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British Struggles in North British Struggles in North America: Pre-RevolutionAmerica: Pre-Revolution
MercantilismNavigation Acts & other Trade Regulations
Colonial Governments & AssembliesAnglo-French Rivalry & French-Indian War
MercantilismMercantilism
This theory dominated European focus in commerce, industry and labor
Objectives of Mercantilism:◦ Accumulate as much stock in precious metals as possible
(gold, silver); wealth= metals◦ Protect home industries against foreign competition◦ Assure supply of necessary raw materials (from colonies)
and low production costs to promote industries abroadNecessary Components:
◦Export more than you import◦Colonies were essential- sources of raw materials &
markets for finished products◦Large population for adequate labor supply,
adequate market & man-power for military◦Manufactured goods favored over agricultural;
processing over raw-materials and mother country over colonies
Mercantilism ImplementedMercantilism Implemented
Acts of Trade & Navigation (1660-1767)◦Navigation Act (1660): no goods or commodities
could be imported into or exported out of English colonies except in English-built or owned ships Sugar & tobacco grown in colonies could be shipped
only to England and English colonies◦Navigation Act (1663): Shipment of European goods
to colonies be shipped from England on English-built ships
◦Navigation Act (1673): Assessed duties (taxes) on enumerated items (sugar, tobacco) if shipped from one plantation to another Customs officials appointed to collect duties
◦Navigation Act (1696): all colonial trade limited to English-built ships; voided all colonial laws which were contrary to Navigation Acts
Other Restrictions on IndustryOther Restrictions on Industry
Tobacco from Spain frozen out of English market (positive for Colonial growers)
Colonists could not trade w/ Asia (East India Co. had the monopoly)
Colonies couldn’t produce anything that would compete w/ England’s industry (wool for instance)
Hat Act (1732): prohibited exportation of hats from one colony to another; limited the # of apprentices in this trade; barred employment of black apprentices (stiff competition from French in hat production)
Iron Acts (1750, 1757): forbade tilt-hammer forges and steel furnaces in colonies (protect English industry)
By 1676: all goods shipped to Europe had to be shipped first to England
Manufactured GoodsManufactured Goods
•Furniture•Clothing•Colonials hadnot factories.
From England to Colonies
Enumerated Commodities•Lumber•Tobacco•Rice•Indigo•Furs
To England
Beliefs Prevalent in English Gov’tBeliefs Prevalent in English Gov’t
Divine Right of kings: authority centralized in Monarch; derived powers directly from God
Virtual Representation: Every Englishman was represented by Parliament
Limited Suffrage: limited voting to adult males w/ sufficient property (1 of every 6)
Unwritten Constitution: no formal document Englishmen could point, but series of documents and precedents comprised the English ‘Constitution’
Basic English Rights: English colonial charters had to guaranteed all citizens had basic English rights
Components of Colonial Gov’t Components of Colonial Gov’t
Royal Gov’nor◦Chief representative of the crown in royal colonies
Council◦Appointed to advise Royal Gov’nor◦Assisted in determining laws of colony
Assembly◦Limited representative gov’t◦Assemblies had local control; ran affairs of towns◦Distance between colonies & London provided
colonists valuable experience in running themselves◦Colonists were English and citizens of England- over
100 years of experiences in self-gov’t changed their relationship w/ British policies
Anglo-French Colonial RivalryAnglo-French Colonial Rivalry
Rivalry over Fisheries (1497-1604)◦French were fishing waters in Newfoundland coast
since 1504◦Portuguese & Spanish entered waters in 1560◦Until 1578- England remained dependent upon
Iceland fisheries◦English fisherman introduced ‘dry fishing’ in
Newfoundland area- English then looked for land bases along sea board
Fur Trade (1534-1599)◦Following Cartier’s discoveries- France developed
first contacts w/ Indians◦France set up land bases along St. Lawrence & fur
trade developed by 1580
•French goals were not to take over the land and colonize as were the British
•They set trading posts for the fur trade
•Developed working relationships with the Indian tribes unlike the British
•Challenged Iroquois control of St. Lawrence
•Other Indian groups promised French steady supply of pelts (in order to weaken Iroquois)
•English attacked French outposts- captured Quebec in 1629
•Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye returned St. Lawrence to France (1632)
Fur trade developed along St. Lawrence
French Foothold in CanadaFrench Foothold in Canada
Like England, France was late in coming to New World
1608: Colony established at Quebec by Samuel de Champlain
Establish the fur trade----beaver pelts Friendly relations with Hurons French joined Hurons in battle against
Iroquois Federation, who in future hampered French settlement/allies of British
Government of New France under direct control of king, no democracy
Clash of EmpiresClash of Empires
1688-1763: 4 world wars with England, France, Spain, all involving American colonists
1st two wars: King William’s War and Queen Anne’s War:
◦ French, Indians, later Spain vs. England (colonials, no reg. troops on either side)
1713: Treaty of Utrecht showed English victory
◦ England given Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay
Generation of peace followed, more salutary neglect
1739: War of Jenkins’s Ear, England vs. Spain
◦ Merged into larger King George’s War (Austrian Succession)
◦ France allied with Spain
New England colonials capture Louisbourg fort
1748: Peace treaty gives Louisbourg back to French
◦ Colonials mad at Old World diplomats
French-Indian War or 7 Years WarFrench-Indian War or 7 Years War
Causes:◦French-English rivalry- erupted into world war◦Land disputes in the Ohio Valley◦Brits wanted % of fur trade and trading posts
The Ohio ValleyThe Ohio Valley
English slowly migrated into Ohio Valley (French territory)
Ohio Valley traders from PA, led by George Crogan & Conrad Weiser had friendly relations w/ Indians & English land speculators
The relationship between English land speculators and Indians frustrated the French who already claimed the territory
The French sent Celoron de Bienville into Ohio Valley- strengthened forts at Detroit & Toronto
1752: French attacked English trading posts thruout Valley
Virginia gov’t sends George Washington to protest the attacks & determine French intentions
George WashingtonGeorge Washington
•British concerned about French forts in Virginia territory
•Send Washington, a major in the Virginia militia, to the Allegheny River Valley
•Washington leads 300 men against the French at Fort Duquesne and kills over a 100 French•Along the way, Washington builds Fort Necessity. The fort falls to the French in a skirmish that will lead to the French and Indian War
•A British statesman later wrote about Washington’s first skirmish: “The volley fired by a young Virginian in the backwoods of America set the world on fire.”
1755 : Britain Decides to Eliminate Fr. Presence in North America
Gen. Edward Braddock : evict the French from the OH Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)
Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley, & Acadia.Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne- by 1500 French and Indian forces.
General Braddock’s gravesite; Great Meadows, PA
British & Colonial Fashion of WarBritish & Colonial Fashion of War
Colonials British
Methods of Fighting Indian-style guerilla tactics
March in formation; bayonet charges
Military Organization Militias served under own captains
British officers wanted control of Colonials
Discipline No military deference or protocols observed
Drills and tough discipline
Finances Resistance to rising taxes
Colonists should pay for their own defense
Demeanor Casual; non professionals
British officers had servants and tea settings
William Pitt as Foreign Minister (1757)William Pitt as Foreign Minister (1757)
He understood colonial concerns & spoke on behalf of colonial interests
Offered Brits a compromise:◦col. loyalty & mil. cooperation-->Br.
would reimburse col. assemblies for their costs.
◦Lord Loudoun would be removedResult: Increased Colonial morale and resolve
by 1758
Spain became ally of France by 1761
Treaty of Paris (1763)Treaty of Paris (1763)
France: ◦lost her Canadian possessions◦most of her land in India lost◦claims to lands east of Mississippi River
Spain: ◦Got all French lands west of Mississippi◦New Orleans ◦lost Florida to England
England: ◦Got all French lands in Canada◦exclusive slave trade rights in Caribbean◦commercial dominance in India
North America in 1763North America in 1763
Effects of the Seven Years WarEffects of the Seven Years War
Britain:◦ It increased her colonial
empire in the Americas◦ It greatly enlarged
England’s debt◦Britain’s contempt for the
colonials created bitter feelings
American Colonies:◦ It united them against a
common enemy for the first time
◦ It created bitter feelings towards the British thatwould only intensify
Therefore, England felt that amajor reorganization of her
American Empire was necessary!
The bitterness will become evident in the Colonial
responses to British measures of rule shortly
after the Seven Years War
Explain the theory of MercantilismExplain the purpose of the Navigation ActsExplain the significance of the Ohio Valley
to both British, Colonists and FrenchWhat did the French make their money in
in North America?List two ramifications of the French-Indian
War