbk rlofmtai, tbk amtkcckitufc olvkokmt am frt

fmh catkrfturk. Xbk rlofmtai pkralh wfs pfrtcy f rkfitalm fgfamst tbk fgk le kmcagbtkmokmt, fmh

tbk rkvlcutalms le tbk taok, rksuctamg am ahkfs tbft ilmtrfstkh tbk grlwamg ibfmgk tbft wfs

kvahkmt am sliakty. Fmh tbksk frk ahkfs tbft sbamk tbrlugb am tbk catkrfry wlr`s le tbk pkralh.

Xbk Tlofmtai pkralh, skkm dy ofmy fs stfrtamg watb tbk pudcaiftalm le tbk Cyraifc

 Dfccfhs dy Wlrhswlrtb fmh Ilckrahgk, wfs pfrtcy f rkfitalm fgfamst tbk prkvalus

mklicfssaiaso le tbk fgk le kmcagbtkmokmt: Tkelroamg sliakty usamg rkfslm, ibfcckmgamg ahkfs

grlumhkh am trfhatalm fmh hkvkclpokmt tbrlugb siakmik. Am tbk rksuctamg amhustrafc rkvlcutalm pklpck sfw tbkar kmvarlmokmt dkamg rappkh fpfrt fmh hrfstaifccy ibfmgkh, glamg erlo

fgraiucturk tl amhustry, fmh am tbk prlikss irkftamg fm kvkm grkftkr sbaet dktwkkm tbk sliafc

icfssks. Xbk rkvlcutalms am Erfmik irkftkh plcataifc turolac, fmh am turm amirkfskh plcataifc

ilmtrlc am Kmgcfmh. Gavamg rllt tl lpplsatalm fgfamst fmytbamg tbft hfopkmkh erkk kxprkssalm.

Olvamg erlo ‛tbk spbkrk le sliakty―(tbk plcataifc) tl ‛tbk pravftk spbkrk― (tbk amhavahufc).Fs

f rksuct, am rlofmtai catkrfturk wk ifm skk f gkmkrfccy strlmgkr elius lm tbk ahkfs le mfturk, tbk

lrhamfry, tbk lrgfmai, amhavahufcaty, aofgamftalm, koltalm fmh splmtfmkaty

Xbk cyraifc plko dkifok f ofjlr rlofmtai elro. At kxprksskh tbk plkt‑s hkkp ekkcamgs

fmh koltalms. Tftbkr tbfm just tkccamg f stlry prkskmtkh tbrlugb ldskrvftalm, at letkm usks tbk

 prkskmtkh sikmk tl suggkst sloktbamg hkkpkr

Waccafo Wlrhswlrtb's A Wfmhkrkh Clmkcy fs f Icluh  as f cyrai plko tbft eliusks lm tbk

 plkt‑s rksplmsk tl tbk dkfuty le mfturk. Am tbk plko, wback tbk cyraifc spkf`kr as ‛wfmhkramg

clmkcy fs f icluh―(6) bk bfppkms uplm f irlwh le glchkm hfeelhacs ‛Dksahk tbk cf`k, dkmkftb

tbk trkks / Ecuttkramg fmh hfmiamg am tbk drkkzk―(;,5) Dkifusk tbkrk frk sl ofmy le tbko tbk

spkf`kr as rkoamhkh le tbk stfrs le tbk Oac`y Wfy. Bk buofmazks tbk hfeelhacs wbkm bk sfys

tbky frk kmgfgamg am f hfmik. ‛Xlssamg tbkar bkfhs am spragbtcy hfmik.―(64). Bk hlks mlt euccy

fpprkiaftk ft earst tbk gckkeuc sagbt dkelrk bao. ‛A gfzkh ‘ fmh gfzkh ‘  dut cattck tblugbt / Wbft

wkfctb tbk sblw tl ok bfh drlugbt―(67,62) Mlt umtac bk cftkr ousks fdlut wbft bk sfw as bk

fdck tl hl sl. ‛Fmh tbkm oy bkfrt watb pckfsurk eaccs / Fmh hfmiks watb tbk hfeelhacs― (49, 48) 

Xbas cyraifc plko suggksts tbkoks ca`k0 tbk fdacaty le mfturk‑s dkfuty am upcaetamg tbk buofmsparat. Fs sblwm am camk 6;0 ‛F plkt iluch mlt dut dk gfy― kti. Xbft pklpck am tbkar kvkryhfy

caek letkm efac tl fpprkiaftk tbk wlmhkrs le mfturk: ‛A gfzkh‘ fmh gfzkh ‘  dut cattck tblugbt /

Wbft wkfctb tbk sblw tl ok bfh drlugbt―(67,62). Fmh tbft mfturk tbravks umfttkmhkh0 tbk

hfeelhacs stacc ilmtamuk tbkar gckkeuc kxastkmik watblut buofm amtkrekrkmik.

Xbk plko ilmsasts le elur stfmzfs, kfib ilmtfamamg 5 camks, wrattkm am afodai tktrfoktkr. Xbk

rbyok sibkok as FDFDII, fmh bk usks fccatkrftalm fmh pkrslmaeaiftalm tbrlugb tbk plko.

Xbk pkrslmaeaiftalm iloks lut am bas ilopfraslm le f icluh tl f clmkcy buofm. Xbas ahkf le

slcatuhk, le lmk pkrslm fgfamst tbk umavkrsk as fmltbkr pfrt le tbk rlofmtai. Am camks tbrkk fmh

elur bk sfys0 ‛Wbkm fcc ft lmik A sfw f irlwh / F blst le glchkm hfeelhacs―, ilopframg tbk

hfeelhacs tl f irlwh le pklpck, fmh tbkm fgfam ilopframg tbko tl hfmiamg lmks.

F gllh wfy le cll`amg ft tbas plko, fs wkcc fs ltbkr plktai ahkfs le tbk rlofmtai, wluch dk tlifcc at ‛F olokmt le pfssalm rkilcckitkh am ahkfcaty.―(Tly Kra`skm.‛Tlofmtai ^lktry.― 

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[mavkrsaty le Fghkr. 4; Ekd. 4>69. Ckiturk.) Fetkr tbas olokmt bfs bfppkmkh, tbk plkt as

rkilcckitamg wbft bk kxpkrakmikh. Fmh lmcy uplm tbas eurtbkr tblugbt as bk fdck tl fpprkiaftk

at. Lr pkrbfps tbas hastfmik as just tbk tbamg tbft kmfdcks bao tl cll` dfi` lm at watb ‛rlsy

gcfssks― fmh pkrikavk tbk satuftalm fs at ahkfccy sbluch bfvk dkkm.

 Mlvkcs ft tbk stfrt le tbk rlofmtai pkralh wkrk aookmskcy plpucfr, dut mlt quatk fsrkspkitfdck fs tbk ltbkr bagbcy kstkkokh catkrfry gkmrks suib fs plktry fmh hrfof. Xbky wkrk

letkm cllskr am struiturk fmh hah mlt rkquark tbk sfok ckvkc le catkrfry s`accs. Xbk amirkfsamg

 plpucfraty mlw dkgfm tl ibfmgk plktry‑s olmlplcy lm catkrfry prkstagk. Fmh mkw fodatalms

elr tbk gkmrk stfrtkh tl ilok tbrlugb. Xbk mlvkcs stfrtkh tl sblw sagms le rkcftamg tl tbk rkfc

wlrch. K.g. ‛Xbk wratkrs mlw `mlwm fs tbk Jfildam mlvkcasts uskh tbk elro tl tkst plcataifc

tbklraks fmh rkprkskmt tbk plcataifc upbkfvfcs le tbk fgk.―(Ytaccamgkr kt fc. 4>) Fs wkcc fs

cll`amg dfi` tl f okhakvfc Kurlpk -f Kurlpk paiturkh fs f pcfik le gclloy ifstcks, hkvalus

amhavahufcs fmh stkfctby gblsts- skttamgs fmh stlraks wkrk okfmt tl kvl`k ―pckfsurfdck tkrrlr―,

fmh f ekfr le rkturmamg tl f prk-olhkrm, prk-rftalmfc stftk. Xbas as wbft wk mlw rkekr tl fs f

gltbai styck.

Am tbk mlvkc Wutbkramg Bkagbts dy Koacy Drlmtk, wk bfvk wbft A wluch ifcc frlofmtai mlvkc watb gltbai trfats am f mfturfcastai skttamg. Xbk Kfrmsbfw efoacy cavks ft

Wutbkramg Bkagbts lm tbk bkftbs le Kmgcfmh. Lmk hfy Or. Kfrmsbfw dramgs fm lrpbfm blok

tl bas waek fmh twl ibachrkm, Iftbkramk fmh Bfrktlm. Bk fhlpts bao fs bas lwm, fmh mfoks

bao Bkftbicaee. Bkftbicaee as aookhaftkcy hasca`kh dy tbk ltbkrs le tbk efoacy, kxikpt

Iftbkramk. Xbky quai`cy hkvkclp f strlmg pfssalmftk dlmh, fmh frk amskpfrfdck. Bfrktlm

struggcks watb tbk efit tbft Bkftbicaee as mlw tbkar eftbkr‑s efvlratk, fmh iloks tl hkkpcy bftk

bao elr tbas, fs f rksuct Bfrktlm as skmt fwfy, fmh ykfrs cftkr fetkr Or. Kfrmsbfw‑s hkftb, bk

rkturms tl ambkrat Wutbkramg Bkagbts watb bas waek Erfmiks. Watb Bfrktlm mlw am ilmtrlc le

tbk kstftk, bk puts Bkftbicaee ‛am bas ragbteuc pcfik― fmh trkfts bao ca`k f scfvk. Hastfmik stfrts

tl hkvkclp dktwkkm Iftbkramk fmh Bkftbicaee, fmh fetkr f vasat ft f mkagbdlramg kstftk, tbk

blok le tbk Camtlm‑s, Iftbkramk grlws iclskr fiqufamtkh watb Khgfr Camtlm, f wkcc-drkh

gkmtckofm. Ybk as mlw put am f hackoof, am bkr skfrib elr stftus, fs sbk rkfcazks at wluch dk

 dkmkftb bkr tl ofrry Bkftbicaee. Bkftbicaee rums fwfy, dkcakvamg tbft sbk ml clmgkr ifrks

fdlut bao tbk sfok wfy bk ifrks fdlut bkr. Bk rkturms skvkrfc ykfrs cftkr, f sblrt wback fetkr

tbk ofrrafgk le Iftbkramk fmh Khgfr Camtlm, tl kmfit bas rkvkmgk lm dltb efoacaks.

Watbam tbk pfgks le tbk mlvkc wk eamh fspkits le ofmy haeekrkmt catkrfry olhks. Dut wbft

of`ks tbas f rlofmtai mlvkc as pfrtcy tbk efit tbft wk bfvk f stlry le lrhamfry pklpck, watb

kxfopcks le lrhamfry cfmgufgk. Xbk Kfrmsbfw‑s frk wlr`amg icfss. Bkftbicaee as elumh fm

lrpbfm fmh fhlptkh dy Or. Kfrmsbfw. Yl wk hlm‑t‑ `mlw bas rkfc bkratfgk, bk as hksiradkh fs

bfvamg tbk prahk fmh far le f gkmtckofm0 "Bk as f hfr`-s`ammkh gypsy am fspkit, am hrkss fmh

ofmmkrs f gkmtckofm, tbft as, fs ouib f gkmtckofm fs ofmy f ilumtry squark: rftbkr sclvkmcy, pkrbfps, ykt mlt cll`amg foass watb bas mkgcagkmik, dkifusk bk bfs fm krkit fmh bfmhslok

eagurk ‘fmh rftbkr olrlsk.― (Drlmtk, 9)  Dut wk ifm suspkit tbft bk oagbt dk Or. Kfrmsbfw‑s

acckgataoftk ibach. Fetkr Or. Kfrmsbfw‑s bas hkftb, umhkr Bfrktlm bk as trkftkh olrk ca`k f

scfvk. Fmh fetkr ykfrs fwfy wbkm bk iloks dfi` bk bfs fiquarkh f cfrgk elrtumk. Xbk skrvfmts

ft Wutbkramg Bkagbts, Jlskpb fm kchkrcy skrvfmt fmh Zaccfb tbk blusk`kkpkr. Xbk mlvkc bfs

quatk f hfr` fmh hkprkssamg stlry, le umrkquatkh pfssalm fmh hkstruitavk rkcftalmsbaps. Ltbkr

gltbai fspkits le tbk mlvkc fppkfr am tbk sbfpk le f ilch gclloy ofmlr, vamhaitavk

 pkrslmfcataks fmh bamts le tbk supkrmfturfc. Xbk supkrmfturfc iloks amtl tbk stlry am tbk

 dkcakvkh prkskmik le f gblst. ―Xbk amtkmsk blrrlr le magbtofrk ifok lvkr ok: A trakh tl hrfw

 dfi` oy fro, dut tbk bfmh icumg tl at, fmh f olst okcfmiblcy vlaik slddkh nCkt ok am ’  ckt

ok am!¸ nWbl frk ylu<n A fs`kh, struggcamg, okfmwback, tl haskmgfgk oyskce. nIftbkramkCamtlmn At rkpcakh sbavkramgcy.― (Drlmtk, 67) Xbrlugb tbk mlvkc tbkrk as f strlmg kckokmt le

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mfturk. Wk ifm skk tbas kvkm erlo tbk tatck le tbk mlvkc0 Wutbkramg Bkagbts, wamhy,

wkftbkrkh, ‛stlroy bkagbts―. At as sudjkit tl tbk wrftb le mfturk,  dkamg plrtrfykh vkry ouib fs

fm umiframg kmvarlmokmt. Xbk bfrsb kmvarlmokmt feekits kvkrytbamg fmh kvkrylmk tbft cavks

lm tbk bkftb. Xbk blusks frk stlmy fmh ilch. Xbk pklpck dkilok bfrhy, tlugb fm umiframg.

Bkftbicaee‑s mfok as rkckvfmt am tbas ilmtkxt fmh le bas pkrslmfcaty. ‛F icaee lm tbk bkftb―0 f

bfrh, tlugb, wkftbkrkh, rli`y, elroftalm elrokh dy kxplsurk tl tbk kckokmts, elrokh dymfturk fmh f pfrt le mfturk. Xbas hksiradks vkry wkcc wbft `amh le pkrslm Bkftbicaee bfs

 dkilok.

Catkrfry wlr`s gkmkrfccy rkeckit tbk blpks fmh ahkfcs le sliakty. Cll`amg ft catkrfturk,

lmk fspkit as ilmtkxtufcazkh a.k. wbft tbk wratkrs wkrk feekitkh dy. Fmh tbk tbkoks tbft wk skk

le mfturk, kxprkssalm le tbk plkt‑s lwm ekkcamgs, aofgamftalm, amhavahufcaty fmh splmtfmkaty am

irkftalm, ickfrcy ilamiahk watb tbk ahkfcs le tbk taok. Xbksk frk rkliiurramg iloolm trfats tbft

wk ifm umhkrstfmh fs rlofmtai.

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Dadcalgrfpby:

Wlrhswlrtb, Waccafo. A Wfmhkrkh Clmkcy fs f Icluh . ( Xbk Mlrtlm Fmtblclgy le Kmgcasb Catkrfturk. Kagbtb kh. Ulc 4. Mkw Qlr`. Clmhlm. 4>>2.)

Ytaccamgkr, Jfi`, Cymib, Hkahrk Ybfumf, kt fc. Xbk Mlrtlm Fmtblclgy le Kmgcasb Catkrfturk. 

Kagbtb kh. Ulc 4. Mkw Qlr`. Clmhlm. 4>>2.

Drlmtk, Koacy. Wutbkramg Bkagbts. Wlrhswlrtb Icfssais. 4>>>.

Ytaccamgkr kt fc. Xbk Mlrtlm Fmtblclgy le Kmgcasb Catkrfturk. Kagbtb kh. Ulc 4. Mkw Qlr`.

Clmhlm. 4>>2.

Blcokscfmh.(4>69). KM-6>9 Dratasb Ytuhaks: F Ilcckitalm le tkxts. @rastafmsfmh: [mavkrsaty leFghkr.