British Empire Geographical History Clasa

8/12/2019 British Empire Geographical History Clasa

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BRITISH EMPIRE TIME LINE

1558-1603 = The foundations of the Bitish E!"ie = the na!e #i$en to %nited

&in#do! of 'eat Bitain and Nothen Ie(and and the fo!e do!inions)

*o(onies and teitoies that o+ed a((e#ian*e to the Bitish ,o+n u" unti( the

0th *entu.

- (aid duin# the ei#n of /ueen E(iaeth I2 t its hei#ht) the Bitish E!"ie

*onto((ed !oe than 0 "e *ent of +o(d4s teito.) and u(ed !oe than 00

!i((ion of its "eo"(e2 Toda.) Ie(and is "o(iti*a((. di$ided into t+o e#ions The

Re"u(i* of Ie(and and Nothen Ie(and) +hi*h e!ains +ithin the %&2

1580 Si 7an*is a9e is the fist En#(ish!an to sai( aound the +o(d2

1585 Bitish E!"ie4s fist atte!"t at *o(oniation . Si :a(te Ra(ei#h at

Roano9e Is(and) off the Noth !ei*an easten *oast2 The sett(e!ent doesn4t

su$i$e and the En#(ish !a9e no futhe atte!"ts unti( it !a9es "ea*e +ith

S"ain2

1600 ;$eseas *o!!e*ia( tade inteests ae esta(ished in the fo! of the

En#(ish East India ,o!"an.2

160< a!esto+n = the fist En#(ish sett(e!ent in Noth !ei*a

160 the Pi(#i!s (anded in Massa*husetts Ba. and founded P(.!outh ,o(on.)the fist "e!anent Puitan sett(e!ent in Ne+ En#(and2 7o! the 1630s

on+ad) othe e(i#ious *o(onies +ee esta(ished in Rhode Is(and) ,onne*ti*ut

and Ma.(and2

1600s and 1<00s the fist Bitish E!"ie) +hi*h fo*uses on the !ei*as and to

a (esse e>tent India2 Me*anti(is!) an e*ono!i* "o(i*. ased on "ote*ted

tade !ono"o(ies and #o$en!enta( !anufa*tuin#) is an i!"otant fa*to in

Bitain4s #o+th2 The intent is to 9ee" the *ount.4s e>"ots hi#he than the

a!ount of i!"ots2

163 The fist footho(d in the :est Indies tansfo!in# the toa**o oo! into

a su#a 9in#do!) "(antation e*ono!. is ased on s(a$e.) +hi*h #i$es ise to

the s(a$e tade2



1651 The En#(ish Pa(ia!ent "asses the Na$i#ation *t) +hi*h states i!"ots

into En#(ish haos and *o(onies *ou(d on(. e *aied on En#(ish $esse(s o

shi"s of the "odu*in# *o!"an.2

1655 En#(and *on?ues the S"anish *o(on. of a!ai*a and it is the fist

En#(ish *o(on. ta9en . fo*e2

166 En#(ish "esen*e in*eases a(on# Noth !ei*a4s East ,oast) and in

166 Ne+ !steda! +as seied fo! the Nethe(ands and ena!ed Ne+

@o92

16<0 The Hudson4s Ba. ,o!"an. is esta(ished and ho(ds a !ono"o(. o$e

tade of the e#ion and stea!s f(o+in# into Hudson Ba. in ,anada2 It is a(so

the .ea En#(and and S"ain si#n the ATeat. of Madid)A and S"ain

a*9no+(ed#es En#(ish "ossessions in the ,aiean2

16< The Ro.a( fi*a ,o!"an. is fo!ed and i!"ots (a#e nu!es of

fi*an s(a$es to the ,aiean2

1688 ,ontinued +a +ith 7an*e (eads to futhe En#(ish e>"ansion) and

*o(onies in Ne+ En#(and #o+ a"id(. +ith the Hudson4s Ba. ,o!"an.

a*ti$e(. "ati*i"atin# in the fu tade2

1<00s Pu(i* inteest in o$eseas affais fades) and duin# his (on# "e!ieshi"

Si Roet :a("o(e ado"ts a "o(i*. of (aisse-faie) in +hi*h the #o$en!entdoes not intefee in e*ono!i* affais2 !o$e!ent of fee tade ensues2

es"ite this) su#a e*o!es the !ain i!"ot into Bitain) fue((in# the :est

Indian "(antation e*ono!.) and a(so in#s <0)000 s(a$es annua((. a*oss the

t(anti*2

1<01-1<1 uin# the :a of the S"anish Su**ession) En#(and . no+ 'eat

BitainC and its a((ies fou#ht 7an*e and S"ain) and Bitish fo*es *a"tued

*adia and Ne+found(and) as +e(( as the S"anish Is(ands of 'ia(ta and

Mino*a #i$in# Bitain teitoia( "esen*e in the Mediteanean Sea2 The

Pea*e of %te*ht 1<13C eso($ed the +a and affi!ed the Bitish E!"ie4s$i*to.2

1<0< So*ia( instai(it. in IndiaD Bitain and 7an*e fi#ht fo "o+e duin# the

,anati* :as +hi*h fo*used on the ,anati* e#ion on the east *oast of South

India2



1<56-1<63 = the Se$en @ea4s :a ae fou#ht o$e *onto( of 'e!an.)

*o(onia( Noth !ei*an and India2 Bitain !a9es eno!ous i!"eia( #ains

duin# the +a) (a#e(. at the e>"ense of 7an*e2 In Noth !ei*a) *onf(i*t is

9no+n as the 7en*h and Indian :a) +hi*h is des*ied as the hain#e of

the Se$en @ea4s :a and the fi#ht fo the #eate e!"ie - Bitain atta*9ed

7en*h "ossessions in Noth !ei*a and in 1<5 /uee* +as *a"tued)

endin# the "esen*e of 7an*e in ,anada2 The Teat. of Pais ends the Se$en

@ea4s :a and the 7en*h and Indian :a) and as a esu(t Bitain #i$es

'uade(ou"e and Matini?ue a*9 to 7an*e ut etains *onto( of ,anada2

The teat. *onfi!s Bitish do!inan*e in India and Noth !ei*a2

1<65 The Bitish #o$en!ent +ants to ta" into !ei*an e$enues and

theefoe in*eases ta>es thou#h the Sta!" *t) and *o(onists see this as a

$io(ation of thei i#hts so the a*t is e"ea(ed2 Ho+e$e) othe ta>es ae

i!"osed to *o!"ensate) +hi*h esu(ts in iots . *o(onies2 In 1<<6) the %nited,ontinenta( ,on#ess esta(ishes the e*(aation of Inde"enden*e and

e$entua((. Bitain (oses its !ei*an *o(onies in 1<832

1<6 The 7en*h East India ,o!"an. (oses 7an*e4s finan*ia( su""ot and the

Bitish East India ,o!"an. #ains *o!!e*ia( !ono"o(.2 This .ea a(so !a9s

Euo"e4s Industia( Re$o(ution2

1<83 Bitain (oses !ei*an *o(onies ut its i!"eia( inf(uen*e in*eases

e(se+hee in the +o(d and its e*ono!. is hu#e(. o(steed . the ad$ent of the

Industia( Re$o(ution2 1<85 In an atte!"t to *onso(idate *onto( o$e itsteito. in India and ,anada) the India *t is esta(ished and suFe*ts the

East India ,o!"an. to oad *onto() and the ad!inistation of India is

"(a*ed into the hands of "ofessiona( *i$i( se$i*e2

1<1 The ,anada *t is esta(ished in an atte!"t to ease tensions et+een the

7en*h and Bitish . se"aatin# the e#ion into "i!ai(. En#(ish %""e

,anada and 7en*h Lo+e ,anada2

1<-1815 Bitain4s Mediteanean "osition and its oute to the East +ee

se*ued duin# the Na"o(eoni* :as) (a#e(. e*ause of the na$a( "o+ess of

Bitish d!ia( Hoatio Ne(son2 Ne(son4s $i*toies duin# the Batt(e of the

Ni(e) +hi*h esu(ted in Bitish *onto( of the entie Mediteanean) and the

Batt(e of Tafa(#a) +hi*h "e$ented 7en*h f(eets fo! entein# Ita(.) se*ued

Bitish na$a( su"eioit. fo !u*h of the 1th *entu.2 The Bitish E!"ie

e!ains a ston#ho(d in ,anada) South fi*a) India and othe sian e#ions2



1801 The %nited &in#do! of Bitain and Nothen Ie(and is offi*ia((.

fo!ed) in*(udin# e#ions of 'eat Bitain) Ie(and and S*ot(and2

1800s-100s the se*ond Bitish E!"ie = India) ,anada and usta(ia2 B. this

ti!e it *onto(s ou#h(. 0 "e *ent of the +o(d4s teito. and so!e 00

!i((ion "eo"(e) ut #o+in# nationa(is! a!on# *o(onies e$entua((. +ea9ens

the e!"ie2 In 18) Bitain o**u"ies Bu!a M.an!aC to "ote*t its inteests

in India) and the e!"ie a(so e#ins to #ant +hat4s 9no+n as Aes"onsi(e

se(f-#o$en!ent2A In 186<) ,anada *onfedeates) +hi*h a((o+ed Bitain to

+ithda+ its !i(ita. "esen*e in the *ount. ut etain *onto( of foei#n

affais and e>tena( defense2

180 Louis Na"o(eon Bona"ate) o Na"o(eon III) e*o!es E!"eo of 7an*e

. "o"u(a a**(ai!) and sets out to ui(d a #eat e!"ie in an atte!"t to

*on?ue the +o(d2

185 Bitish and 7en*h fo*es Foin the ;tto!an E!"ie a#ainst Russia in the

,i!ean :a 1853-1856C) +hi*h o9e out due to the so-*a((ed Easten

/uestion and the e#ion of the fai( ;tto!an E!"ie Tu9e.C2

1858 Bitain assu!es die*t authoit. of India thou#h the Bitish East India

,o!"an.2

186 The *o!"(etion of the Sue ,ana( fa*i(itates tade +ith India) (eadin# to

the Bitish o**u"ation of E#."t2

18<1 Pussian $i*to. o$e 7an*e !a9s the ise of the 'e!an E!"ie2

18-10 The Bitish defeat the ut*h Boes of the Tans$aa( and the ;an#e

7ee State in southen fi*a) the ston#est o""onents to Bitish e>"ansion2

Ho+e$e) the Bitish #o$en!ent #ants South fi*a se(f-#o$en!ent in 10<)

+hi*h "a$es the +a. fo the %nion of South fi*a in 1102

11-118 uin# :o(d :a I the Bitish E!"ie e!ains (a#e(. united)

thou#h !an. *o(onies e>"ess desie fo inde"enden*e2 7o e>a!"(e) theEaste Ree((ion in Ie(and on "i( ) 116) ef(e*ts this dis*ontent . Iish

nationa(ists2

11 The Teat of Gesai((es) +hi*h essentia((. ends the 7ist :o(d :a I)

#i$es Bitain !ost of the 'e!an E!"ie in fi*a) +hi(e the *o((a"se of the

;tto!an E!"ie in the Midd(e East had (ed to the Bitish a*?uisition of



Pa(estine and Ia? in the "e$ious .ea2 fte the +a) Bitish #o$en!ent

#ants inde"enden*e o *onstitutiona( autono!. fo !an. of its *o(onies2

131 The Statute of :est!inste e(i!inates *onto( . the Bitish Pa(ia!ent

o$e do!inion #o$en!ents) and a(so esta(ishes the Bitish ,o!!on+ea(th

of Nations (ate the ,o!!on+ea(th of NationsC as an asso*iation of e?ua( and

inde"endent states united . *o!!on a((e#ian*e to the Bitish ,o+n2

13-15 a"an *on?ues so!e Bitish "ossessions su*h as Hon# &on# and

Bu!a duin# the Se*ond :o(d :a2 In 11) Bitish Pi!e Ministe

:inston ,hu*hi(( Foins +ith %nited States Pesident 7an9(in 2 Roose$e(t in

si#nin# the t(anti* ,hate) +hi*h de*(aes the i#ht of se(f-dete!ination fo

a(( *ounties2 fte+ad) !an. *o(onies #ain inde"enden*e su*h as India and

Pa9istan in 1< and ,e.(on) Bu!a and Pa(estine in 182 Man. fi*an

nations #ain inde"enden*e s+ift(. duin# the 150s and 160s2

1 = the Re"u(i* of Ie(and *o!"(ete(. disa$o+s itse(f fo! the Bitish

,o+n and the ,o!!on+ea(th of Nations2

1< Hon# &on# e!ains unde Bitish *onto( unti( u(. 1) 1<) +hen it is

etuned to the Peo"(e4s Re"u(i* of ,hina and is no+ offi*ia((. 9no+n as the

Hon# &on# S"e*ia( d!inistati$e Re#ion2

Toda. thee ae 5 nations in*(uded in the ,o!!on+ea(th2



'E;'RPH@ ;7 THE BRITISH EMPIRE



The Noth !ei*an *o(onies the 7ist Bitish E!"ie

The 13 !ei*an *o(onies atta*ted e(i#ious e!i#ees) fa!es and !e*hantsfo! the Bitish Is(es2 The. +ou(d e au#!ented . Euo"eans and +ou(d a(so

stat the i!"otation of s(a$es fo! fi*a2 To#ethe) these *o(onists +ou(d

ui(d one of the !ost *o!!e*ia((. su**essfu( ea(!s in the Bitish E!"ie2

The :a of Inde"enden*e +as a *o!"(i*ated affai *aused . the inteests of

the *o(onises ein# "itted a#ainst the inteests of the I!"eia( #o$en!entD

#enea((.) o$e (and and !one.2 (on#) da+n-out *a!"ai#n) +ith 7en*h and

S"anish inte$entions) sa+ the e$entua( hu!i(iation of the I!"eia(

#o$en!ent as it +as fo*ed to e(in?uish *onto( o$e these *o(onies2 The

finan*ia( and di"(o!ati* *osts of this disaste +ou(d *u an. Bitish inteest

fo I!"eia( endea$ous fo .eas to *o!e2

The *oast of ,anada +as initia((. *o(onised in !u*h the sa!e +a. as the 13

!ei*an *o(onies) ut +ith the added *o!"(i*ation of the "esen*e of the

7en*h2 The :a of Inde"enden*e sha"ed ,anada in that it a*ted as a safe

ha$en fo (o.a(ists f(eein# fo! the est of the !ei*as2 This !assi$e inf(u> of

Bitish suFe*ts ti(ted the de(i*ate a(an*e +ith the 7en*h and he("ed to tun

,anada into a !ost (o.a( *o(on.2



South !ei*a

The Bitish didn4t need to e>et fo!a( *onto( o$e the *ounties and "eo"(esof this *ontinent2 The Monoe do*tine i!"osed . !ei*a) se$ed Bitish

inteests ?uite +e(( enou#h2

The Monoe o*tine - %nited States "o(i*. intodu*ed in 183) . Pesident

a!es Monoe +hi*h said that futhe effots . Euo"ean #o$en!ents to

*o(onie (and o intefee +ith states in the !ei*as +ou(d e $ie+ed . the

%nited States as a*ts of a##ession e?uiin# %2S2 inte$ention2 It e*a!e a

definin# !o!ent in the foei#n "o(i*. of the %S2 and one of its (on#est-

standin# tenets) in$o9ed . %2S2 "esidents2



fi*a

The *ontinent of fi*a "o$ided so!e of the ea(iest and !an. of the (atest

*o(onies of E!"ie2 The ea(iest *o(onies) on the :est ,oast of fi*a) +ee a

(e#a*. of the fau(ous fotunes that *ou(d e !ade out of the S(a$e Tade in

that aea2 'o(d and i$o. +ee othe (ues fo ea(. tades of a(( Euo"ean

*ounties2 7otunate(. fo !an. fi*ans the *(i!ate and natua((. o**uin#

diseases !eant that !ost Euo"eans found it diffi*u(t to (i$e in the e?uatoia(

aeas of fi*a2 Ma(aia +as the *hief aie to ea(. *o(oniation2

d$an*es in te*hno(o#. e$entua((. "o$ided Euo"eans +ith the !eans to

*o(onise fi*a at a ti!e of "e*u(ia(. intense *o!"etition et+een the

Euo"ean "o+es2 Hen*e) the s*a!(e fo fi*a "o$ided the Bitish E!"ie

+ith a sustantia( in*ease in he fi*an teitoies2 The a(ead. i!"essi$efi*an "esen*e +as futhe added to +ith the defeat of 'e!an. in the

'eat :a and the *onfis*ation of he *o(onies2

The a9 ,ontinent he(d intense fas*ination fo !an. of the Bitish "u(i*2

Missionaies and e>"(oes ou#ht a*9 stoies and ta(es of +ondefu( easts)

*o(oufu( "eo"(es and in*edi(e #eo#a"h.2 It is not had to see +h.

Gi*toians +ee so 9een on e>"ansion of E!"ie into this the !ost !.steious

of *ontinents2



sia

sia "o$ided one of the fist *o!!e*ia( easons fo esta(ishin# and

!aintainin# an I!"eia( "esen*e thou#h the hu#e(. e+adin# s"i*e tade2

7o! the si>teenth *entu.) Euo"ean shi"s *ou(d !a9e fotunes *a.in#

e>oti* foodstuffs fo! the ;ient a*9 to the *ities and "eo"(es of Euo"e2

*o!ination of Euo"ean state i$a(. and te*hni*a( e>"etise o$e the (o*a(

"o"u(ations !ade the e>tension of I!"eia( *onto( "ossi(e and *o!!e*ia((.

desia(e2 The ut*h) S"anish) 7en*h and Potu#uese a(( $ied +ith Bitain fo

a**ess to these i*h *o!!odities that *ou(d often fet*h thei +ei#ht in si($e

and #o(d a*9 in the Euo"ean !a9et2

;$e ti!e) in*eased sie and s"eed of shi"s edu*ed the $a(ue of these

"odu*ts as su""(. a""oa*hed the de!and fo the s"i*es2 Ho+e$e) sia

!aintained its *o!!e*ia( $iai(it. . the e>isten*e of the eno!ous e*ono!i*"o+ehouses of oth ,hina and India2 Te>ti(es) Tea and ;"iu! +ou(d "o$ide

e*ono!i* in*enti$es fo tade thou#hout the ei#hteenth) nineteenth and e$en

u" to the t+entieth *entu.2 ,onto( o$e the sou*es of these *o!!odities and

na$a( ases to "ote*t the shi""in# (anes !eant that I!"eia( *onto( +as

ta9en as e*ono!i*a((. and state#i*a((. ne*essa.2 sia +as a(+a.s the !ost

*o!!e*ia((. su**essfu( aea of I!"eia( endea$o2



South East sia

South East sia +as the (o*ation of the fa(ed S"i*e Is(ands2 These

is(ands atta*ted Euo"ean sai(os and ad$entues sin*e the

E(iaethan ea fo fa!e and fotune2 ,onse?uent(.) South East sia

"o$ided "(ent. of *o!"etition et+een the Euo"ean "o+es as the

ut*h) Potu#uese and Bitish fou#ht one anothe fo *o!!e*ia(

ad$anta#e in the aea2

E$en +hen the s"i*e !a9et #e+ (ess i!"otant) the e#ion sti((

!aintained its *o!!e*ia( and state#i* i!"otan*e . ein# the !ain

tade oute to the hi#h(. "ofita(e ,hinese !a9ets2 The us. sea (anes

+ou(d a(so atta*t the !oe unsa$ou. attention of "iates and

i#andsD a e"utation +hi*h the e#ion has sti(( not !ana#ed to sha9e

off to this da.2

The *o(oufu( "eo"(es and "(a*es of this e#ion) the !aiti!e taditions

of the aea and the e>oti* *(i!es a(( *o!ined to !a9e this aea into one

of the +i(de and !oe fas*inatin# aeas of the E!"ie2



Pa*ifi*

Shee distan*e did not "e$ent the Bitish fo! esta(ishin# a ston# "esen*e

in the Pa*ifi* e#ion2 The seafain# nation a""e*iated the state#i*

i!"otan*e of is(ands and ases to e-su""(. he shi"s in2 The *o!ination of

$ast distan*es) iso(ation fo! Euo"e and the sten#th of the Ro.a( Na$.

!eant that Bitain +as in a "i!e "osition to esta(ish do!inan*e in the

e#ion2

The na!e of ,a"tain ,oo9 is s.non.!ous +ith Bitish histo. in this e#ion2

His *ato#a"hi* endea$ous fi((ed in so!e of the (ast !issin# "ie*es of the

+o(d !a" Fi#sa+ "u(e2 The eautifu( is(ands and (ands that he des*ied

+ou(d s"u inte"id e>"(oes and ,histian !issionaies to the e#ion2 These

t+o #ou"s of Bitish so*iet. +ee often the sho*9 too"s of I!"eia( ad$an*eD

disu"tin# (o*a( so*ieties thou#h *ha((en#in# (o*a( *usto!s and authoit.fi#ues and da(in# (o*a(s +ith the "odu*ts of Industia( Euo"e2 The

iso(ation of the "a*ifi* is(ands a(so !eant that (o*a( "eo"(es *ou(d offe (itt(e o

no esistan*e to e$en a sin#(e Bitish shi"2

The e!oteness and iso(ation of usta(ia a*tua((. *ontiuted to he I!"eia(

usefu(ness) . "o$idin# a suita(e (o*ation to du!" Bitain4s undesia(es in2

The "(easant *(i!ate of Ne+ ea(and +as to atta*t a diffeent *(ass of Bitish

i!!i#ant thou#hout the nineteenth *entu.2 To#ethe) these t+o *o(onies

+ou(d tansfo! the!se($es into t+o of the !ost su**essfu( of Bitain4s

*o(onies2



The ,o!!on+ea(th of Nations the ,o!!on+ea(th or the Bitish

,o!!on+ea(thC

- Inte#o$en!enta( o#aniation of fift.-thee inde"endent !e!e states2

Most of the! +ee fo!e(. "ats of the Bitish E!"ie2 The. *o-o"eate

+ithin a fa!e+o9 of *o!!on $a(ues and #oa(s "o!otion of de!o*a*.)

hu!anitaian i#hts) #ood #o$enan*e) the u(e of (a+) indi$idua( (iet.)

e#a(itaianis!) fee tade) !u(ti(atea(is!) +o(d "ea*e2

,o!!on+ea(th Rea(! is an. one of the si>teen so$eei#n states +ithin the

,o!!on+ea(th of Nations that e*o#nie E(isaeth II as thei es"e*ti$e

!ona*h2These *ounties ae inde"endent 9in#do!s) and the so$eei#n is

se"aate(. !ona*h of ea*h stateD thus) the ,o!!on+ea(th Rea(!s ae in

"esona( union +ith one anothe2

,uent ,o!!on+ea(th Rea(!sFlag Country

nti#ua and Bauda

usta(ia

The Baha!as

Baados

Be(ie

,anada

'enada

a!ai*a

Ne+ ea(and

Pa"ua Ne+ 'uinea

Saint &its and Ne$isSaint Lu*ia

Saint Gin*ent

So(o!on Is(ands

Tu$a(u

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Documents

British Empire Geographical History Clasa