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British Columbia

CONSTRUCTION CRAFT WORKERAPPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM

Local 1611

LINE A: Use Safe Work Practices

LEVEL 1

CONSTRUCTION CRAFT WORKER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAMLEVEL 1

Line A: Use Safe Work Practices

Acknowledgements & Copyright Permission© 2017 Industry Training Authority

This publication may not be reproduced in any form without written permission by the Industry Training Authority.

Version 1 January 2017

The Industry Training Authority is under a licensing agreement with LiUNA (Labourers International Union of North American) Local 1611 to use their Construction Craft Workers Level 1 and Level 2 training materials throughout British Columbia and Canada. The Industry Training Authority would like to thank LiUNA for making these materials available.

Construction and Specialized Workers Training SocietyThese materials were initially developed for the first classes of Apprenticeship.

Level 1 by the Construction and Specialized Workers Training Society (CSWTS) in January of 2015 (British Columbia).

Those originally responsible for the manual:

• Manuel Alvernaz; Chairman of the Construction and Specialized Workers Training Society (CSWTS)

• Fred Webber; PID, Red Seal Journeyperson, Administrator and Senior Instructor (CSWTS

• Tom Miller; PID, Red Seal Journeyperson, Instructor (CSWTS)

• Jeffrey Anders; BSc, BA, Red Seal Journeyperson, Special International and Trifunds Representative, (LIUNA)

Open School BCSolvig Norman, Project Manager Monique Brewer, DirectorJennifer Riddel, Manager of Instructional ServicesDennis Evans, Production Technician (print layout, image researcher, photographer & illustrations)Max Licht, IllustratorAndrei Antica, photographerShannon Sangster, Office Manager (copyright permissions)

Copyright PermissionSome images were licensed from Thinkstock.

CONSTRUCTION CRAFT WORKER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM—LEVEL 1 3

ContentsForeword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Program Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Competency A1: Manage Workplace Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Safety awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Basic rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Due diligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Health hazards in construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Hazard assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Sources of hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Flammable substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Safe work permits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Competency A2: Apply OHS Regulations and WorkSafeBC Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25The Workers Compensation Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Occupational Health and Safety (OH&S) regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Competency A3: Use Fall Protection Systems and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29OH&S regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Fall Protection Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Cleaning, maintenance and storage of equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Inspection of fall protection equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Other systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Developing a fall protection plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Written fall protection plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Competency A4: Use Personal Protective Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Competency A5: Use Fire Safety Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Classes of fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Portable fire extinguishers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Preventative safety measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Competency A7: Perform Safety Watch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Confined space watch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Monitoring hazardous gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Spark watch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Man (worker) watch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Monitoring construction heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

4 CONSTRUCTION CRAFT WORKER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM—LEVEL 1

DisclaimerThe materials in these Learning Guides are for use by students and instructional staff, and have been compiled from sources believed to be reliable and to represent best current opinions on these subjects. These manuals are intended to serve as a starting point for good practices and may not specify all minimum legal standards. No warranty, guarantee or representation is made by the British Columbia Industry Training Authority or the Queen’s Printer of British Columbia as to the accuracy or sufficiency of the information contained in these publications. These manuals are intended to provide basic guidelines for Construction Craft Worker practices. Do not assume, therefore, that all necessary warnings and safety precautionary measures are contained in this Competency and that other or additional measures may not be required.

Safety AdvisoryBe advised that references to the Workers’ Compensation Board of British Columbia safety regulations contained within these materials do not/may not reflect the most recent Occupational Health and Safety Regulation. The current Standards and Regulation in BC can be obtained at the following website: http://www.worksafebc.com.

Symbol Legend

Important: This icon highlights important information.

Poisonous: This icon is a reminder for a potentially toxic/poisonous situation.

Resources: The resource icon highlights any required or optional resources.

Flammable: This icon is a reminder for a potentially flammable situation.

Self-test: This icon reminds you to complete a self-test.

Explosive: This icon is a reminder for a possibly explosive situation.

Safety gear: The safety gear icon is an important reminder to use protective equipment.

Electric shock: This icon is a reminder for potential electric shock.

http://www.worksafebc.com


ForewordConstruction Craft Workers, also known as labourers, work mostly on construction sites. Their tasks include:

• Site preparation and cleanup.• Set up and remove access equipment.• Work on concrete and masonry, steel, wood and pre-cast erecting projects.• Handle materials and equipment• Perform demolition, excavation, and compaction activities.• Ensure site security.

Construction Craft Workers (CCWs) work on a wide variety of structures such as residential, commercial and industrial buildings, as well as hydro-electric dams, roadways, bridges and railways. In some jurisdictions, they also work on utility, landscape, and pipeline projects. CCWs work for private companies as well as municipal, provincial, and federal governments.

With experience, CCWs who complete additional training specialize in different areas of construction. This includes operating off-road vehicles, drilling and blasting, diving, tunneling, rock scaling, performing emergency rescue, and the management of pedestrian and vehicular traffic in situations involving potential hazards and public trust.

CCWs work primarily outdoors in all weather conditions. They are often required to work at heights, over water, in confined spaces, and excavations. Their job settings are in densely populated urban settings or in remote locations. They often work overtime during peak construction periods.

Key attributes for CCWs are mechanical aptitude, manual dexterity and an ability to do hard, physical work. They must also be able to work as team members and to interact directly with the public where such considerations as safety and legal liability are issues. Organizational leadership and blueprint reading skills are assets for anyone wanting to progress in this trade. With experience and training, CCWs can advance to supervisory/foreman positions.

Program OutlineLevel 1Line A: Use Safe Work PracticesLine B: Organize WorkLine C: Use Tools and EquipmentLine D: Perform Routine Trade ActivitiesLine E: Perform Site WorkLine F: Use Scaffolding and Access EquipmentLine G: Perform Concrete WorkLine I: Perform Utilities and Pipeline TasksLine J: Perform Roadwork

Level 2Line A: Use Safe Work PracticesLine B: Organize WorkLine D: Perform Routine Trade ActivitiesLine E: Perform Site WorkLine F: Use Scaffolding and Access EquipmentLine G: Perform Concrete WorkLine H: Perform Masonry WorkLine I: Perform Utilities and Pipeline Tasks



COMPETENCy A1 LINE A: USE SAFE WORK PRACTICES

COMPETENCY A1

Manage Workplace Hazards

Safety awarenessSafe working procedures and conditions, accident prevention, and the preservation of health are of primary importance to the construction industry in Canada. These responsibilities are shared and require the joint efforts of government, employers and employees. It is imperative that all parties be aware of circumstances that lead to injury or harm. Safety conscious attitudes and work practices contribute to a healthy, safe, and accident-free work environment.

It is vital to apply and be familiar with the WorkSafeBC Regulations and Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) regulations. It is also essential to determine workplace hazards and take measures to protect yourself, co-workers, the public, and the environment.

The ability to recognize and remedy hazards will help to ensure your own safety, the safety of your fellow workers, and the safety of the property under construction. Learn to identify hazards so that unsafe work conditions due to toxins, dusts, faulty equipment, unsafe scaffolds, and the threat of falling objects, etc. can be corrected without delay. Never take a passive attitude toward safety in the workplace.

Most hazards and methods of prevention are listed in the Occupational Health and Safety Act and Accident Prevention Regulations. Obtain a copy of these documents and study them. The regulations can be accessed online at www.worksafebc.com.

There are many causes of accidents and injuries in the workplace. Protect yourself and other by being aware and alert.

Basic rightsIn accordance with the modern principle of occupational health and safety, all workers have three basic rights: the right to know, the right to participate, and the right to refuse.

The right to knowYou have the right to know about all factors affecting safety in the workplace. When working with toxic substances, you must know the relative levels of toxicity so that you will be able to determine which safety procedures and equipment to use.

Before operating equipment that you are unfamiliar with, you have the right to ask for and receive satisfactory answers concerning safety equipment and safe work procedures. Many threats to a worker’s safety come from misunderstood directions. If unsure of the safest way to proceed with the work at hand, stop and get directions from someone who does know.


LINE A: USE SAFE WORK PRACTICES COMPETENCy A1

Apprentices will most often find journeymen to be the best source of information for routine matters. Other important sources of safety information are:

• The job site foreman.

• The contractor’s supervisory people.

• The contractor’s safety inspector.

• Product and equipment suppliers.

• Trade and product supplier’s associations.

• Your trade union, the Labourers International Union of North America.

• Various provincial authorities, particularly the Occupational Health and Safety Branch, the Worker’s Compensation Board, and the Department of Labour.

• Various federal government agencies.

• The Occupational Health and Safety Act.

• The Accident Prevention Regulations.

You also have the right to sanitary working conditions. Be sure your work site provides access to adequate toilet and personal washing facilities, an eating area, and drinking water.

The right to participateYou have the right to participate in research and decisions affecting safety in the workplace.

The best way to participate on a large job is through the labour/management occupational health and safety committee. On smaller job sites, informal tool box meetings on safety are useful. It is important that everyone on a construction site recognize safety as the highest priority.

All jobs must be done safely. Before attempting any task in the workplace, identify all safety requirements, and strictly adhere to them throughout the task. Deal with the safety requirements before doing anything else. Take responsibility by getting involved in safety. Conduct yourself in a safe manner and intervene if others are conducting themselves in an unsafe manner.

The right to refuseIt is both unwise and unlawful to give or accept unsafe directives. The employer’s right to manage the workplace does not include the right to give unsafe directions.

It is of the utmost importance that all CCWs know the safe way to do a job and to refuse participation in dangerous shortcuts. Never put yourself or others in danger for the sake of cutting costs or reducing work time.



Due diligenceDue diligence is defined as “the care that a reasonable person exercises to avoid harm to other persons or their property.” In Canada, each provincial government is responsible for providing legislation to govern safety in the workplace. Employers must ensure that the health, safety and welfare of their employees are not endangered and workers must take reasonable care to protect themselves and others who may be affected by their actions.

Occupational health means a healthy workplace in which the following conditions exist:

• The highest degree of physical, mental, and social well-being of workers is promoted and maintained.

• Ill health due to working conditions is prevented.

• Workers are protected from factors that would adversely affect their health.

• Workers are placed in working environments that are suited to their individual physical and psychological conditions.

As a member of the work force, you have the right to a healthy workplace. You also have the responsibility to understand the legislation that governs your occupation.

The Workers Compensation Act of BC and the Occupational Health and Safety Regulations outline the requirements for your protection in the workplace. These documents refer to legislation enacted by the provincial government. The act lists the duties of employers and works, the role of safety councils and committees, offences and penalties, etc. The regulations give specific information about the safe use of equipment, chemicals, explosives, and other substances, and identify procedures that may pose a health or safety hazard. Everyone must comply with the act and regulations at all times. You can read the act and regulations online.

Employer responsibilities:

• Provide a safe and healthy workplace.

• Provide information, instruction, training and supervision.

• Keep written records of training (who, what, when).

• Ensure the OH&S Regulations are followed and workers know their rights and responsibilities.

• Establish and maintain a safety program, including a written health and safety policies and incident investigation procedures.

• Support supervisors, safety personnel, and workers in their health and safety activities.

• Take immediate action when a worker or supervisor gives information about a potentially hazardous situation.



• Investigate incidents immediately.

• Report serious incidents to WorkSafeBC.

• Provide first aid services and equipment.

• Provide PPE when required.

Supervisor responsibilities:

• Instruct workers on safe work procedures.

• Train workers for all tasks assigned to them and check that work is being done safely.

• Know the OH&S Act, Regulations and Guidelines (WorkSafeBC).

• Ensure that only authorized, adequately trained workers operate tools and equipment or use hazardous chemicals.

• Ensure that equipment and material are properly handled, stored and maintained.

• Evaluate equipment to ensure that it is safe for use and make sure it is operated safety.

• Enforce health and safety requirements.

• Correct unsafe acts and conditions.

• Identify workers with problems that could affect safety at the worksite. Follow up with interviews and referrals where necessary.

• Formulate health and safety rules and inspect the workplace for hazards.

• Consult and cooperate with the health and safety committee or worker representative.

Worker responsibilities:

• Know and follow health and safety requirements, and safe work procedures.

• Ask for safety training before performing new tasks.

• Work safely and encourage your co-workers to do the same.

• Do not engage in horseplay or take unnecessary risks.

• Correct any unsafe conditions or immediately report them to your supervisor.

• Wear appropriate clothing and use all required PPE.

• Stay off the worksite if impaired by drugs or alcohol.

• Report any injury immediately to the first aid attendant and supervisor.

• Take the initiative and make suggestions to improve health and safety.



Be awareAccidents happen without intent, often through carelessness. Know your limitations. If you need help or instruction for using new equipment, ask. Do not perform work for which you are not qualified. Locate where other workers are around you, and know what they are doing. For example, do not stand unprotected beneath a scaffold where others are working. It is important to be aware of the following:

• Procedures in the event of fire or other emergency.

• Chemical and physical hazards.

• Prohibited or restricted areas, and first aid facilities.

• Safeguards, safety appliances, and available personal protective equipment (PPE).

Be alertNever go to work overly tired or under the influence of alcohol or drugs. If using prescribed medication, be sure you know any adverse side effects. Even over the counter medications such as pain killers, allergy pills and anti-inflammatory medications impair your judgment and affect your reaction time. Use your senses of sight, hearing, and smell to alert potential dangers.

Follow good housekeeping proceduresMany accidents, injuries and illnesses are caused by working in littered or unsanitary conditions. Minimize the risk of injury and illness by learning and practicing good housekeeping habits.

Keep the jobsite clear and safe using the following guidelines:

• All materials and supplies are neatly and safely stacked in their proper place.

• Return all tools and equipment to their proper place when not in use. Tools are stored in cabinets, on racks, or in other suitable containers.

• Keep work areas and work benches free from debris and other hazards.

• Sweep floors as necessary especially at the end of the working day.

• Keep traffic areas, aisles, and exits clear of debris and obstruction.

• Place all materials contaminated by flammable liquids (e.g. oily rags) in a covered metal container clearly marked “Flammable”.

• Know and follow the rules of safe storage and handling of toxic and hazardous materials.

• Know the location of all the housekeeping equipment and supplies.



Health hazards in constructionConstruction workers are exposed to a variety of health hazards every day. Toxic health hazards can be divided into acute (short-term) effects and chronic (long-term) effects.

Acute conditions are severe and sudden in onset. This could describe anything from a broken bone to an asthma attack.

Acute health effects are quickly seen, usually after exposures to fairly high levels or concentrations of hazardous substances. For example, fiberglass can immediately cause itchiness and skin irritation, or an extremely loud noise can result in temporary or even permanent hearing loss.

A lethal concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) of 1200 ppm is considered to be Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH). A worker exposed to this ratio of CO can lose consciousness and die.

Acute effects include:

• Irritation; rashes and dry skin.• Dermatitis (acute).• Corrosivity; burns or dissolves skin tissue.• Sensitization; allergic reactions (anaphylactic shock).• Metal fume fever.• Lethal Concentration (LC).

Chronic effects develop over time and some develop very slowly. For example, if you breathe small amounts of asbestos fibers, you won’t even notice them. There are no acute effects. But if you inhale asbestos month after month, year after year, you greatly increase your chances of getting an asbestos-related disease, such as mesothelioma or lung cancer. Other examples of chronic health effects include hearing loss and cumulative trauma disorders.

Most health effects experienced in construction are chronic. This makes it difficult to determine when and where the exposure occurred.

Chronic effects include:

• Cancer• Asbestosis• Mesothelioma• Silicosis• Occupational Hearing Loss• Cumulative Trauma Disorder



Hazard assessmentA hazard is any situation, condition or thing that may be dangerous to the safety or health of workers. A hazard has the potential to cause an injury, illness or loss. Some people think of a hazard as an accident waiting to happen. Potential hazards are those that are foreseeable and reasonably likely to occur.

The purpose of hazard assessment is to identify and evaluate conditions that could lead to workers getting hurt or becoming ill. Injuries and ill health can ruin lives and affect an employer’s business if production is lost, machinery and equipment are damaged, insurance costs increase, or the employer is prosecuted.

Assessing hazards involves taking a look at what could harm workers at a workplace. The typical question to ask is “What could go wrong?”. Doing a hazard assessment allows an employer to decide whether appropriate precautions have already been taken to prevent accidents and injuries, or whether more needs to be done. A hazard assessment takes into account the hazards specific to the work being done. It also takes into account the potential for hazards that could affect the worker performing the task, such as the movement of vehicles, or the collapse of stored materials, unsecured structures or earth piles.

At work locations where activities and conditions change frequently (e.g. construction sites, road building activities, brush control activities, outdoor work activities affected by weather conditions), employers and workers often rely on field level hazard assessments that are done on-the-spot. A hazard assessment is completed at the beginning of the work day or when a new job is started. See the Construction Project Checklist excerpt from WorkSafeBC.com that follows.



TOPIC OHSR/ACT SECTION

5. DEMOLITION and RENOVATIONSHazardous materials assessed (asbestos, lead, mercury, flammables, mould, etc.)

Hazard assessment report available on site

Notice of Project for Asbestos (NOPA) for asbestos/lead work

NOPA number

Integrity of structure maintained (professional engineer may be required)

Walls and free-standing chimneys stabilized

Stairways and handrails maintained

Electrical, gas, water services disconnected

Glass removed safely

Load limit for floors maintained

Access areas protected from falling/thrown materials

Procedures established for dismantling buildings

Housekeeping maintained

6. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL HAZARDSWHMIS education and training; ensure MSDS within past 3 years

Safe work procedures developed for: use, storage, and disposal of chemicals and designated substances (e.g., roofing tar, damp proofing, isocyanates, glues, coatings); concrete grinding, drywall sanding

Heat and cold stress

Use of internal combustion engines indoors: venting, service and maintenance, emission control system (e.g., gas-powered cutoff saws, skid steer loaders, excavators, soil compactors)

7. FIRST AID SUPPLIES AND EQUIPMENTFirst aid services and equipment provided

Written first aid procedures developed

8. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)Safety footwear worn, in good repair, and has the green CSA triangle

Clothing worn that protects against abrasion where applicable (e.g., long pants and minimum ofT-shirt with suitable sleeve length)

Safety eyewear worn when applicable

Safety headgear worn when applicable

High visibility apparel when applicable

Respirators used in accordance with OHSR where applicable (e.g., exposure to asbestos fibres or silica dust)

9. HEARING CONSERVATIONConstruction workers’ hearing tested every year. A list of mobile hearing test contractors and facilities authorized by WorkSafeBC to do hearing tests is available online or by calling 1 888 621-7233.

OHSR 20.111 OHSR 20.121

OHSR parts 5, 6, 7

OHSR 3.16OHSR 3.17

OHSR Part 8

OHSR 7.7OHSR 7.8


10. TRENCHES, EXCAVATIONS, AND UNDERGROUND SERVICESExcavation work carried out in accordance with the instructions of a professional engineer or the requirements of the OHSR.

Workers shall not enter any trench or bulk excavation more than 1.2 m (4 feet) in depth unless: • The sides are sloped to a safe angle at least 3 horizontal to 4 vertical, or• The sides have been supported by use of shoring and bracing, or• A combination of both sloping and shoring is used, or• There are written instructions for safe worker entry available on site by a registered professional

engineer (engineering documentation must be stamped and sealed and available on site)

Excavations sloped/shored or evaluated by professional engineer

11. ELECTRICAL SAFETYOverhead high-voltage electricity

General limits of approach reviewed with all workers in pre-job safety meeting.

Electrical power tools and cords

Electrical cords inspected. Cords with broken/frayed insulation or missing ground prongs not in use.

Class A ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI) used for portable electrical tools when workingoutdoors or in wet or damp conditions.

12. SAFE ACCESS, OPENINGS, AND LADDERSElevated walkways at least 50 cm (20 in.) wide.

Stairway complete with handrails installed before beginning work on the next floor level.

Floor and roof openings effectively covered or guarded.

Suitable access openings for the safe delivery of drywall from the boom truck or forklift into the structure.

Suitable ladders, work platforms, and scaffolds provided for activities requiring positioning atelevations above a floor or grade. For example, use bracket scaffolds with double-wide 2” x 10”swhen placing concrete in a wall form or other suitable work platforms or scaffolds.

Ladders in good condition and secured from slipping.

Ladders project at least 1 m (3 ft.) above the upper landing to which they provide access.

Job constructed wood ladders built to WCB Standard LDR 1-2004.

13. SCAFFOLDSJob constructed wood scaffolds built to WCB Standard WPL 1-2004

Major components of scaffolds used in accordance with technical data provided by the manufacturer, or written instructions of a professional engineer

Documentation on site

OHSR 20.78 to 20.95

OHSR 19.5OHSR 19.15OHSR 19.24OHSR 19.25

continued on back…

OHSR 4.61OHSR 13.3OHSR 13.5OHSR 13.6OHSR 20.4OHSR 20.5

OHSR 13.2OHSR 13.14OHSR 13.15OHSR 13.17OHSR 13.18




5. DEMOLITION and RENOVATIONSHazardous materials assessed (asbestos, lead, mercury, flammables, mould, etc.)

Hazard assessment report available on site

Notice of Project for Asbestos (NOPA) for asbestos/lead work

NOPA number

Integrity of structure maintained (professional engineer may be required)

Walls and free-standing chimneys stabilized

Stairways and handrails maintained

Electrical, gas, water services disconnected

Glass removed safely

Load limit for floors maintained

Access areas protected from falling/thrown materials

Procedures established for dismantling buildings

Housekeeping maintained

6. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL HAZARDSWHMIS education and training; ensure MSDS within past 3 years

Safe work procedures developed for: use, storage, and disposal of chemicals and designated substances (e.g., roofing tar, damp proofing, isocyanates, glues, coatings); concrete grinding, drywall sanding

Heat and cold stress

Use of internal combustion engines indoors: venting, service and maintenance, emission control system (e.g., gas-powered cutoff saws, skid steer loaders, excavators, soil compactors)

7. FIRST AID SUPPLIES AND EQUIPMENTFirst aid services and equipment provided

Written first aid procedures developed

8. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)Safety footwear worn, in good repair, and has the green CSA triangle

Clothing worn that protects against abrasion where applicable (e.g., long pants and minimum ofT-shirt with suitable sleeve length)

Safety eyewear worn when applicable

Safety headgear worn when applicable

High visibility apparel when applicable

Respirators used in accordance with OHSR where applicable (e.g., exposure to asbestos fibres or silica dust)

9. HEARING CONSERVATIONConstruction workers’ hearing tested every year. A list of mobile hearing test contractors and facilities authorized by WorkSafeBC to do hearing tests is available online or by calling 1 888 621-7233.

OHSR 20.111 OHSR 20.121

OHSR parts 5, 6, 7

OHSR 3.16OHSR 3.17

OHSR Part 8

OHSR 7.7OHSR 7.8


10. TRENCHES, EXCAVATIONS, AND UNDERGROUND SERVICESExcavation work carried out in accordance with the instructions of a professional engineer or the requirements of the OHSR.

Workers shall not enter any trench or bulk excavation more than 1.2 m (4 feet) in depth unless: • The sides are sloped to a safe angle at least 3 horizontal to 4 vertical, or• The sides have been supported by use of shoring and bracing, or• A combination of both sloping and shoring is used, or• There are written instructions for safe worker entry available on site by a registered professional

engineer (engineering documentation must be stamped and sealed and available on site)

Excavations sloped/shored or evaluated by professional engineer

11. ELECTRICAL SAFETYOverhead high-voltage electricity

General limits of approach reviewed with all workers in pre-job safety meeting.

Electrical power tools and cords

Electrical cords inspected. Cords with broken/frayed insulation or missing ground prongs not in use.

Class A ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI) used for portable electrical tools when workingoutdoors or in wet or damp conditions.

12. SAFE ACCESS, OPENINGS, AND LADDERSElevated walkways at least 50 cm (20 in.) wide.

Stairway complete with handrails installed before beginning work on the next floor level.

Floor and roof openings effectively covered or guarded.

Suitable access openings for the safe delivery of drywall from the boom truck or forklift into the structure.

Suitable ladders, work platforms, and scaffolds provided for activities requiring positioning atelevations above a floor or grade. For example, use bracket scaffolds with double-wide 2” x 10”swhen placing concrete in a wall form or other suitable work platforms or scaffolds.

Ladders in good condition and secured from slipping.

Ladders project at least 1 m (3 ft.) above the upper landing to which they provide access.

Job constructed wood ladders built to WCB Standard LDR 1-2004.

13. SCAFFOLDSJob constructed wood scaffolds built to WCB Standard WPL 1-2004

Major components of scaffolds used in accordance with technical data provided by the manufacturer, or written instructions of a professional engineer

Documentation on site

OHSR 20.78 to 20.95

OHSR 19.5OHSR 19.15OHSR 19.24OHSR 19.25

continued on back…

OHSR 4.61OHSR 13.3OHSR 13.5OHSR 13.6OHSR 20.4OHSR 20.5

OHSR 13.2OHSR 13.14OHSR 13.15OHSR 13.17OHSR 13.18

Figure 1 — Field level risk assessment (FLRA) form (©WorkSafeBC (Workers’ Compensation Board), used with permission)



Sources of hazardsThe three major sources of hazards in the workplace are people, equipment, and materials.

PeoplePeople are the greatest single danger to health and safety. They are most dangerous when they are careless. People include yourself and others.

You can be a hazard to yourself if you attempt a job without knowing how to perform it properly and safely. You are a particular hazard to yourself and others if you come to work tired, hung over, sick or severely depressed. If you are not constantly thinking about safety, you are an ever-present danger to both yourself and others. If you are unable to remain alert at all times, you have no business on a construction site. If you have a problem, seek help. Never bring physical or emotional problems to a construction site.

Anyone with an unsafe attitude is a danger to both themselves and others. These include the sleepy-headed apprentice, the macho journeyman who thinks safety is for sissies, the boss who is pushing too hard and cutting corners, the substance abuser who is not concentrating on work, and anyone who knows better, but conducts themselves in an unsafe manner anyway.

EquipmentConstruction Craft Workers work with a variety of power and hand tools, each of which has associated hazards. Gas powered equipment could asphyxiate you with carbon monoxide. A hand trowel with a razor sharp edge could cut you. CCWs must know and follow all safety requirements for any tools used.

MaterialsThere are thousands of different products associated with construction and each product presents its own hazards. Canadian law requires that hazardous materials be accompanied by Workplace Hazardous Materials Information Sheets (MSDS) outlining the nature of the hazards and the safety requirements for their use. Prolonged exposure to some epoxies may cause cancer, and even prolonged exposure to fresh concrete can cause dermatitis. Know what products you are working with and how to handle them safely. If you do not know what the safety requirements are, find out before proceeding.

Overhead hazardsOverhead hazards can be one of the most dangerous hazards on any construction site. They come in so many different forms, that workers will tend to become complacent to them. Some examples of overhead hazards are:

• Overhead power lines.

• Working or walking below elevated work surfaces may expose you to falling objects.



• Materials being moved overhead may expose you to falling objects.

• Rigging failures.

• Improperly stored elevated materials and equipment.

• Equipment tip-over or malfunction.

Moving equipment hazardsConstruction Craft Workers work alongside of and operate moving equipment every day. This equipment may range in size from small to huge. Generally, the larger the equipment the larger the chance for a fatality when there is an accident. Being aware of where you are at all times is important when working with or around moving equipment. Some examples of moving equipment hazards are:

• Striking workers on foot.

• Poor worker position resulting in a pinch point.

• Pinned in or under equipment.

• Equipment roll over.

• Backing equipment.

• Directing equipment.

• Lack of visibility.

• Use of faulty equipment.

• Untrained personnel.

• Shifting of unstable loads.

Heavy equipment hazardsHeavy equipment, such as cranes, excavators, sidebooms, backhoes and bulldozers are an essential part of construction work. All non-essential workers should remain outside of the working area of heavy equipment while the machine is in operation. This working area is also known as the danger zone.

Danger zones include:

• Blind spots and or areas of limited visibility

• Rotating machinery

• Swing radius

• Travel path



• Under suspended or overhead loads

• Overhead hazards (i.e. overhead utility lines, piping cable trays)

• Working over or around existing underground facilities

• Proximity to moving equipment

When working near heavy equipment, remember these important safety points:

• Only qualified and authorized personnel are permitted to operate heavy equipment.

• Stay alert at all times.

• Establish communication before starting work - hand signals, whistles, radios, air horn, audible alarm or other means of effective jobsite communication. The spotter/swamper must maintain line of sight or communication with the equipment operator.

• Anyone entering the danger zone must first establish communication, preferably eye contact, with the operator or swamper.

• Prevent unauthorized workers or bystanders from entering a danger zone. When appropriate, install barricades and signs around the danger zone.

• The use of cell phones and other communication devices is prohibited except as

• a job requirement or emergency situations.

• Wear high-visibility clothing and other appropriate PPE.

• Watch for shifting or unstable loads and working surfaces.

• “No riders” Only equipment that is designed to carry multiple persons shall have more than one occupant.

Electrical hazardsElectricity is a familiar and necessary part of everyday construction, but electricity can kill or severely injure people and cause damage to property.

There are simple precautions when working with, or near electricity that can be taken to significantly reduce the risk of electrical injury to you and others around you:

• lf working at heights or handling long objects, survey the area before starting work for the presence of overhead wires.

• Never operate electrical equipment while you are standing in water. Never repair electrical cords or equipment unless qualified or authorized.

• Have a qualified electrician inspect electrical equipment that has been exposed to water before energizing it.



• In damp locations, inspect electric cords and equipment to ensure that they are in good condition and free of defects, and use a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI).

• Wrap all cords up properly at the end of work day.

• Always use caution when working near electricity.

• Lock out or remove power before performing maintenance on electrical equipment.

• Ensure there are no live circuits in areas that are to be demolished before commencing.

• Make sure that the electrical equipment is suitable for the electrical supply to which you are connecting.

• Check that the voltage is correct and that the supply can deliver the correct amount of amperes required.

• Make sure that your extension cords are the proper gauge for the distance that they must carry the current.

• Use only electrical equipment that is Canadian Standards Association (CSA) approved.

Power line hazardsOverhead and buried power lines at your site are especially hazardous because they carry extremely high voltage. Fatal electrocution is the main risk, but burns and falls from elevations are also hazards. Using tools and equipment that can contact power lines increases the risk.

Examples of equipment that can contact power lines:

• Aluminum paint rollers

• Backhoes

• Concrete pumpers

• Cranes

• Long-handled cement finishing floats

• Metal building materials

• Metal ladders

• Raised dump truck beds

• Scaffolds

Before beginning work, be sure you and your crew know where all the power lines are, above and below the ground. Consider them energized and dangerous. Where necessary, arrange to have power lines insulated, de-energized or moved. Keep at least 3 m (10') away from all power lines, or further depending on the voltage.



Safe limits from power lines:

• 750 to 150 000 volts - 3 metres (10 feet)

• 150 001 to 250 000 volts - 4.5 metres (15 feet)

• 250 001+ volts - 6 metres (20 feet)

Even power lines carrying less than 750 volts can kill. Avoid touching them or coming too close. Avoid storing material or equipment under power lines. If it must be stored there, hang warning signs to prevent other workers from using hoisting-equipment to move or lift it. Before moving ladders, rolling scaffolds or elevating work platforms, always check for overhead lines.

CCWs must have a signaler who can warn you when any part of the equipment or load approaches the Zap Zone, which is the minimum allowable distance from the power line. The signaler should stand at least 10 m away from the vehicle in case an electrical contact occurs.

If you are operating equipment that contacts a power line, stay where you are. Another wrong move may result in serious injury or death. The equipment and yourself may be at the same electrical potential as the power line, and there may be a current flowing through to the ground. Don’t touch anything outside the equipment. You might create another path to the ground for the electrical current. Warn others to stay at least 10 m (33') away. Have someone call Hydro. Also call 911 or the emergency responders in your area.

750–75000 volts 75000 – 250000 volts over 250000 volts

3m (10') 6m (20')4.5m (15')

Figure 2 — Limits of approach

Only as a last resort, if you must get off the equipment due to fire or other hazards, you must do so without touching the equipment and the ground at the same time. Jump about 45 cm to 60 cm (1.5' to 2') away from the equipment, landing with feet together, and arms close to your body. Keep your feet together (touching) and shuffle at least 10 m away. Your heels should never pass your toes.

Rescue can only be attempted safely by a person trained to use special live-line tools. When a power line has fallen, always consider it to be energized. Stay back at least 10 metres.



Flammable substancesGases, liquids and solids will ignite and continue to burn in air if exposed to a source of ignition. Many flammable and combustible liquids and solids are volatile in nature. They evaporate quickly and are continually giving off vapours. The rate of evaporation varies from one liquid to another and increases with temperature. It is their vapours combined with air, not the liquid or solids themselves, that ignite and burn. In many instances, an increase in temperature creates a more hazardous condition because of the increase in the rate at which vapours are evolved.

Flash pointA liquid is classified as flammable or combustible depending on its flash point. The flash point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid can form an ignitable mixture in air near the surface of the liquid. A flammable liquid has a flash point below 37.8° C, while a combustible liquid has a flash point greater than 37.8° C.

The lower the flash point, the greater the potential fire hazard. For example, the flash point of a closed cup of Acetone is - 17.8° C and a closed cup of Aniline is 70.0° C, means that Acetone is a greater hazard.

Flammable (explosive) rangeThe range between the lowest explosive limit (LEL) and the upper explosive limit (UEL) is the flammable range.

The LEL is the lowest concentration of vapour in air which will burn or explode upon contact with a source of ignition. Below the LEL, the mixture is too lean (i.e. there is insufficient fuel).

The UEL is the highest concentration of vapour in air which will burn or explode upon contact with a source of ignition. Above the UEL, the mixture is too rich to burn (i.e. there is insufficient oxygen).

The LEL and UEL are usually indicated by the percentage by volume of vapour in air. For example, diethyl ether LEL is 1.9% and UEL is 36% by volume of air.

This range becomes wider with increasing temperature and in oxygen-rich atmospheres.

For most solvents LEL lies in the range 1-5% in air and therefore good ventilation is essential in order to minimize the risk of forming a flammable or explosive atmosphere when such substances are used. However, it is significant that LEL for most substances is considerably greater than the recommended hygiene standards for the concentration of vapour in the workroom air.



Auto-ignition temperatureThe auto-ignition temperature of a substance is the minimum temperature required to initiate or cause self-sustained combustion, in the absence of a spark or flame.

For example, a steam line or a glowing light bulb may ignite carbon disulphide, which an auto-ignition temperature of 100° C. Diethyl ether can be ignited by the surface of a hot plate, with an auto-ignition temperature of 160° C.

Vapour densityThe vapour density is the ratio of the density of the gas or vapour to the density of air. Generally, vapours from flammable liquids are denser than air and tend to sink to ground level where they can spread over a large area.

For example, the vapour density of air is 1, and ethyl alcohol is 1.59 meaning it sinks below air.

Sources of ignitionA source of ignition represents a sufficiently high enough temperature to ignite a fuel. Common sources of ignition include:

• Open flames

• Hot surfaces

• Static electricity

• Smoking material

• Cutting and welding operations

• Radiant heat and frictional heat

• Electrical and mechanical (frictional) sparks

• Spontaneous combustion

• Heat-producing chemical reactions



Examples of generation of static electricity:

• A rapidly moving belt develops static electricity by coming in contact with the pulley and then moving away from it.

• Paper and cloth take on static charges when passing through machines.

• Paint spraying generates static.

• Static charges are produced by the flow of flammable liquids into or from tanks or other containers through pipes, hose, or even air, or by pouring from one container to another.

Static electricity accumulations sufficient to cause a spark can, however, be prevented by grounding, bonding, or humidification. The danger of fire and explosion presented by flammable liquids, generally, can be eliminated or minimized by strict observance of safe storing, dispensing, and handling procedures.

Storing flammable materialsFlammable or explosive materials such as gasoline, oil and cleaning agents must be stored in a properly ventilated area, apart from other materials. Post signs prohibiting smoking, open flames and other ignition sources. Ensure that all electric fixtures and switches are explosion-proof, and that the appropriate fire extinguishers are on hand.

Flammable or explosive materials should be kept in their proper containers with contents clearly marked. Full gasoline and oil barrels are stored upright on barrel racks.

Chain compressed gas cylinders in an upright position. Mark all empty cylinders with the letters “MT”, and store them separately from full or partially full cylinders. Dispose of greasy, oily rags and other flammable materials in approved containers. Use grounding straps equipped with clamps on containers to prevent static electricity buildup.

Safe work permitsA safe work permit can also function as a site-specific, task-specific hazard assessment form. All hazards relevant to the task being performed, and relevant to the work area in which the work is being performed, must be identified on the safe work permit. Because not all potential hazards may be anticipated when the work permit is printed, it should include a blank area where a worker can include other hazards that need to be eliminated or controlled.




COMPETENCY A2

Apply OHS Regulations and WorkSafeBC Standards

The Workers Compensation Act In Canada, workers compensation is a system of compulsory no-fault insurance for workplace injuries. The system is administered by statutory corporations or commissions established under the legislation of each province and territory. In British Columbia, WorkSafeBC administers the Workers Compensation Act. It gives WorkSafeBC the authority to set and enforce occupational health and safety standards and establish policies regarding compensation, assessment, rehabilitation, and occupational health and safety.

Workers Compensation Act Table of ContentsPART 1 Compensation to Workers and Dependants DefinitionsPart 1 Division 1, Sections 2 to 4 Scope of this PartPart 1 Division 2, Sections 5 to 16 CompensationPart 1 Division 3, Sections 17 to 35 Scale of CompensationPart 1 Division 4, Sections 36 to 49 Accident Fund and AssessmentsPart 1 Division 5, Sections 53 to 78 Procedure and MiscellaneousPart 1 Division 6, Sections 80 to 100 Workers’ Compensation Board

PART 2 Not Included

PART 3 Occupational Health and SafetyPart 3 Division 1, Sections 106 to 110 Interpretation and PurposesPart 3 Division 2, Sections 111 to 114 Board MandatePart 3 Division 3, Sections 115 to 124 General Duties of Employers, Workers Part 3 Division 4, Sections 125 to 140 Joint Committees and Worker RepresentativesPart 3 Division 5 Not in effectPart 3 Division 6, Sections 150 to 153 Prohibition Against Discriminatory ActionPart 3 Division 7, Sections 154 to 157 Information and ConfidentialityPart 3 Division 8, Sections 158 to 163 Miscellaneous AuthorityPart 3 Division 9, Sections 164 to 171 Variance OrdersPart 3 Division 10, Sections 172 to 177 Accident Reporting and InvestigationPart 3 Division 11, Sections 178 to 186 Inspections, Investigations and InquiriesPart 3 Division 12, Sections 187 to 198 EnforcementPart 3 Division 13 Reviews [Repealed]Part 3 Division 14 Appeals [Repealed]Part 3 Division 15, Sections 213 to 220 OffencesPart 3 Division 16, Sections 221 to 223 GeneralPart 3 Division 17, Sections 224 to 230 Regulations



PART 4 AppealsPart 4 Division 1, Sections 231 to 238 Appeal TribunalPart 4 Division 2, Sections 239 to 244 Appeal RightsPart 4 Division 3, Sections 245 to 253 Appeal ProcedurePart 4 Division 4, Sections 254 to 260 General

Occupational Health and Safety (OH&S) regulationsThere are fourteen jurisdictions in Canada; one federal, ten provincial and three territorial each having its own occupational health and safety legislation. For most people in Canada, the agency that you would contact is the provincial or territorial agency in the area where you work. There are some exceptions to this. Federal legislation covers employees of the federal government and Crown agencies as well as corporations.

Occupational health and safety (OH&S) legislation in Canada outlines the general rights and responsibilities of the employer, the supervisor and the worker. Each of the ten provinces, three territories and the federal government has its own OH&S legislation.

There is special right-to-know legislation that applies to hazardous products. It comprises several pieces of legislation collectively called Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS). It is a comprehensive plan for providing information on hazardous materials intended for use in workplaces. WHMIS applies in all Canadian workplaces which are covered by OH&S and where WHMIS-controlled products are used.

The federal health and safety legislation is commonly referred to as Canada Labour Code Part II and regulations. The Canada Labour Code also applies to employees of companies or sectors that operate across provincial or international borders. These businesses include:

• Airports

• Banks

• Canals

• Exploration and development of petroleum on lands subject to federal jurisdiction

• Ferries, tunnels and bridges

• Grain elevators licensed by the Canadian Grain Commission, and certain feed mills and feed warehouses, flour mills and grain seed cleaning plants

• Highway transport

• Pipelines

• Radio and television broadcasting and cable systems

• Railways



• Shipping and shipping services

• Telephone and telegraph systems

Approximately 10% of the Canadian workforce falls under the OH&S jurisdiction of the federal government. The remaining 90% of Canadian workers fall under the legislation of the province or territory where they work.

In each province or territory, there are OH&S Regulations which apply to workplaces in that region. It usually applies to all workplaces except private homes where work is done by the owner, occupant, or servants. Generally, it does not apply to farming operations unless made to do so by a specific regulation. The legislation should be consulted to find out who is or is not covered.

At the provincial and territorial level, the name of the government department responsible for OH&S varies with each jurisdiction. Each provincial or territorial department is responsible for the administration and enforcement of its OH&S Regulations. In British Columbia, WorkSafeBC is responsible for OH&S Regulations. One of the regulations in force under the Workers Compensation Act, it contains legal requirements under the inspection jurisdiction of WorkSafeBC. The purpose of the OH&S Regulations is to promote health and safety. It is meant to protect workers and other persons present at workplaces from work-related risks to their health and safety.

OH&S Regulations Table of ContentsCORE REQUIREMENTS: PART 1-41. Definitions

2. Application

3. Right and Responsibilities

4. General Conditions

GENERAL HAZARD REQUIREMENTS: PART 5-195. Chemical and Biological Substances

6. Substance Specific Requirements

7. Noise, Vibration, Radiation and Temperature

8. Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment

9. Confined Spaces

10. De-energization and Lockout

11. Fall Protection

12. Tools, Machinery and Equipment



13. Ladders, Scaffolds and Temporary Work Platforms

14. Cranes and Hoists

15. Rigging

16. Mobile Equipment

17. Transportation of Workers

18. Traffic Control

19. Electrical Safety

INDUSTRY AND ACTIVITY SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS: PART 20-3420. Construction, Excavation and Demolition

21. Blasting Operations

22. Underground Workings

23. Oil and Gas

24. Diving, Fishing and Other Marine Operations

25. Camps

26. Forestry Operations

27. Wood Products Manufacturing

28. Agriculture

29. Aircraft Operations

30. Laboratories

31. Firefighting

32. Evacuation and Rescue

33. Repealed

34. Rope Access



COMPETENCY A3

Use Fall Protection Systems and Equipment

OH&S regulations The Occupational Health and Safety (OH&S) Regulations require Construction Craft Workers to use a fall protection system where they could fall at least 3 m (10') or where a fall from a lesser height may result in serious injury. CCWs must be trained in the safe use and limitations of fall protection equipment. Part 11 of the OH&S Regulations covers Fall Protection.

Part 11.2 Obligation to Use Fall Protection(1) Unless elsewhere provided for in this Regulation, an employer must ensure that a fall

protection system is used when work is being done at a place

(a) from which a fall of 3 m (10 ft) or more may occur, or

(b) where a fall from a height of less than 3 m involves a risk of injury greater than the risk of injury from the impact on a flat surface.

(2) The employer must ensure that guardrails meeting the requirements of Part 4 (General Conditions) or other similar means of fall restraint are used when practicable.

(3) If subsection (2) is not practicable, the employer must ensure that another fall restraint system is used.

(4) If subsection (3) is not practicable, the employer must ensure that one of the following is used:

(a) a fall arrest system;

(b) a rope access system that meets the requirements of Part 34.

(5) If subsection (4) is not practicable, or will result in a hazard greater than if a fall arrest system or a rope access system was not used, the employer must ensure that work procedures are followed that are acceptable to the Board and minimize the risk of injury to a worker from a fall.

(6) Before a worker is allowed into an area where a risk of falling exists, the employer must ensure that the worker is instructed in the fall protection system for the area and the procedures to be followed.

(7) A worker must use the fall protection system provided by the employer.



A fall restraint system stops workers from falling or travelling to an edge from where they might fall. For example, workers attach a safety belt or body harness to an anchor. A fall arrest system protects workers after they fall by stopping the fall before they hit the surface below. For example, a full body harness connected to a lanyard or lifeline to a secure anchor.

Fall Protection EquipmentAnchor: A component or subsystem of a fall protection system used to connect the other parts of a fall protection system to an anchorage, and includes an anchorage connector.

Anchorage: A secure connection point for a fall protection system. Fall arrest anchorage must be capable of withstanding 5000 pounds (22 kN) of force. Fall restraint anchorage must be capable of withstanding 800 pounds (3.5 kN) of force.

Carabiner: A connector component composed of a trapezoidal or oval shaped body with a normally closed gate or similar arrangement which may be opened to permit the body to receive an object and, when released, automatically closes to retain the object. Carabiners used in personal fall protection must be self-closing and self-locking and only be capable of opening with two consecutive actions by the user.

Full body harness: A body support device consisting of connected straps designed to distribute the force resulting from a fall over at least the thigh, shoulders and pelvis, with provision for attaching a lanyard, lifeline or other components.

Figure 1 — Full body harness



Horizontal lifeline system: A system composed of a synthetic or wire rope, installed horizontally between 2 anchors, to which a worker attaches a personal fall protection system.

Lanyard: A flexible line of webbing, or synthetic or wire rope used to secure a safety belt or full body harness to a lifeline or anchor.

Lifeline: A synthetic or wire rope, rigged from one or more anchors, to which a worker’s lanyard or other part of a personal fall protection system is attached.

Personal fall protection system: A worker’s fall restraint system or fall arrest system composed of a safety belt or full body harness, and a lanyard, lifeline and any other connecting equipment individual to the worker that is used to secure the worker to an anchor, an anchorage or a horizontal lifeline system.

Rope grab: A deceleration device that travels on a lifeline and automatically, by friction, engages the lifeline and locks so as to arrest the fall of an employee. A rope grab usually employs the principle of inertial locking, cam/level locking, or both.

Self-retracting lifeline (SRL): A deceleration device containing a drum-wound line which can be slowly extracted from, or retracted onto, the drum under slight tension during normal employee movement, and which, after onset of a fall, automatically locks the drum and arrests the fall.

Shock-absorbing device: Any mechanism, such as a rope, grabbing device, rip-stitch lanyard, specially woven lanyard or automatic self-retracting lifeline/lanyard, which serves to dissipate a substantial amount of energy during a fall arrest, or otherwise limits the energy imposed on an employee during fall arrest.

Vertical lifeline: A component consisting of a flexible line for connection to an anchor point at one end to hang vertically and that serves as a means for connecting other components of a personal fall arrest system to the anchor point.



Shake harnass to ensure no tangles

Fasten leg straps

Unbuckle chest and leg straps

Fasten chest strap

Slide straps over shoulders and ensure D-ring is centred

Tighten harnass adjustments

Figure 2 — Donning a harnass



Carabiner

Rope grab

Lanyard with shock absorber

Synthetic web sling

Wire rope sling

Roof anchor

Harness Tool bag

Rope

Self-retracting lifeline

Figure 3 — Fall protection system

Cleaning, maintenance and storage of equipmentBasic care of your fall protection equipment will prolong the durable life of the unit and will contribute toward the performance of its vital safety function. Proper storage and maintenance after use are as important as cleansing the equipment of dirt, corrosives or contaminants.

Nylon or polyesterRemove all surface dirt with a sponge dampened in plain water. Squeeze the sponge dry. Dip the sponge in a mild solution of water and commercial soap or detergent. Work up a thick lather with a vigorous back and forth motion; then wipe with a clean cloth. Hang freely to dry, but away from excessive heat.

Housing Periodically clean the unit using a damp cloth and mild detergent. Towel dry.



DryingEquipment should dry thoroughly without close exposure to heat, steam or long periods of sunlight.

When not in use, fall protection equipment should be stored in a cool, dry and clean place out of direct sunlight. Avoid areas where heat, moisture, light, oil, chemicals (or their vapors) or other degrading elements may be present.

Equipment that is damaged or in need of maintenance should not be stored in the same area as usable equipment. Heavily soiled, wet or otherwise contaminated equipment should be properly cleaned and dried prior to storage.

Prior to using equipment which has been stored for long periods of time, a formal inspection by a competent person should be performed.

Inspection of fall protection equipmentFall protection equipment must be visually inspected before each use. Regular inspection by a competent person for wear on the equipment should be performed at least every 12 months. Severe service or wear will require more frequent inspections.

Inspection procedures should be written and each inspection should be documented. The equipment should be marked that it has been inspected and is available for use. It is also important to follow any specific instructions that are provided with the equipment at the time of purchase. Instructions should be stored in a location where they are readily available to users.

Inspect all equipment according to the manufacturer’s instructions. If required by the manufacturer, return the equipment to the manufacturer for inspection, repair, or recertification.

Remove equipment from service if a stress indicator or warning system has been activated. If a fall has been arrested, remove all components of the system from service and follow the manufacturer’s instructions for disposal.

Harness and body belt inspectionWebbingGrasp the webbing with your hands 6 in. (152 mm) to 8 in. (203 mm) apart. Bend the webbing in an inverted “U” as shown. The surface tension resulting makes damaged fibers or cuts easier to detect. Follow this procedure the entire length of the webbing, inspecting both sides of each strap. Look for frayed edges, broken fibers, pulled stitches, cuts, burns and chemical damage.



Figure 4 — Inspect webbing

D-rings/back padsCheck D-rings for distortion, cracks, breaks, and rough or sharp edges. It should pivot freely. D-ring back pads should also be inspected for damage.

Attachment of bucklesInspect for any unusual wear, frayed or cut fibers, or broken stitching of the buckle or D-ring attachments.

Tongue/grommetsThe tongue receives heavy wear from repeated buckling and unbuckling. Inspect for loose, distorted or broken grommets. Webbing should not have additional punched holes.

Tongue bucklesBuckle tongues should be free of distortion in shape and motion. They should overlap the buckle frame and move freely back and forth in their socket.

Roller should turn freely on frame. Check for distortion or sharp edges.

Quick-connect bucklesInspect the buckle for distortion. The outer bars and center bars must be straight. Make sure dual-tab release mechanism is free of debris and engages properly.

Lanyard inspectionWhen inspecting lanyards, begin at one end and work to the opposite end, slowly rotating the lanyard so that the entire circumference is checked.

SnapsInspect closely for hook and eye distortions, cracks, corrosion, or pitted surfaces. The keeper (latch) should seat into the nose without binding and should not be distorted or obstructed.



The keeper spring should exert sufficient force to firmly close the keeper. Keeper locks must prevent the keeper from opening when the keeper closes.

ThimblesThe thimble must be firmly seated in the eye of the splice, and the splice should have no loose or cut strands. The edges of the thimble must be free of sharp edges, distortion, or cracks.

Wire rope lanyardWhile rotating the wire rope lanyard, watch for cuts, frayed areas, or unusual wearing patterns on the wire. Broken strands will separate from the body of the lanyard.

Web lanyardWhile bending webbing over a pipe or mandrel, observe each side of the webbed lanyard. This will reveal any cuts or breaks. Swelling, discoloration, cracks and charring are obvious signs of chemical or heat damage. Observe closely for any breaks in stitching.

Energy-absorbing lanyardExamine as a web lanyard (described above). However, also look for the warning flag or signs of deployment. If the flag has been activated, remove this energy-absorbing lanyard from service.

Rope lanyardRotate the rope lanyard while inspecting from end-to-end for any fuzzy, worn, broken or cut fibers. Weakened areas from extreme loads will appear as a noticeable change in original diameter. The rope diameter should be uniform throughout, following a short break-in period.

Shock-absorber packThe outer portion of the pack should be examined for burn holes and tears. Stitching on areas where the pack is sewn to D-rings, belts or lanyards should be examined for loose strands, rips and deterioration.

Other systemsControl zonesA control zone is the distance between an unguarded edge of a building or structure and a line which is set back a safe distance of 2 metres. The use of a control zone is an approach to fall protection for workers performing work on a level working surface within 2 m of an unguarded edge above a surface or object that could cause injury to the worker if the worker were to fall. If a worker works within 2 m of the control zone, i.e. within 4 m of the unguarded edge, a raised warning line is required.



The raised warning line must be placed at least 2 m from the unguarded edge and can be made from barricades, hand-rails, or consist of ropes, wires, and chains of at least 500 pounds tensile strength along with the attendant stanchions. The height of the line must be 1 m or 34" to 39". The purpose of the raised warning line is not to prevent access to the control zone, but to provide a visual and physical reminder of the presence of the hazard.

Safety monitor systemA trained worker is designated to monitor work activities in a control zone to ensure that the work is done in a manner that minimizes the potential for a worker to fall. The safety monitor must receive proper training in safety monitoring, be experienced in the work being monitored, and perform no other duties while safety monitoring.

Safety netsSafety nets are used where it is difficult or impossible to arrange for guard railing, or to provide a proper anchoring and lifeline system for fall arrest. The most common applications for safety nets are bridge work or structural steel erection. Safety nets may be installed as a form of fall protection, provided they meet the requirements outlined in the OH&S Regulations:

• The personnel safety net must be installed within at least 4.6 m below the work area.

• The net must extend 2.4 m beyond the work area on all sides.

• The net must be set up to ensure that a falling worker cannot come in contact with another surface or any other obstruction if the worker falls into the net.

• If one or more nets are connected, the splice joints must support the maximum expected load.

Vertical lifelines and ladder systemsA vertical lifeline allows movement up and down the entire height of the line, eliminating the need to disconnect and find a new tie-off points while ascending or descending from a tower or ladder. By connecting to the vertical lifeline using a rope grab deceleration device, workers may move as long as tension is slack on the lifeline. In the event of a fall, the rope grab automatically engages the vertical lifeline and locks, arresting the fall.

Developing a fall protection planBegin by performing a hazard identification and evaluation of your work site. Then plan the systems before starting work. Consider all possible paths of worker movement and all factors that could affect the worker’s safety before, during and after a fall anywhere along those paths. All hazards identified in the workplace assessment must be addressed, and suitable controls planned and implemented.

A qualified person must select the components, materials, anchorage and anchorage connectors to match the system application, the work, workplace hazards, and the environment.



Choose the type of fall protection based upon the following hierarchy:

• Guardrails or handrails

• Another form of fall restraint such as travel restriction or work positioning

• Fall Arrest

• Work Procedures such as control zones or safety monitor systems

Rescue planning should address minimizing the time between a fall occurrence and medical attention of the worker. A thorough rescue plan should be established prior to using fall protection equipment.

Written fall protection planAccording to OH&S Regulations:

11.3 Fall Protection Plan(1) The employer must have a written fall protection plan for a workplace if

(a) Work is being done at a location where workers are not protected by permanent guardrails, and from which a fall of 7.5 m (25 ft.) or more may occur.

(b) The employer uses a safety monitor and control zone or other work procedures as the means of fall protection or

(c) The Board so directs, because a fall may involve an unusual risk of injury.

(2) The fall protection plan must be available at the workplace before work with a risk of falling begins.

(3) The plan must specify:

(a) The fall hazards expected in each work area

(b) The fall protection system or systems to be used in each area

(c) The procedures to assemble, maintain, inspect, use and disassemble the fall protection system or systems

(d) The procedures for rescue or a worker who has fallen and is suspended by a personal fall protection system or safety net, but is unable to effect self rescue.



COMPETENCY A4

Use Personal Protective EquipmentConstruction Craft Workers work with hazardous and potentially hazardous materials and tools. For your own safety, and the safety of others, you must use the required personal protective equipment (PPE) while working.

Unless provided via a collective agreement, CCWs are responsible for providing clothing for protection against natural elements, general purpose work, gloves, safety foot wear, and hard hats.

Employers are responsible for providing all other PPE that is required by the OH&S Regulations. This includes safety eye wear, high-visibility vests, respirators, and hearing protection. Employers are responsible for ensuring PPE is properly worn, cleaned, inspected and maintained. They are also responsible for training workers to use and maintain PPE correctly.

Using the proper PPE protects you from injury. CCW responsibilities include:

• Using, maintaining, and cleaning equipment as trained.

• Inspecting equipment for damage before use.

• Reporting equipment malfunctions to supervisor or employer.

Hard hatsHead injury is a real danger on a construction site. Hard hats must be worn when working on exterior building projects. They must also be worn when working near falling or overhead objects. Although most hard hats are made of fiberglass, there are still some metal hard hats in existence. Never wear a metal hard hat when working near electrical lines due to the risk of electrocution. Wear liners inside hard hats in cold weather to protect your ears against frostbite.

Figure 1 — Hard hat

Note: Hard hats are only good for 5 years from the date of manufacture. Make sure that you keep your hard hat up to date.



Hand protectionWear canvas gloves when trowelling or handling materials. Keep gloves as dry as possible. Vaseline or petroleum jelly are good hand protection creams. They help to keep moisture in your skin, and protect your gloves so they last longer. Wear rubber gloves when mixing materials, stuffing molds, and washing surfaces with acids or other cleaning substances.

Welder’s glove Leather glove

Leather palm gloveNitrile gloveLatex glove

Figure 2 — Gloves

Foot protectionShoes should be high enough to keep out foreign materials and the soles should be hard enough to protect your feet from sharp objects.

Rubber boots should be large enough so that they do not chafe your feet and legs, but they should be tight enough so that they remain on your feet when working in wet conditions.

Figure 3 — Rubber boots



Steel toed boots are required on all Canadian construction sites. Leather and rubber boots are available with steel toes meeting construction standards. Sometimes exemptions are made from the steel toe rule for Labourers working on kneeboards because the steel caps cut off circulation in your toes. Also, safety shoes will tend to allow more circulation than boots while kneeling.

Figure 4 — CSA approved footwear

Eye protectionWear protective glasses, goggles, and eye shields when necessary. If you wear corrective glasses, you can have protective glasses, goggles, or shields fitted over them.

Figure 5 — Eye protection



When chipping, grinding, or using pneumatic tools, wear the eye protection rated for this type of work. If you are working with acids or other splash-type materials, wear the eye protection rated for the type of work that you are involved in.

Figure 6 — Face shield

Hearing protectionConstruction sites are a significant source of noise exposure. Construction craft workers are routinely exposed to noise levels over 90 decibels. Hearing loss results from a combination of high sound levels and extended periods of exposure to sounds over 85 decibels.

Figure 7 — Canal caps

Hearing protection should be selected based on noise exposure, communication demand, hearing ability, use of other personal protective devices, and physical characteristics of the job and worker.

Figure 8 — Hearing protection



RespiratorsPollutants and toxic substances enter our bodies through our respiratory systems. Many occupational diseases such as asbestosis and silicosis are caused by the accumulation of toxic chemicals in the respiratory system. Other diseases such as emphysema and cancer are caused by the passage of harmful substances through the lungs to the rest of the body.

Figure 9 — Cartridge respirator

It is difficult to get 100% protection from breathing equipment, however, disposable cloth masks provide valuable protection from dusts. Masks and respirators are made for specific jobs and the appropriate mask or respirator should always be selected.

Figure 10 — Dust mask

Employers must provide respirators when workers are exposed to air contaminants and breathing hazards that exceed the limits set by WorkSafeBC. The respirator provided must be appropriate to the breathing hazard. For example, exposure to silica dust can cause silicosis (thickening and scarring of lung tissue) over time. CCWs are exposed to silica dust when cutting, grinding, drilling, dry sweeping, or air blowing concrete, and during demolition and excavation processes.




COMPETENCY A5

Use Fire Safety ProceduresFires can ignite and spread in a matter of seconds. The first few minutes of fighting a spreading fire are critical. Prompt and effective action may extinguish the fire, or at least contain it to a small area.

When solids and liquids are heated they begin to give off vapours. lt is the vapours that burn, not the solids. Fuel, oxygen, and heat must be present for fire to occur. Eliminating one of these elements will extinguish the fire.

CoolingRemoves heat from the fuel source (e.g. water from a fire hose).

Water cools the fire faster than heat can be generated.

SmotheringSeparates the oxygen from the fuel (e.g. a fire blanket or dry chemical fire extinguisher).

StarvationRemoval of fuel source (e.g. emergency shut-off valves).

Classes of fireFires are classified by the types of materials that are burning. The class of fire will tell you what type of extinguishing agent and what types of strategies should be employed to fight the fire. Note that the vast majority of fires will have more than one type of material burning.

Class A: Ordinary combustibles such as wood, paper, cloth and most plastics.

OR

Class B: Flammable and combustible liquids and gasses like gasoline, oil, grease or propane.

OR



Class C: Active electrical equipment.

OR

Class D: Combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium, aluminum and sodium.

Portable fire extinguishersOnly use extinguishers approved for the class of fire you are fighting. Never use water on a Class B fire, because the flammable liquids will spray or spatter. Never use water on a Class C fire, because it will cause electrocution.

lf the fire is not quickly and easily contained, do not take chances. Call the fire department.

Remember the acronym PASS:

Pull the pin

Aim the nozzle

Squeeze the trigger or handle

Sweep the base of the fire with the spray

There are seven types of portable fire extinguishers.

Pressurized waterThis canister contains plain water and is to be used for Class A fires only. Direct the stream of water at the base of the flame.

FoamFoam extinguishers contain a solution of aluminum sulphate and bicarbonate of soda.

They are effective on Class A and Class B fires. When operating a foam extinguisher, spray the solution over, not directly into the burning medium. The foam should fall lightly down to smother the fire.



Carbon dioxideThis extinguisher contains carbon dioxide gas under pressure. lt is effective on Class B or C fires. Discharge the CO2 directly at the edge of the flame and move the nozzle gradually forward and upward. Work as closely to the fire as possible.

Multi-purpose dry chemicalThis is the only extinguisher that can be used on all classes of fire. Direct the nozzle at the base of the flames. In a Class A fire, follow up by directing the dry chemicals at the remaining material that is burning.

Ordinary dry chemicalThis extinguisher is used on Class B and Class C fires. Direct the dry chemical at the base of the flames.

Soda acidThis extinguisher contains a solution of bicarbonate of soda with sulphuric acid. It is effective on Class A fires only. Direct the soda-acid stream at the base of the flame.

Gas cartridgeThe gas cartridge contains water expelled by carbon dioxide gas. lt is used for Class A fires only. Direct the stream at the base of the flame.

Nozzle

Pressuregauge

Operating or discharge lever Locking pin

and sealOperating or discharge lever

Dry chemical

Discharge tube

Discharge gas

Liquid carbondioxide

Carbondioxidegas

Discharge horn

Siphone tube

Dry chemical Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Figure 1 — Types of fire extinguishers



Preventative safety measuresBefore starting any work in an area with possible fire hazards, there are a few precautions that should be taken. Inadequate fire protection systems and a lack of proper emergency protocols can lead to serious damage and extended outages in the event of a lube-oil fire.

Spontaneous combustion is a by-product of spontaneous heating, which occurs when a material increases in temperature without drawing heat from its surroundings. If the material reaches its ignition temperature, spontaneous ignition or combustion occurs. Examples of materials that are prone to spontaneous combustion include oily rags, hay, and other agricultural products.

Combustible dust is any fine material that has the ability to catch fire and explode when mixed with air. Combustible dusts can be from most solid organic materials (e.g. sugar, flour, grain, and wood), many metals, and some nonmetallic inorganic materials. Some of these materials are not normally combustible, but they can burn or explode if the particles are the right size and in the right concentration. When the dust is disturbed, there is potential for a serious explosion. The build-up of even a very small amount of dust can cause serious damage.

Aerosol sprays create a mist of liquid particles. The propellants in aerosol cans are typically combinations of ignitable gases, and can cause fires and explosions.

Know the WHMIS Classifications and symbols and make note of hazardous materials that are flammable or combustible, oxidizing, or dangerously reactive.

Figure 2 — WHMIS symbols



Exit route identification should be known by anyone working in a given area in case a fire or emergency occurs. Safety features that should be present when establishing an exit route:

• Keep exit routes free of explosives and flammable materials.

• Arrange exit routes so workers will not have to travel toward a high-hazard area unless the path of travel is effectively shielded from the high-hazard area.

• Ensure that exit routes are free and unobstructed by materials, equipment, locked doors, or dead-end corridors. Keep exit route doors free of decorations or signs that obscure their visibility of exit route doors.

• Provide lighting for exit routes adequate for employees with normal vision.

• Post signs along the exit access indicating the direction of travel to the nearest exit and exit discharge if that direction is not immediately apparent.

• Mark doors or passages along an exit access that could be mistaken for an exit “Not an Exit” or with a sign identifying its use, such as “Closet”.

• Renew fire-retardant paints or solutions when needed.

• Maintain exit routes during construction, repairs, or alterations.

The Emergency Medical Services (EMS) notification procedures should be communicated and known to everyone on site. They should also be posted at every area of the job site. This includes alarm protocols to follow, evacuation procedures, and the muster station location. These are extremely important and should be re-communicated for every orientation and at every toolbox meeting.




COMPETENCY A7

Perform Safety WatchAn attendant is designated to monitor and perform all assigned duties when performing safety watch (e.g. confined space watch, monitoring hazardous gases, spark watch, and bottle watch). Workers can perform safety watch only if they have been trained and are able to recognize hazards associated with a particular task and are able to mitigate them.

The safety watch person remains in constant communication with workers in the controlled or restricted space, has a suitable system for summoning assistance in case of emergency, and is not permitted to leave the area until all workers have exited the controlled or restricted space or have been relieved by another competent attendant.

With proper communication, work in a controlled or restricted space is made easier, safer, and in many cases, more productive. Care must be taken when selecting communication equipment for this unique work environment.

Radio equipment is effective when used by safety attendants outside spaces to maintain contact with their base or, in the event of a problem, to call for rescue assistance. Radio signals do not penetrate metal or concrete reinforced with rebar, which describes a majority of controlled or restricted space environments, creating dead spots or reducing signal strength. Messages can become garbled or are not received. This prevents continuous communication in certain types of spaces.

The preferred choice for reliable communication in controlled or restricted spaces is a hard line full duplex system, which allows hands-free communication between a tending worker and workers inside the space. No matter which method of communication is chosen, the equipment selected should be suited to the particular work environment. It should be extremely rugged, resistant to chemicals, environmentally sealed and intrinsically safe if used in a potentially hazardous location.

Confined space watchAccidents in confined spaces may be rare, but they can result in severe injury or death. The majority of deaths in confined spaces are caused by hazardous atmospheres such as toxic gases or lack of oxygen. The remaining deaths are the result of physical hazards, where workers may be crushed, struck by falling objects, or buried in materials.



According to OH&S Regulations, a confined space is a space that has all of the following characteristics:

• Is enclosed or partially enclosed.

• Is not designed or intended for human occupancy.

• Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit that may complicate the provision of first aid, evacuation, rescue, or other emergency response service.

• Is large enough and configured in such a way that a worker could enter to perform assigned work.

Workers must not enter a confined space until hazards have been identified, workers are trained, and all procedures to eliminate or control the hazards are implemented. A confined space entry program for your workplace will describe what needs to be done before workers can safely enter and work in a confined space.

Rescue procedures and equipmentDue to the unique nature of confined space rescues, specialized equipment is necessary to perform a safe and successful rescue.

One of the initial pieces of equipment employed in a confined space is a method of ventilation to disperse hazardous gases and introduce fresh air into the environment.

Figure 1 — Confined space rescue



An anklet or wristlet is often the first item used to actually perform the rescue, as opposed to the ventilator, which is used to prepare the environment for a rescue. A wristlet is a cloth strap that is used to cinch tightly around the wrist or ankle of an incapacitated person. Once the strap is looped around a hand or foot, its attached rope is pulled by rescuers, tightening around the arm or leg and pulling the victim out of the confined space.

In the event that an entry rescue must be performed, rescue personnel must wear appropriate PPE. This may include a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), hard hat, and the use of explosion proof lighting (to prevent igniting any gases). The rescuer may also wear a full body harness with an attached safety line, especially if a vertical descent is required. To assist in vertical descents, a mechanical winch and tripod may be set up over the access point, if the bottom of the confined space is more than five feet from the entrance.

The rescuers may also carry monitoring equipment by which they can evaluate the quality of the air in the environment. Even if the air quality reading does not indicate hazardous conditions, it is still recommended that rescuers wear SCBA.

Monitoring hazardous gasesBefore entering a work space that may contain a hazardous atmosphere, pre-entry atmospheric testing must be done to ensure that levels of oxygen are adequate and to identify any hazardous substance.

Qualified workers must conduct the testing with suitable test equipment that has been properly calibrated and is used in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications and must record all test results. It is particularly important for the individuals performing these tests to understand the limitations of the test equipment. A qualified worker is a professional who has the experience and training recognizing hazards, evaluating and controlling those hazards, and using monitoring equipment, such as a Certified Safety Professional (CSP) or a Canadian Registered Safety Professional (CRSP).

After initial tests have been completed and workers are working within a controlled space, periodic testing must be conducted as often as necessary to ensure the health and safety of the workers. The intervals at which periodic testing should occur depend on the outcome of the hazard assessment, the work being performed in the space, and the likelihood of the atmosphere changing substantially.

Situations may arise in which the atmosphere within a controlled space, or the concentration of an airborne substance(s) within a controlled space, can change unpredictably. If the hazard assessment identifies the potential for such a situation, then continuous atmospheric monitoring is required.



If tests identify additional hazards that were not identified in the original hazard assessment, these hazards must be addressed as required by the OH&S Regulations. The resulting procedures and practices must be included in the code of practice so that the code of practice is complete and addresses all identified hazards.

EquipmentGas monitoring instruments are designed to protect workers from unseen workplace hazards such as exposure to toxic gases or an oxygen-deficient atmosphere, which can causes serious illness and even death.

Gas monitors must be used to ensure the safety of workers in confined spaces. These monitors typically provide continuous readings of oxygen levels and any harmful gases or vapours that may be present. If the concentration of any of these gases exceeds preset limits, an alarm will sound warning workers to leave the confined space.

Gas monitors contain sensors that detect specific toxic gases, such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen dioxide, as well as oxygen-deficient and explosive atmospheres. It is vital to worker safety that these monitors be properly configured, calibrated, and maintained.

A qualified person must ensure that monitoring instruments used in confined spaces have the proper sensors installed for the gases being measured. For example, monitors with sensors for chlorine and hydrogen sulfide will be of no use in a confined space that contains carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide.

Maintaining and calibrating an instrument ensures it is working properly so it can accurately detect the gas it is designed for. A bump test verifies that the instrument is working properly by exposing it to a known concentration of gas. Monitoring equipment must be calibrated according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and should be bump tested prior to use.

Test the gas monitor first in clean outside air. If the reading is above or below 20.9% oxygen, there may be a problem with the oxygen sensor or with the calibration of the unit. Do not use this monitor for testing inside a confined space, and do not enter the confined space until a properly calibrated monitor is used. In conditions of high humidity, refer to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Testing must be conducted in accordance with written procedures and the following requirements:

• Each confined space atmosphere test must be carried out by an adequately trained worker.

• Use reliable equipment that has been properly serviced, calibrated, bump tested, and maintained according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

• Keep a testing record that shows the date and time of the test, the tester’s initials, and the concentrations of vapours, gases, and other conditions.



• Test results must be posted immediately at all points of entry to the confined space.

Zero checkA zero check is performed to verify that the instrument reads true zero, also referred to as the baseline, in an environment in which no amount of target gas is present. Common situations in which a zero check is performed include:

• After exposure of the sensor to a sensor contaminant.

• After the sensor has been exposed to a very high concentration of the target gas.

• As the sensor ages, since it may gradually drift.

• After the unit has operated in varying background conditions (e.g. humidity levels).

• After exposure to extreme conditions (e.g. high temperature or humidity).

If the gas monitor fails the zero check, then a zero adjustment should be performed, where the instrument is adjusted to true zero.

Figure 2 — Gas monitor

Common dangerous gasesMethane (CH4) is a colourless gas. At low concentrations it is odourless, but it has a sweet smell at high concentrations. At mixtures more than about 5–15% in air, it is explosive. Methane is one of a group of chemicals known as the volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

At normal environmental concentrations, methane has no impacts on human health. At extremely high (artificial) concentrations in an enclosed space the reduction in oxygen levels could lead to suffocation.



Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas produced by burning gas, wood, propane, charcoal or other fuel. Improperly ventilated appliances and engines, particularly in a tightly sealed or enclosed space, may allow carbon monoxide to accumulate to dangerous levels. When too much carbon monoxide is in the air, your body replaces the oxygen in your red blood cells with carbon monoxide. This can lead to serious tissue damage, or even death.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a colourless gas which at lower concentrations has a distinctive rotten egg odour. Hydrogen sulfide is generated as a by-product in many industrial processes or by the decomposition of organic matter and is a deadly poison. It is slightly heavier than air and is therefore especially dangerous in low lying areas and confined or enclosed workspaces. At high temperatures (260° C) hydrogen sulfide is explosive.

Hydrogen sulfide has a powerful smell, but will easily desensitize the nose. It can shut down the breathing center in the brain, which stops the breathing reflex and causes asphyxiation.

Spark watchA spark watch is required when there is an increased risk of fire, such as when hot work is being performed, in the event of temporary failure of the alarm system, or where activities require the interruption of any fire detection, suppression or alarm system component.

The spark watch person is responsible for the following:

• Keep diligent watch for fires in the areas affected.

• Patrol the area at least once per hour on a 24 hour basis until the fire alarm or fire protection system has been restored to normal operating condition.

• Be familiar with facilities and procedures for sounding an alarm in the event of a fire and have a means of notifying Emergency Medical Services.

• Have fire-extinguishing equipment readily available and be trained in its use.

• Perform no duties other than spark watch.

• Have an adequate number of personnel to patrol each floor, level, and room, including common areas, public corridors, stairwells, storage/locker rooms, mechanical/machinery rooms, electrical, boiler and other fuel fired appliance rooms, parking garages, service rooms and offices.

Hot workHot work means any activity involving riveting, welding, burning, the use of powder-actuated tools or similar fire-producing operations. Grinding, drilling, abrasive blasting, or similar spark-producing operations are also considered hot work except when such operations are isolated physically from any atmosphere containing more than 10 percent of the lower explosive limit of a flammable or combustible substance. In Canada, a hot work permit is required for this type of work.



Prior to beginning hot work, the spark watch should inspect the area to ensure that combustibles are removed or covered, and that any nearby holes or penetrations in the floor and walls are sealed or covered with fire-safe materials.

During hot work, watch for fires in all exposed areas. If a fire is located, spark watch personnel are to sound the fire alarm immediately. Attempt to extinguish the fire only if it is safe to do so.

Maintain spark watch for at least 30 minutes after completion of cutting, welding, or other open flame operations to detect and extinguish smoldering and flaming fires. During this time, the work area and other adjacent areas, where sparks or flame may have traveled, are to be searched for signs of combustion.

Bottle watchBottle watch is an important job that requires knowledge, training and understanding of site and job responsibilities. lt is part of the job to know the area of work, the type of work being performed, as well as legislative and site specific rules, regulations and procedures.

Bottle watch workers need to be able to read and understand the gauges, and be able to remove and install bottles to ensure a safe, uniform and continuous supply of air to the Supplied Air Breathing Apparatus (SABA).

Figure 3 — Supplied air breathing apparatus (SABA)

The bottle watch worker transports bottles and equipment to and from the jobsite. They must ensure the required number of bottles at a jobsite (minimum of 2), and ensure bottles are positioned properly (e.g. anchored upright).



Other duties of bottle watch include:

• Never leave the post, unless relieved by a certified bottle watch person.

• Blow the main value clean.

• Install gauges properly by opening the main valves fully and monitor the bottle pressure. Monitor gauges.

• Hook up and detach air lines. Set line pressure to 90-100 psi using the regulator control.

• Identify bottles and monitor each worker’s line.

• Assist with donning, seal checks and doffing.

• Change out bottles as needed without interrupting the flow of breathing air or compromising the air supply of workers.

• Advise when the bottle pressure nears 500 psi (site rules may advise 600–700 psi).

• Monitor worker’s breathing patterns. Sound the alarm if a worker’s breathing becomes erratic or stops.

Man (worker) watchSometimes protocol might call for a man watch that isn’t related to confined spaces, hot work, or bottle watch. The worker designated as man watch is to only serve as monitor and should never be designated with other tasks. This is generally called a safety monitor program.

Some site specific considerations that may call for a safety monitor:

• If a worker is designated with tasks in a remote location away from the rest of the crew another worker should be sent along with them. Accidents can occur with even the most common tasks and no one should work alone.

• If there are hazards that can’t be eliminated, a watch person may be designated to watch work being performed.

• Locations that have dangerous wildlife (bears, cougars, etc) could pose danger to workers. If work needs to be done in a location where an encounter with wildlife is likely, a monitor should be sent along for the work.

Monitoring construction heatersConstruction heaters are used on site and are not meant to be used in a permanent structure, such as an inhabited building or unit. Before use they must be approved and in safe operating condition.

Most construction heaters are fueled by kerosene, diesel or propane. Propane is from the hydrocarbon family. ln its natural state, propane is colourless and odourless, however ethyl mercaptan is added so leaks can be detected. It is important to use a marked propane cylinder



that has been tested and inspected. If a leak is suspected, do not use any sources of ignition such as a match, candle or any type of flame to detect. Use a soapy water solution to test for bubbles at the leak site.

There are two types of construction heaters; direct fired and indirect fired.

Direct fired construction heaters have a combustion chamber with a flame or use radiant heat type burners. The combustion chambers or burners are placed in an open ended barrel. There are many sizes of these heaters and depending on the size, there may be an electric fan attached. This fan disperses the heat throughout the space, along with the fumes produced by the combustion.

Figure 4 — Propane heater

Indirect fired, or furnace heaters give off heat indirectly by having the heating device in the internal part of the heater. It uses a fan to distribute the heat produced. All fumes produced by combustion are vented to the outside.

Figure 5 — Electric heater



Safe use of construction heatersA construction heater must be installed on a solid, level non-combustible base and situated to minimize the danger of mechanical damage and upset. Combustible material such as straw, canvas, wood and debris must be kept clear of a construction heater in accordance with the clearances listed on the heater’s instruction plate.

Always read and follow the construction heater manufacturer’s installation and operating manual. Have fire extinguishers available.

The use of a construction heater or hand held torch is prohibited where a hazard may be created. Keep in mind that some adhesives and other materials used, as well as dust created around the construction site can be flammable or combustible. Do not install a heater or use a hand held torch in an area where flammable or combustible materials are in use or are being created.

A construction heater or torch that has been exposed to fire, explosion or other damage cannot be installed or reconnected to a propane tank or cylinder, without approval of that authority having jurisdiction.

Regularly inspect the burner, burner controls, regulator and hose for defects. If the heater is defective or fails to stay lit, have any damaged components replaced or repaired by a qualified installer.

Make sure all hose and valve connections are clean. Use proper fitting wrenches to make connections. Never attempt to tie down, defeat or bypass the flame safeguard system on a construction heater.

If the heater is inadequate to do the job, obtain additional heaters or replace it with a larger unit.

If the flame goes out, proceed with caution:

• Shut off fuel supply at cylinder service valve.

• Determine if any propane has escaped. Check low lying areas for odour.

• Do not smoke or turn on light switches if you smell propane odorant.

• Test confined space with a detection device. lf escaped propane is detected or even suspected, ventilate and purge the area thoroughly before attempting to relight the heater or torch.

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