Bringing the Mass Media in. The Contribution of the Mass Media for Understanding Citizens’ Attitudes towards the European Union

7/27/2019 Bringing the Mass Media in. The Contribution of the Mass Media for Understanding Citizens Attitudes towards the European Union

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Bringing the Mass Media inThe Contribuon of the Mass Media for Understanding

Cizens Atudes towards the European Union

Sl A

Nr. 4 | September 2009

Working Paper


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2 | KFGWorking Paper Nr. 4 | September 2009

KFG Working Paper Series

Edited by the Kolleg-Forschergruppe T Tv P E

T KFG W P S v c ul f Kolleg-Forschergruppe y

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El c uc: S A/F Au/L Scf

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fv Pw f Eu, F Uvy Bl.

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Bringing the mass media in | 3

Bringing the mass media in

The contribution of the mass media for understanding citizens

attitudes towards the European Union

Silke Adam

F Uv Bl

Abstract

Ecc c, y l c cu y u f xl

cz u w Eu U. Y, ll f c fl w w l cu

cully c cz. A cquc, u u c wly u uc f cz f u Eu U

l ll l. M cvly cuc ly y (-

f) y c f clz u. I cl u

cu cl cc f w c cz u, uz w w

w u l f c cu f EU , v c

lly w wy wl l w cz u u

fuu f EU .

T A

Silke Adam -c fllw Rc Cll T Tfv Pw

f Eu O-Su Iu f Plcl Scc f F Uv Bl.

H c lcl cuc, c c,

Eu y, cl (.. w ly).

Cc: l.@fu-l..


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Contents

1. U Cz Au w Eu U- Cll 5

2. M M P f I u Eu

- Tcl C 6

3. M M P f I u Eu- W D W Kw W Sul W H? 10

4. M M Cz Au w Eu- Wy Sul W C? 16

Lu 18


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1. U C A E U Cll

F l u f EU v cc l w c

f U v uully v c f l

(H 1958: 17). Y, c c f Mc y 1992, f

cz v cu (L/Scl 1970) EU v: T

v cu l cy f cculy ju u ;

(H 2007: 5). I lc y luc ccc (M/Wl 2003:

47) v c u (H/M 2005: 426). T w l

cz u w EU ll ( .. Hx 2005; M/Wl 2003). T

vvly u lv c jc f EU Il, Fc Nl. T

f vy lly uqu lu ulc Eu y wll

ucu, ly lz cz (Ej/Fl 2004) u cc c v

l c l v ( .. V 2007).

W v cz u Eu U? Hw c w u cz u

w Eu U? T qu v fcu f u cl. Y,

clly cu w (H/M 2005). T c cl

f xl (f vvw H/M 2005)1: cc c, y l

c lcl cu. O cc u EU c w

f f c l cl w l (K l. 2006). T w f EU

, uc c, u w l f c

( .. Gl 1998). Iy l c u Eu u l

lf- ul culul v w f f f f

ul / ulculul. T l w l y EU y ul-

: l y Eu y y fc c c ull

( .. C/S 2004). Y, l y ly f xcluv y wll l

f EU (H/M 2005: 433). T w cl xl cz EU

u w Eu U fcu cz lv l y f u.

T c , cl yl xly w w y u u

cy (H/M 2005: 438). T cl lly f xl fc

c : Gv Eu U ly f cz , w

u w y c Eu (H/M 2005:420). Cu y u lcl ly, lcl lcl l c

uc ulc ( .. S l. 2007). Cu clly ul w c

l v (H/M 2005: 436f).

Y, ly y c qu f w y l cu EU cully c

cz (f cqu Cy/Bu 2004; M/R 2008). Gl Scv (2007) f

xl cly cc y EU u x uvy w ulc .

N fc uy f w cz u wl cv

1 O u u xly vl. Lvl Rc (2008) f xl u-

fu c: ul lf-, cl lc, ul fc.


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cu f l. T l f cu y c l vl w l f w w

y wy u f l (cu-v) ulc (cu-cv) clly

EU .

Dc v l ll l f cu y y wly u uc f cz f u Eu U (EU-C 2003). Oly fw

cz y , c v c cc lc. Cquly,

f lcl c, u u y c vl

lv f v cz. If ul lcl

ly ( .. EU-C 2006), cul u uy l cu cz

uc u c f f. Y, v l c f f

, c c w lv w c l u. M

lc u f uc f f vll. T lc c ( .. H 1993;

Kl 1989) w u y fl lc u l w vlu (Glu/Ru1965) y jul y l (f vvw S/R

1996) cc ly c cu, u wll c v vc

f c w l cully u. By lc z u, c

f, cvly cuc ly2. T cv cuc c cwl y

Tz (2008: 303) w cl v uv

f fc -l y Eu lcl c u. Fllw

c f cuc c, u u cc l cu cz

cl f l. Suc u cv l f

c. T c c wc cu u y c cz: A

y u wy u jc f fuu vl f EU w

l ulc l f [] P, , lv I v l

w cu-v c lvl cu-c c-lvl (M/R 2008:

262; l S l. 2007: 31).

Pu fcu l w EU lc cz l f : Hw c

c cz u w Eu U? T w qu, I wll f ll

cu cl cc cu w Eu f

c cz. I c f c l f Eu

U uz c . Flly, I wll w wy u f l w EU lc cz lv f fuu f EU w l

c c c.

2. M M P I E Tl C

M v l EU lc cz. Ty w lcly

u c f u wc cuc cl lc wc c

2 T lc uc . Y, I w

lcl c v -- c.


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w cc (uc ) c vl uc, c. T

c lly u c f w c u c ( f

uc--cl-cv-c l u c R/S 1971). T

l w cz cl f u c w. M

cuc cl ly vy cc c f u (f vvw f

c Bzl/R 2009). Ty v ccv w l fc uc

fllw. I , y c ly cv uc fllw u f c .

S wc c w, w vlv c f u?

M f y c f clz f u.

Ty c clz c y u v uv l. A

uv l w cul f l-l, ly u

ulc f cy lz f xl y lcl cc

y cuc f cuy. T uv l cvly f lz

cl ccc. If f cu uc lz c, y c

c f clz. O c u uc c u u l cv.

Flly, u u. Ty , f y u

. T l u, c f cz y cvly

w w c (Ccl 2005: 812). Y, u c cv u

u ll-- u u, u ju x f c

l u (Zll/Fl 1992: 611). M c u f

ccc: I ly - c f w c ccl

u f cz . Y, f w c c cz u

lc f f vll, u uc f v wc u fw

3 u lc f cz u v l c. T l

c c vl w c f u clz.4

Y, c u f cl lvl (f vvw f w ylc

clcl v u c R 1995) w

ly f cl uc c. I c f l

cuc u c f w . A l f

w vlv cu w , w u

lly w l cuc c (f uy Sc 2002: 389-

393). I u, cz x ll cly c y

cu l w v (f cl vc

3 Nll-Nu (1973) ccuul cc u

fw y f c. T vl f ccuul cc v v

ful c c c: f w

w v w yl c.

4 Flly, clc ju w l c f u, ul (Bzl/R 2009),

lv l w cz. Eul c c f

u l c c w c

w l (ly) (v) . S f c l c

c w c c fc c. Y, v fuc ul c: y ulcz fc uccful xl f , y u

l u u cz v c w.


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Ku/Gu 2007)5. Flly, f cz vlv l u cc

, u l cl f uc u c.

W ? Hw c w c l f f cz

u wu l lvc f l cuc? T w

qu u c w f y cc f c c. T

cc ly cc w u l f u c, l

clz ( fcu Sc 2002). Y, cv

c ly uy - u. I w cly cc c

l f lc u y, u, c lf , ully,

vy y f vul (Bu 2003: 1151). Ty cc f c c v

l f wll f , u

v vl lc vw. O f c c y ; y u

cc c. Fc l c c c xc w jc f

u f, lv uc f f (.. l cuc),

c lcvy vlv w u (Sc 2002: 710f.).

T l f fc w clly l cuc, vl y u

c, cculz v vl c f u f.

Ty cc f c ( .. cl u 2007 f Jul f

Cuc) - f. B cc ly

ll l w , w u (McC/Sw 1972) y cly

uc c f u: T ul c f c l f f

f fc fcu cc c f ly, c u (Sc 2002: 710,

w l). Tf u f lc c, c f cucl

c f c f l u f f l

cu.

A- f lc f u: z cc u,

lv u cz c (McC/Sw 1972). A-

u y l f cz w u v (lc

l) w vl u l c (y l). T v

c w cz ju u y cl u

lvl, l vul lvl (f vvw D/R 1996; Sc 2002: 415-417). Y,

l - c cx vl, f xl c xc w

c, l cuc y f yl f (Sc 2002:

441-470).

F lly y - lv u u fcu:

To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicaon

text, in such a way as to promote a parcular problem denion, causal interpretaon, moral

evaluaon, and/or treatment recommendaon.(E 1993: 52)

5 Clcl c c xu c cy cf c. Y, u wul llw c c

cly cu (Mu 2004).


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T c-lvl f f f y jul cuc u

c c-lvl f f, cz c (Scufl/Twuy 2007: 12). F u

c w cz f lc. Ty l c, vc f x w cz

ul c u (K/S 1996).

Y, f c u y (DAl 2002):

cu xc , wy w ul lz f (l Wv

2007). I , c f cv lvl, yclly l

c- c-lvl f f. F c u lly v fl yclly w u

u wc c f w (Duc 2001: 1045). S l v

c (.. w c f uc cly: Duc 2001).

A - f c f cz lv ccvl

cx f EU ? Mvc (2002: 615) ly f uc c EU

y x ulc EU vc flu cuEU lc lly lc lc f Eu v. T lc f w

c. Ej Fl (2004: 39) u w: Au Eu U ly

cz . Y, u v ly lz. Ty cl f

c v EU v wful v l u

uu u l/ v (Ej/Fl 2004: 39). Cz u EU

f cu f l (Ej/Fl 2004: 32), wc lly f -

f ccu w. T cl ul cu- - &

-w f Mvc. I jul f () cz cvly c

u Eu U y, y wll w v x lz.

Cquly, qu f l c EU

f c. T qu y w c y

cuc cl, lv? D y Eu f

? O y u f Eu ? I w c ,

uc f f f v EU cz (EU-C 2003), c u u f EU

l u cc c ( f c c) cquly l f

Eu. S, lz l f ulc c

c f uc lz. T c ll EU

jc f wy f v cz u ly vyy lf. I uc u,

w c xc uc f f , l c

(Zll/Fl 1992; Zuc 1978). T u y y cl u w

c uuv u f wc - xc .

Cquly, l l c w c f c

(f vvw Sc 2002: 442). T u , H M (2008: 13) cclu f

EU ulc Eu cully ucl cuc.

Y, cuc f ulc Eu U. I,

l v l lcl lvl ly u y cu y. Wy? Bcu

Eu U lc ul, -Eu ulc . Suc -Eu ulc

y lu l f c (G 1995: 294; Kl 1994: 27f), y


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lc cy f EU lc lz f f EU cz cu f

cc ucu (G 2000: 292) y c f c fucu

(Scf 1998: 232). W ul f cl c f uc fucu w

f Fcl T, T Ec, L M Dlqu, T Eu Vc TV

l ARTE, Euw, 3SAT c. w vw c Eu

. Y, ll f w ul v c: y wc c

l uc wc c v EU cz. T v EU cz xc

c v Euz f cv l ulc (G 1993). T

cl ly u y fc cz ju l l lcl

f uc f f u Eu U (EU-C

2003). Cquly, Euz c f c v

l uc cz u w Eu U. R c

Eu c c cu vy lly l c (A

2007, 2007; Dz-M 2004; P/D V 2004; P l. 2004; Tz 2000). N ly lc f u EU , u l f . T u

f l f EU u, w l c

f Eu c cz u.

3. M M P I E W D W K

W Sl W H?

Alu c lly cz u w Eu y ,

l c f EU ly u. Tz (2008: 291) v cll

uw ly Eu lc. M c uy lcl y f

Eu U l lc u. Hx (2005: 6) f xl xlcly f c

cl fc c w EU y cz. Y,

ly vl l l f EU lcl y fu l

.

Flly, w cc Eu, ly c f

xc f f fc cu vl f () Eu ulc () ( ..

A 2007; G 1993, 2000; K 2007; K/Pfc 2006; P/D V 2004;

R/V S 2007; S l. 2007; Tz 2002). I f c ly

fu f ulc y v cly f

f u, ly, ulc (G 1993: 34). Ty y,

c fcu Euz f l f c f

ul, -Eu ulc ( f c 2). Alu ul lvl

f f Euz f l ulc ll (f u A

2007; D V 2007; R fc) u c ly6 , lz

ly fc, w w w Euz c lly

6 T l w cl c u w Euz (A 2007, My 2002,

Tl 2002, v S 2002): ycz cc f .


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fu quly l lly (v) lv ( .. D V 2007; Sclc 2002),

f c lc f u ( .. Bl 2006; P/D V 2004)

lcy l v xc ul f cc EU lvl (K/E

2004). I , c l uy w v c

f Euz v l fllw c cc f EU (f uy

R fc). T c ul c v l c cz

u w Eu c y y y lly lc u.

Y l w lc f Eu f

c l v c lcy , , u l. Mv, c

l l v c Eu cu (A 2007; Dz-M 2004; P/D V 2004;

P l. 2004; Tz 2000): Eu u ly cuy

. I , f cc Eu u clly w

cu . T u c w l cl (R l. 2001: 1)

cv cc ulc fc w ccy, l w EU (P/D V 2004; P l. 2004), cuy lcy cc cll

w cc u w cuy (A 2007).

All w Euz f c ulc f ul c f

f u Eu, cuc cl cc

( Eu l) c vl. If f c

y c lvl, f vl f Euz, xl w

c u f Eu u, c f w

c- v c cu. Rc (Euz) ulc f

c vl wc xl y -l wll -xl

fc. Y, cl l u vl ly lc cl u: M

yl c c cz u . T juc f cl u

Euz f ulc l xcly c f

c vl cz c vl. T l

wv, w uc clly cl u ( f

cqu Scw/Vl 2007). Cquly, w uy l f

cx f EU , l fcu c f u c, l

w uc, cl (R/S 1971) lc c

c. Al f ulc c (N 1994), fcu w y vl cly lc vc

lv c f ulc : uc. W ly u-c

l w c EU u uc c. Bzl R

(2009) w y w lc wl f w Euz ulc

c cuc f Eu Eu. Fu 1 w - fcu f

y c Eu l l w

cz fuu c . T v y u, u 1 cl

ly vl c cz u ( l w

u 1). Y, y f lc w u w cz f

u Eu U.


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Figure 1: Mass media in Europe from a dependent to an independent variable

T ly fw u fcu vl,

f c cz u . O f u cwl

c f u w U l xu u

wu uy cul c, cu, f (Hw 1986) w cz

u w Eu f u v. Scw Vl (2007)

u l c, w y l c f u wl u u f

Eu U Eu . T ul c c f

c. Y, uc fcu uc ly ( c) v cul

l ( l) cul l w cz.

Cquly cl u c uc. Cy Bu (2004) f xl

c uvy w vll vlu f l l l f w

x uy f u w Eu UK. Ty cclu

B v uc u f . Dl Duvl (1986) lly v

l f lvl cl w f w ulc w EU

UK. I v M l. (2003) cc w cv

u w Eu Gy lvl. Y ly vy ll c c w

vul lvl. D V B (2006) w c w-wv l

uy w c ly u w u f w uu

EU u 2002 c vlu f EU l Nl D. Ty

w . Y, c cc y f cv: y

cc c c (D V/B 2006). I uy u l

ccu l cuc u EU. Ty w l cuc,

cz c y f c v vl c(D V/B 2006, 2006c).

Rc D

Ty Rc M M Eu

Factors external to

the media: f

cc,

f lcy c,

cc cll,

c.

Factors internal to the

media: y f

Mass media content

D, f

Dvl f f

Euz

Cizens atudes and

idenes w

Eu U


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I , xl c c f cc f f EU cuc

(D V 2004; M/R 2008; Scuc/D V 2006). Scuc V (2006)

ul w cl f EU l uy. Ty w

f c c u f l. T c w clly

f l wll. Ally, V (2004), y ul TV w y,

c w f f cc cquc vu cc cvy .

T w f c uc u y y c vll lvl f u

f EU . M R (2008) fu l lz f f

uy c f cc y l f clu vlv cx f

l c. Ty w xly w f l c w c

u wy.

T uy f f cl wy M R (2008: 248) c c

c cz EU u yc l f uy V B(2006: 421) cl l w ulc

Eu [] uvl cc lu. T u

cuc f w v uc ulc c u Eu

U. Y, y c ly ll l clx l w cz

u. T fy fuu c , I wll cf c l

Eu w cl c, cl ul c

f c u f , - f cx. T

c wll u u fllw fu : ) M, ) I vl,

c) D vl, ) Iv vl.

a) Methods: T c c cll c u ly culy

u: c vl c cz u, c

, vl. T c culy ( f u c f culy Sll

1983), u ly ful y vl , u l

clly c l w w vl, cll f lv, v

fc. Flly, culy qu vl c vl .

A cquc f, c c c ly c , u

yc ccu f . A culy u l w c vl,

c cz u, - uc c c.I f xl uc ly uvy y u lv

c f c. T w llw c

cz u: x c f uvy c ly. A x

llw cll ll vl, y v u cl c f culy. Y, xl c

l l ly f xl vly f ul. F, c

ccu vul w . Exl u vyy cv

. Sc, xl c c w qu w l c l (Bu

2003: 1169). T, xl c ly ccu f lc

c w f f c. Fu, xl llw c

l cuc c wc v v v vl

c f u f.


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T cll f y c c f uy - f l-

wl wc llw f v c w, f cl f uly f c, f

c f f clu f v vl. S f ly - u v

cuc uc l-wl w u cc w f c ly ly

x. K (2007: 158) ccz fcu w cl vl uv

[] w ll w f cll f f c ul . Ic

u l-wl c uvy c ly. Ty c

vul lvl. A ycl uy lvl w w c

vll ulc f cuy c y c cv y c

u cv. A c lvl lcly u

w cuy c lly vul c uf

(Mu 2004: 408). Su vul lvl ly w vul f

v, u f cc , c u f vul. Suc

u c c c vy cc f c w x (Mu 2004: 408f).

S wc l c c? If cv f ll c

c w cuy, lvl ly vl c w vul lvl ly

fl ( f fllw Mu 2004). T l fc vul lvl

ly c y f u -u f cv u y

ly c. If, wv, w u cv l

f wc w wc y x f -u x

f cly v l cuc, yc c c

v vul lvl (l McGu 1989). Y, lvl, w u

uf c f . I c, f f cuy

c, ly lvl wll fl c c cz x

ul. T cu c f ul f vul lvl ly.

T uly c c c ly f vul lvl cy

( f cl Jcl 2001; Mu 2004; P/McL 1991; Scufl 2008). A w,

v v. Ally, wu ly vul lvl, c f

c . M c ul u f lc x. I cul cclu culy

f -lvl ly. Hwv, ju fcu vul lvl, ly v vul f u w wc ccl c f cl

f (Scufl 2008).

I , vy clx vul-lvl ly f c u v. S f, vul

lvl ly c f c f ul, ..

cv, c (Mu 2004: 418). O c uc f cc y f f

w lv f w. T c u l lc wy f

c c f y f f w u c cuc

lc c v c c v (C/Duc 2007: 105f). Cquly,

I c f c vul lvl y c u f xu


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(C/Duc 2007; l Scufl 2000). Suc c llw c c vul

lvl v f f w u c c vu . I cll f l

ly. I , u vul lvl f v lc l cuc

w lvl ly v f l cuc c

xl wy c vc y u v w w x

(Mu 2004). I wul u l cuc ul l f vul

lvl u. E-cc w ly l clly cl cl f

v f vul. I w c c u u

wu w wc f c c (Scufl 2008: 357).

b) Independent variable: M c vl f c u. S f

u u l f c c f u f

u Eu uc c lc f EU u f cv (v

vu v). Rc cz u Eu, wv, clly w cc

c wll y l c xl u w Eu. I

f c uy y cc f w . I

uc uv f EU u f l lu, f

Eu U l l w lvl f v (L 1997; Pc 2007: 32).

T w f f f f uv u f cl u clly l

cz c v lv EU .

T f cl c f c fcfully u fw f c

EU lc ( .. Scuc/D V 2006: 22). F cl c v

y M R (2008). Y, l c c cx f EU

. I, f c l l w c lz f

f (f uc cqu R 2007).

c) Dependent variable:Cz u, c vl

c u. S f - f u cx f EU v

ly cc w lc cz u u f w vlu

f cc lc. Y, c f cul w u EU

. Suc u c y vl y u cc

u w Eu. Il cc c v uc y

vl (H/M 2005). Hw c c vl? Wc f vlc ly uc? D cu Bu (2003: 1170;

2008: 282) cl cu f cuy (A 1991)? Rc x

c w cly cc c l f lc u

y, u, c lf , ully, vy y f vul (Bu 2003:

1151)7. T cu c uc y vl, ly cy uy

wy, u l cllc cz u w uvy u

uly cu y vl. Bu (2008) f xl w uvy qu fquly u

u Eu y ( .. M qu Eu uvy) qu.

7 Al H M (2005: 437) cwl cuc l c-

c.


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H cclu Eu y ly u w qu (f

lv u Bu 2003: 1172).

d) Intervening variables: Rc w c cc y f

, cuc f ccc f c (Mu 2004: 405) , lvc f l cuc. I c cl culy

l w cz u, yclly v

vl ( Zll 1992) uc c w , f cu

u vl (l D V/B 2006; Gl/Scv 2007;

S/Tul 2004), lcl/ l f cuc lly ,

cz vlv l cuc . S f c l

EU u fll yc f uc v vl ( v

y V/B 2006). Suc v vl ul uc c

, c u f ly.

4. M M C A E Wy Sl W C?

Wy fcu c c f c cz u, c

y cuc Eu? F f ll, Eu v l lc c f

c f fu vl cc f u, - f. T Eu

U cv c. T c cc ccc:

c cz lly EU w clx lcy- c cly xc. Suc llw u fu u u f w u wc

c f c f.

Sc, w u, c f f cl lvc cx f EU

. W, w u wc c c c c

f ly u. S f cx f EU v

y v ly fu f Euz f ulc . Hy

w v u u wc c u f Eu / c, u

f u wc c y c- v cv u Eu. M f

w v y lc u y c cz. T u lul

c f cl f cz cu-. Y,

u cl wl l w c wc cu f

l c vl cu-cv (uc) l cx f Eu U. I

l f fc v cu (L/Scl 1970) lc y c

u (H/M 2005: 426), c c u, c

Eu c u u fuu f EU (M/R

2008: 244). T c u f c EU , cu-v, fl w w

cu f l cully c cz. B c lc vc f

l cu l u u wy u w l (cu-v) ulc (cu-cv) clly ll cu f Eu U.


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F f c ulc EU v c vl c

. T jc f EU Fc, Nl Il f

f c f ulc f EU lc fuu. W cquc f? If

ulc c y, lc c f u lc lc (H/

M 2008: 8f). T f lc c c wll c f EU c-

v y c c f c c ulc (H/M

2008: 9). By K (2004) u cl w y w u

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l f fu EU . I f cl qu w lcz

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8 I y Bl (2006: 52) f ulc c Eu c l c u vlv f qul u cll cz

c f lcz.


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