Bris Soil Suitability Assessment on Sweet Potato in Merang- Terengganu Region of Malaysia

8/12/2019 Bris Soil Suitability Assessment on Sweet Potato in Merang- Terengganu Region of Malaysia

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Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org

ISSN 2224-32! "#a$er% ISSN 222&-'3( ")nline%

*ol.4, No.+, 24

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6igure = GG of soil regulates the nutrient asor$tion in sandy soil

6igure 2= 6lowchart for land e;aluation.

Geography of thearea

#hysiogra$hy *egetation

Bris soil

Soil $rofile

Sa$ling for soilfertility status

#hysical $ro$erties Gheical $ro$erties

Fa. analysis data Soil ;aluationGliate

Sweet $otato re0uireent


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R$S"&TS AN! !IS#"SSINS)*ysiogra)*y of t*e study area7he $hysiogra$hic grou$ of the soil, the sugrou$, the soil characteristics, and the land uses of the study area aretaulated in 7ale and soil a$ is de$icted in figure 3. hereas the e$lanation of the soil a$ legend isincluded in the soil sa$le analyses result for each soil a$$ing unit as re$resented in tale elow.

As the wor> $rogresses in the study area, the land uses in the locations of allu;ial de$osit and that of the arinewere ushes, shrus, tree cro$s, u$land cro$, $lantations of tree cro$s li>e oil $al, etc. also in soe areas aresettleents, hoe garden. hile the $eat og area were ainly doinated with features li>e oil $al $lantation,tree cro$s, sallholder cro$ faring, settleents, swa$y $eat forest, swa$y ushes and shrus, soeswa$y area are co;ered with forest, shrus and ushes as well as rice far.7ale . #hysiogra$hical grou$s, soil sugrou$s, soil characteristics and land uses of /erang study area.#hysiogra$hicgrou$

Sugrou$ of#hysiogra$hy

Soil Soil characteristic Fand use

Allu;ial "fine tocoarse soil%

Allu;ial $lain" transition one%

6lood $lain

9i;er terraces

isohy$ertheric,ty$ic, siliceous,0uarti$saents,

$saa0uentsndoa0ue$tsndoa0uentsdiflu;ents

Sandy, siliceous,isohy$ertheric,arenic, alorthodsdiflu;ents

6ine 8 coarse,slightly acidic, ;erydee$.

5ee$ - ;ery dee$,Slightly Acid-neutralSlightly coarse-fine

5ee$-;ery dee$,Acidic- neutral,slightly fine-fine

9ice, $onds, coastal$onds, coconut,swa$s.

9ice fields shrusushes

9ice field, u$landagricultural faring

/arine "fine tocoarse soil%

#eat og "organicatter%

Beach ridges andswales

#alustarine terrain

Goastal $lain

/arine tarraces

)ligotro$hic, $eatdoe

isohy$ertheicGrya0uods,udi$saents

#lacorthods,Alorthods,Arenic AlorthodsA0uic 5uricryods

dis$saent,endoa0ue$ts,eutru0ue$t

5ystrude$ts,eutrude$ts,endoa0ue$ts

Ha$losa$rists,ha$loheists

5ee$-*ery dee$,neutral, coarse "to$soil slightly coarse-

$eaty%

*ery dee$, neutral,slightly coarse-fine

*ery dee$, neutral,slightly coarse-slightly fine

5ee$-*ery dee$,acid-neutral,

slightly fineSa$rists- haists 2

S$arsely coconut,shrus "casuarinase0uisetifolia etc%ush, settleents,

forest, swa$yforest, shrus ush,grass ;egetation,angro;e

coastal $onds,$onds, rice field,settleent,shrusushes

u$land agriculturalland,

food cro$s";egetales%, treecro$s, forest,swa$y ushs

source= fro field oser;ation, laoratory analyses and ado$tion of ahyunto et al.

BRIS Soil Series

Based on drainage classes and asenceinasence of s$odic horion de$ths, B9IS soils can e di;ided into four

soil series, i.e. Baging, 9hu 7a$ai, 9udua and Jau.Baging Series. Baging is located nearest and running $arallel to the shoreline on the first terraces "9% andelongs to the youngest aong the three other soil series. 7he to$ogra$hy of the area was alost flat which


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$roaly due to agricultural acti;ities with ele;ation around &-2 c ao;e sea le;el. Baging series do notshow horion differentiation and are classified as ntisols "Sandy, siliceous, isohy$ertheric, 7y$icuarti$saents%. Baging series are soewhat ecessi;e drained meaning t*at water is reo;ed fro thesoil ra$idly. Internal free water occurrence coonly is ;ery rare or ;ery dee$. 7he soils are coonly coarse-tetured and ha;e high saturated hydraulic conducti;ity. 7he water tale was K 3 c de$th "during the dry

onths%. S$odic horions are not found till de$th of 3 c "Aranto et al 23%.9hu 7a$ai Series. 9hu 7a$ai Series are coonly located on the second terraces "92% in the distance away "& % fro the first terraces and classified as S$odosols "Sandy, siliceous, isohy$ertheric, Arenic Alorthods%.9hu 7a$ai series are oderately well drained. It means t*at water is reo;ed fro the soil soewhat slowlyduring soe $eriods of the year. Internal free water occurrence is oderately dee$ and transitory through

$eranent. 7he soils are wet for only a short tie within the rooting de$th during the growing season, ut longenough that ost eso$hytic cro$s are affected. 7hey coonly ha;e a oderately low or lower saturatedhydraulic conducti;ity in a layer within the u$$er and $eriodically recei;e high rainfall. S$odic horionoccurs at K & c de$th.9udua Series. 9udua series are soewhat e+cessi,ely drainedater is reo;ed ;ery ra$idly. 7he occurrenceof internal free water coonly is ;ery rare or ;ery dee$ " & c%. 6ree of ottling was related to wetness.7he soils are coonly coarse-tetured and ha;e ;ery high hydraulic conducti;ity. #rocesses of elu;iations,illu;iation and $odoliation are coonly caused y the ecessi;e drainage conditions. 7herefore s$odic

horion is translocated down to a lower de$th co$ared to that of 9hu 7a$ai series@ in the 9udua series s$odichorion occurs at &- c de$th. 7he 9udua series are ore leached co$aring to 9hu 7a$ai. Both soils areclassified as S$odosols "Sandy, siliceous, isohy$ertheric, Arenic Alorthods%.Jau Series. Jau Series are sited on the oldest aong the terraces "93% and located farthest away fro thecoastline. S$odic horion in the soil was found at de$ths of 2 c. 7he strongly leached ellu;ial horion is;ery thic>. 7he Jau series are classified also as S$odosols "Sandy, siliceous, isohy$ertheric, ArenicAlorthods%. 7he terraces containing Jau Series could ha;e een le;eled flat "to a lower ele;ation% as a resultof sand ining or agricultural acti;ities "land le;eling%. Soeties it was done in good faith, trying to a>e thisridge confor to the surrounding landsca$e for $ractical agricultural $roduction. As such the s$odic horion inthis area was oser;ed to e less than 2 c elow the surface and thus no longer considered as Jau Seriesas defined y the /alaysian Syste of Soil Glassification. Jau Series were coonly found in anundistured location "Aranto et al 23%.Base on the Soil 7aonoy "Soil Sur;ey Staff 23%, the soil in the study area doinantly ntisols andS$odosols orders. ntisols at the location of study are still young and they are situated y the saturated wateren;ironent. 7hey lac> the $resence of diagnostic horions within a s$ecific de$th in their $rofile.S$odosols soil is coonly found in cool, oist, huid, or $erhuid en;ironents. 7hey can also e found inhot huid tro$ical regions etc. Surface litter co$osed of deris, rea>s down in the $resence of water to fora wea> organic acid. Acidic soil water reo;es ase ions in solution to create an acidic soil. asily dissol;edaterials are leached fro surface layers lea;ing ehind the ost resistant aterial li>e 0uart creating an ashy-grey, near-surface layer. Fayers at de$th are stained with iron and aluinu oides.

Soil )rofile

Soils in their natural characteristics can ;ary significantly, thus the sies and for of the $articles that contriuteto the soil are e$lained ore on the characteristics= Glay sie= less than .2 Silt sie = .2-.& Sand sie= .&-2 Stones sie= larger than 2 in sie

7he doinating $article sie and sha$es in soe cases gi;es soil its characteristics and due to the tiny clay$articles ha;ing a large surface area for a gi;en ;olue of clay they doinate the rest of the $articles, forinstance=

/ore often, soils with clay $articles ha;e o;er 2& $ercent clay. Also >nown as hea;ysoils, these can e $otentially rich as they ha;e nutrients ound to the clay inerals inthe soil. Howe;er they also rich in holding a high $ro$ortion of water due to theattraction in ca$illary of the tiny s$aces etween the uch clay $articles. 7hey alsoha;e the aility to drain slowly and ta>e longer to war u$ in s$ring than sandy soils.Glay soils are easily co$acted when trodden and they ecoe ;ery hard in sunny

$eriod as result in the influ of radiation, often with indication of crac>ing noticealy.Soils of these nature often test the liits of the farer to, thus when adinistered

$ro$erly with culti;ation and it is ;ery uch rewarding to wor> with. Howe;er sandy soils on the other hand ha;e high sand and little $ro$ortion of clay. hich


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density >gd3 .3! .3 .2+ .43#ore D 4! 4+ 42 &3

$H H2) "=% - 4.+ "acid% &. "acid% 4.3";ery acid% &. "acid%$H CGl "=% - 4.3 ";ery acid% 4.< "acid% 4. ";ery acid% 4. ";ery acid%G-organic D .' ";ery low% .+! ";ery low% .!2 ";ery low% .!3 ";ery low%

N-7otal D . ";ery low% .3< "iddle% .' ";ery low% .42 "iddle%#-Bray I $$ .' ";ery low% .4 "low% 2.+! "low% 2.4 ";ery low%

Na-dd c eg . ";ery low% .3 ";ery low% .2 ";ery low% .+ ";ery low%C eg . ";ery low% .2 ";ery low% .2 ";ery low% .& ";ery low%Ga eg .& ";ery low% .32 ";ery low% .3 ";ery low% 2.!< "low%/g eg . ";ery low% .4& "low% .2 ";ery low% .

Soil $,aluation for sweet )otato #ulti,ation

7he ost i$ortant sweet $otato growing en;ironent is cliate, $hysical conditions and soil fertility.According to 5:aenudin et al, soil suitaility for sweet $otato is classified into S class "highly suitale%, S2"suitale%, S3 "arginally suitale%, and N "not suitale%. 7he liiting factors for the de;elo$ent of sweet

$otato in /erang are e$lained as follows=% Soil te$erature "t% that includes inhiiting factors, i.e. a;erage te$erature,2% ater a;ailaility "w% that includes inhiiting factors, i.e. onthly rainfall and soil huidity,3% 9ooting ediu "r% that includes inhiiting factors, naely soil drainage class, soil teture, coarse aterials

and rooting de$th. 9ooting de$th is an indicator for effecti;ely shallow de$th of soils, es$ecially in areaswith high sand content and fast drainage,

4%

Holding ca$acity of soil nutrients "n%, which include inhiiting factor, i.e. Gation change Ga$acity "GG%,Base Saturation "BS%, soil $H, and organic G,&% #oisoning "%, which include inhiiting factor, naely salinity and sulfidic aterials "s$odic horions%,


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7ale 3. Agronoic re0uireent of sweet $otato for o$tial growthFand characteristic 6ield ;alue Sweat $otato

7e$erature"c%/ean te$erature

"c%2!-42 3&.&M.'&,23-3 )gonnaya et al, ''+,crane

'4+

ater a;ailaility"wa%9ainfall "year%

2&-3& +!-2, M3 Banuelos et al 22, ching etal''3

Nuer of dryonths

' days - -

)ygen a;ailaility"oa%5rainage

Soewhat e.ecessi;e ell drained )gonnaya et al, ''+

9ooting condition "rc%7eture Sandy soil '.'&D%

Sandy soil "M&D%Sandy clay loa Goo> and Sart ''&

9ough aterial "D%Soil de$th "c%

/inor roots&

-+&D "o$tiu%

-/A95I 2

Nutrient retention "nr%Glay GG "col>g% -&"Kin ost area%3+-!&"K4 ins$odic%

Nutrient deficiencyK& ";ery low%

Au Ba>ar '!&,Fi '!'

Base saturation "D%$ H H2 4.-&.4 "acidic%

Not suitale under acidiccondition /A95I 2

)rganic G"D% .+-2 K and 3.! "s$odic horion%Au Ba>ar '!&

7oicity "Al% Not a;ailale Below $H&.& 5)A6lood harard "fh%Inundation - Aranto et al 23

Note= 7he stated data re$resent= , 6ield ;alue= the field data fro the study area= 2, sweet $otato

$araeter2

= the data fro other studies.Source= fro field studies, Aranto et al and san et al

7ale 4. Fiitation for sweet #otato Gro$ SuitailitySoil Gritaria *alues of Bris soil in the coastal $lain Gro$ Suitaility

Sweet #otato

Slo$e -3 "ly "A horion%

and ceented s$odic B horion9huta$ai,rudua

agin,:au

Salinity n.d 9udua -5e$th of acid sulfate layer n.d 9hu ta$ai,agi -#eat thic>ness n.d Baging -Stoniness No stoniness Jau, 9udua S

Nutrition ialance /oderate to serious aging,9hu ta$ai

/nd

Note= SO Suitale. O nsuitale. /O arginally suitale "need soe aeliorants% and tO teture, n-nutrientialance and d-drainage.

#onclusion

ith regards to the results and discussion, the result of this study shows that=% B9IS soil series are occurring side y side which relate the coeistence of each terraces running $arallel in

different ele;ation to the seashore lines and the ain B9IS soil series are Baging, 9hu 7a$ai, 9udua andJau.


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2% Soil fertility status of soil series are classified as ;ery low to low, ece$t Base Saturation ecause the soils arestrongly influenced y sea o;eent.

3% 7he nutritional soil suitaility for Baging and 9hu 7a$ai where ostly /nd, with S at the slo$e for9udua, and Jau are ostly S with no trace of soe soil criteria.

4% Howe;er the needed efforts re0uired i$ro;ing soil ca$aility fro actual to $otential soil suitaility forsweet $otato culti;ation can e seen in the agronoic re0uireent tale ao;e. Hence, co;er the soils withulch, a>e s$rin>le irrigation, a>e da for water holding and retention, gi;e and aintain organicatters in the soils and do not urn ioass, fertilie soils with N#C and organic fertiliers, do washeleents of Na and H and rea> down shallow s$odic horions, a>e terraces and i ineral susoils toB9IS soil to i$ro;e GG.

A#KN/&$!'M$NTS

7he authors wished to ac>nowledge the su$$orts $ro;ided y ni;ersiti /alaysia 7erengganu, /alaysia, 9aat#olytechnic /aiduguri, Nigeria and Sriwi:aya ni;ersity, Indonesia for gi;ing $erission to $ulish this $a$er.

R$.$R$N#$

Au Ba>ar, ). '!&. A co$arison of selected ntisols and S$odosols occurring in $eninsular /alaysia and$eninsular florida "#h5 thesis%. ni;ersity of florida, SA.24 $$.

Aranto, /.., /.A. Adei, . ildayana and san /. Isha0. Goastal Sand Soils and their Assessent for$land 9ice Gulti;ation in 7erengganu, /alaysia. #roceedings of 23 International Seinar on GliateGhange and 6ood Security 23. 24-2&)ctoer 23. ISBN'+!--!4 7e>nis ;aluasi Fahan untu> Cooditas#ertanian. Balai Besar Fitang Suerdaya Fahan #ertanian, 2. Badan Fitang #ertanian, Bogor. 3enaf "Hiiscus cannainus F.% grown under water deficit on a soil. Industrial Gro$s and#roducts. +='-!.

National 7oacco Board "N7B%, 2'. In= Beng>el J7G "#/-F7N% #enyelidi>an Cenaf- tea>au #/Ce-2.& A$ril 2'. ni;ersiti #utra /alaysia, Serdang, /alaysia.

9itung, S., ahyunto, 6. Agus, and H. Hidayat. 2+. Puidelines of Fand Suitaility ;aluation. ith a Gase/a$ of Aceh Barat 5istrict. Indonesian Soil 9esearch Institute and orld Agroforestry Gentre, Bogor.

san /. Isha0, H./. di Aranto and Adei in /at Arshad. #erforances of B9IS Soils Penesis andGlassification in 7erengganu, /alaysia. Journal of iology, agriculture and healthcare.ISSN2224-23!"$a$er%ISSN 222&-'3( "online% *ol.3, No.2, 23.

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Bris Soil Suitability Assessment on Sweet Potato in Merang- Terengganu Region of Malaysia