Brighton Business School Referencing Handbook

Brighton Business School

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Referencing Handbook 2009

Brighton Business SchoolReferencing Handbook2 Edition - 2009

Editor: Tracey TaylorDesign: Simon Letchford

nd

Brighton Business SchoolReferencing Handbook 2009

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1 Contents Page

1 Introduction: Referencing your work 1.1 Why reference? 41.2 Are all sources equally useful for referencing? 4 1.3 Where to reference? 51.4 What’s a bibliography and how does it differ from a reference section? 5 1.5 Harvard Referencing System 5 1.6 Are there any exceptions? 6 1.7 Citing within the text 6 1.8 How do I cite within the text? 1.9 What about page numbers and quotes? 71.10 One page only 71.11 More than one page 81.12 Indented quotations 81.13 Importance of accuracy 91.14 When to use quotations 91.15 When you don’t need to acknowledge sources 91.16 Can you quote too much in a piece of work? 10 1.17 Are there any variations to this? 102 Examples: books, journals, newspapers etc. 2.1 One author 102.2 Two authors of one work 112.3 Three authors of one work 112.4 More than three authors of one work. 12 2.5 Authors of two different works 122.6 An author with more than one cited publication in the same year 132.7 Citing secondary sources 14 2.8 Edited books 152.9 Chapter in book – two examples below 162.10 Encyclopedia or dictionary 172.11 Journals - article reference 17 2.12 Conference proceedings 19 2.13 Newspaper articles 19 2.14 Corporate authors, reports, etc. 20 2.15 Annual report 202.16 Lecture notes or in-house publications 20 2.17 Letters & other forms of personal communication 212.18 Figures – tables – graphs - diagrams

3 Examples: electronic sources 3.1 Citing in the text 233.2 What’s a ‘corporate’ author? 23 3.3 Reference section 24 3.4 Search engines are not valid sources 24 3.5 Electronic article reference 25 3.6 International electronic journal article 25. 3.7 Journal abstract from online database 263.8 Online newspaper articles with author byline 26 3.9 Online newspaper articles with no author byline 273.10 Websites/Company websites 273.11 Multiple references to website/company website 3.12 Figures – tables – graphs - diagrams 283.13 Electronically sourced lecture notes – two examples: 30 3.14 Emails 313.15 E-book 313.16 CD-ROM 323.17 Radio or TV broadcast 323.18 Video or DVD 334 Example: Government publications 4.1 Official publications/command papers: example 1 344.2 Official publications/command papers: example 2 354.3 Official publications/command papers: example 3 354.4 A House of Commons Report 36 4.5 A House of Lords Report 374.6 An Act of Parliament 385 Creating the reference section 396 Glossary 44 7 Bibliography and notes 468 Notes: 48

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Introduction: Referencing your work

Please make sure that you read the following information.

1.1 Why reference?

References are essential.

• They acknowledge the sources of your information, ideas and arguments.

• The reader must be able, from your reference list, to follow up all your sources of information independently.

• Your references will demonstrate how widely you have read in a particular area.

• They will ensure that your ideas, opinions and arguments will be supported and strengthened by published and ‘peer reviewed’ authors.

• Careful and meticulous referencing will mean that you do not lay yourself open to accusations of plagiarism. Remember that failure to acknowledge sources constitutes cheating – leading to penalties and the probability of at least a lower class degree.

• Importantly, good referencing will lead to better marks.

You are also strongly advised to consult the University’s Plagiarism Awareness Pack, handed out at the start of the year and available on Studentcentral.

1.2 Are all sources equally useful for referencing?

The straightforward answer to this is no. As University students you must endeavour to select valid, pertinent and authoritative sources. Lecturers will always assist you by furnishing you with relevant reading lists. You should also ensure you are familiar with ‘Business Source Premier’ (BSP) and `Emerald’ which you will find on Studentcentral on the online databases via the online library. This is a quick route to up-to-date journal articles which will need to figure prominently in your research.

1.3 Where to reference?

References need to be cited in two places.

I: You need to make an abbreviated in-text citation when you refer to an author’s material in the report or essay you are writing. This is sometimes also known as referencing in the text or source referencing.

II: You will also need to make a full reference at the end of your report or essay. All sources that have been directly referred to within your piece of work must be listed, in full, in alphabetical order, by surname, in the reference section as the end of your piece of work.

1.4 What’s a bibliography and how does it differ from a reference system?

A bibliography differs from a reference section in that it will reflect your wider reading in a particular area even though you have not made direct use of the material in your own work. However, both the reference section and any bibliography need to include the full bibliographic description of each source. This means you must learn the academic habit of consistently noting all the elements required for the reader to find the information source: eg Author, date, title, publisher etc. Should your lecturers require you to produce a bibliography in addition to a reference section they will indicate this to you clearly.

1.5 Harvard Referencing System

The following is generalised guidance based on the Harvard referencing system which is the preferred and accepted system of referencing within Brighton Business School. It is an author-date system and demands that the bibliographic information be structured in a specific and consistent order.

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1.6 Are there any exceptions?

There are other forms of referencing, most commonly used in History and Law, and you may come across these ‘footnote’ and ‘endnote’ styles in your reading. Please note that special conventions apply to the presentation and referencing of legal scholarship. Therefore, if you are submitting a piece of law coursework please refer to the detailed guidance in the Studying Law at Brighton Business School Handbook. An electronic copy of the Handbook is available on the School area of Studentcentral.

Note too, that the absolutely essential point regarding referencing is that the reader can go back and find the exact same source as you used. So, while you may see that there are variations of Harvard referencing regarding punctuation, use of italics and underlining etc, if your lecturer can track down your sources with ease you will not have too much to worry about.

1.7 Citing within the text

This is a crucial skill to learn. A precise source reference will enable the reader to locate the material referred to easily and is the hallmark of good quality work.

1.8 How do I cite within the text?

You need to include the minimum essential units of information that will directly link the reader to the full bibliographic details in your reference section. It should be organised in such a way that it causes the least amount of disruption to the reader’s understanding of your sentence. Usually this means that in-text citations are positioned at the very end or the start of sentences.

For example, let’s say you have been reading a single authored text by Wendy Bloisi which was published by McGraw Hill Higher Education in 2006 called An Introduction to Human Resource Management. When you use this author’s material in your own work you need only include the author’s surname and date of publication - (Bloisi, 2006) - as this will take the reader directly to the work which will be arranged alphabetically by author surname in the reference section. For example, you might write in your work:

Bloisi (2006) comments that human resource management is an essential aspect of successful business. (Sometimes called author-prominent referencing)

or Human resource management is an essential aspect of successful business (Bloisi, 2006). (Sometimes called information prominent referencing)

You do not need to include the title of the work, or its publisher, or the author’s initial when you are citing within the text. So, remember, you need the smallest amount of essential information. This nearly always consists of AUTHOR(S) SURNAME and YEAR OF PUBLICATION.

1.9 What about page numbers and quotes?

When citing in the text you need only include page numbers when you make a direct quote. For example:

1.10 One page only

Peacock (2008, p47) states that ‘self-selection is the process where a job seeker is given information about the negative aspects of a vacancy…’


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1.11 More than one page

If the quote used is longer and goes across more than one page the Harvard convention is to precede the number range with ‘pp’. This would appear as:

‘The costs of staff turnover can be significant both financially and also in terms of the impact on an organisation’s reputation and internal morale’. (Lanigan, 2008, pp48-49)

1.12 Indented quotations

Longer quotes (more that 3 lines/30 words) need to be indented on a new line, in a smaller font size and do not need quotation marks.

Barry (2001, p3) observes of the modern, technology-driven world -

We live in a technological society…to the extent that specific technologiesdominate our sense of the kinds of problems that government and politicsmust address, and the solutions that we must adopt. A technological societyis one which takes technical change to be the model for political invention.

or, Communication to the employee’s immediate supervisor is, perhaps inevitably, the most important form of direct upward communication. However, we can also include here direct access to senior management, quality circles and suggestion schemes as ways in which some organisations have tried to provide channels to encourage employees to make their individual grievances known or to draw on the innovative and entrepreneurial skills of their workforce. (Brewster, Sparrow & Vernon, 2007, p196)

1.13 Importance of accuracy

When using quotations you need to integrate them as well as you can into your text. Furthermore, you need to take care that you are absolutely accurate in how you reproduce the words. You must keep to the author’s spelling, punctuation, grammar and choice of vocabulary.

If there is an error of spelling or other ‘oddity’ in the original text the word [sic] should be inserted immediately after in square brackets to indicate that this is how it appears in the original.

For example

‘This in death [sic] research showed…’ (Student meant to write ‘in depth’)

1.14 When to use quotations

Quotations can be used where the author has used an especially elegant phrase or, for example, outlined a major point that you need to use as evidence. They are also useful when you need to construct an argument for or against an idea expressed. Used in this way quotations are an excellent way of underpinning your own work.

1.15 When you don’t need to acknowledge sources

Occasionally it will not be necessary to reference. If you cite the Bible or Shakespeare (doesn’t often happen in the Business School) or, if an idea can be considered to be in the public domain, then a reference may not be required. However, take care. At undergraduate level you will not be penalised for over-referencing work you have read and the academic convention of supporting your work with well sourced references is one you must grasp and master.


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1.16 Can you quote too much in a piece of work?

Yes. Remember that we are looking for evidence that you have understood the texts that you have read. This means that you must learn to paraphrase and summarize the ideas, information and theories of the published authors – obviously with correct references. A list of long quotations in the words of the original author(s) does not show your tutor/lecturer that you have understood the material.

1.17 Are there any variations to this?

Clearly not all texts are written by a single author and, as well as journals and books, you will need to make use of conference proceedings, electronic publications, official government publications as well as other forms of publication. In every case you will need to find the minimum, essential units of information that will make a clear link to the full bibliographic details in your reference section.

Below, therefore, we give examples of standard Harvard referencing practice for the various types of publications you will more commonly use in your research at University.

2 Examples: books, journals, newspapers etc.

2.1 One author

In-text citation (sometimes referred to as source referencing or referencing in the text) Mullins (2007) discusses the relevance of …

References

Mullins, L.J. (2007) Management and Organizational Behaviour.8th ed, London: FT Prentice Hall

Bibliographic order – this is the order in which each detail must appear

Author surname, Initial. (date) Title. edition, Place: Publisher

2.2 Two authors of one work

In-text citation (sometimes referred to as source referencing or referencing in the text)

Kotler & Keller (2008) maintain that…ReferencesKotler, P. & Keller, K. (2008) Marketing Management. 13th ed, London: Prentice HallBibliographic order – this is the order in which each detail must appear

Author surname, Initial. (date) Title. edition, Place: Publisher (list author names in the order they appear on the title page)

2.3 Three authors of one work


Slack, Chambers & Johnston (2006) argue persuasively that…

References

Slack, N. Chambers, S. & Johnston, R. (2006) Operations Management. 5th ed, London: FT Prentice Hall




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2.4 More than three authors of one work

Note: et.al. which is Latin for et alli means ‘and others’ and, when used, should always be italicized


Brewster et al. (2003) state that retention is an advantage of flexible patterns of work…

References

Brewster, C., Carey, L., Dowling, P., Grobler, P., Holland, P. & Warnich, S. (2003) Contemporary Issues in Human Resource Management: gaining a competitive advantage. Cape Town: Oxford University Press



2.5 Authors of two different works

Note: The references in brackets are in alphabetical order.

In-text citation (sometimes referred to as source referencing or referencing in the text)According to a number of surveys (Holbeche, 2001, Jay, 1998), the main reasons people leave a job include…

References

Holbeche, L. (2001) Aligning Human Resources and Business Strategy. Oxford: Butterworth-HeinemannJay, D. (1998) The Essential Personnel Sourcebook. 2nd ed. London: Financial Times PitmanBibliographic order – this is the order in which each detail must appearAuthor surname, Initial. (date) Title. edition, Place: Publisher (references should appear in alphabetical order)

2.6 An author with more than one cited publication in the same year

Note: Distinguish these by adding lower case letters (a, b, c, etc.) after the year and within the brackets:

In-text citation (sometimes referred to as source referencing or referencing in the text)Or, Arnold (2004a) proposed that…It has been argued by Arnold (2004b) that…ReferenceArnold, G. (2004a) Financial Times Guide to Investing: the definitive companion to investment and the financial markets. London: Financial TimesArnold, G. (2004b) Handbook of Corporate Finance: a business companion to financial markets, decision & techniques. New York: Financial TimesBibliographic order – this is the order in which each detail must appear.

Author surname, Initial. (datea) Title. edition, Place: Publisher Author surname, Initial. (dateb) Title. edition, Place: Publisher


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2.7 Citing secondary sources

I: Best practice is to cite from the original source. However, this is not always possible especially when students are directed to introductory text books which survey a large body of knowledge. In these instances it is incumbent upon you to ensure that the reader knows you discovered the material from a secondary source.

II: In the example below you will see that the reference section needs full details of Huczynski & Buchanan because you have not read the original original work by Deborah Tanner. You must, therefore, direct your reader to the find the reference to it in Huczynski & Buchanan.


Tanner (1998, cited in Huzcynski & Buchanan, 2007) claims that girls are disadvantaged by….

References

Huczynski, A. & Buchanan, D. (2007) Organizational Behaviour: an introductory text. 6th ed, London: Prentice Hall



2.8 Edited books


There is no doubt that computer aided process and product engineering are hugely valuable to business (Puigjaner & Heyen, 2006).

References

Puigjaner, L. & Heyen, G. (eds) (2006) Computer Aided Process and Product Engineering. Chichester: Wiley

Bibliographic order – this is the order in which each detail must appearAuthor surname, Initial. (editor(s)) (date) Title. Place: Publisher (list editors’ names in the order they appear on the title page)


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2.9 Chapter in book – two examples below

In-text citation (sometimes referred to as source referencing or referencing in the text)As stated by Roberts (2003, p91)…

Shukla & Cheng-Ting (2008) make the point…

References

Roberts, L. (2003) ‘Capital accumulation. Tourism and development processes in Central and Eastern Europe’, in D Hall (ed) Tourism and Transition: governance, transformation and development. Oxfordshire: Cabi Publishing, pp53-64.

Shukla, P. & Cheng-Ting, C. (2008) ‘Buying behaviour in consumer to consumer (C2C) online auction commerce’, in C Veloutsour & N Papadopoulos (eds) Marketing in Dynamic Environments: Contemporary Research Advances. Athens: Atiner, pp207-220

• Editor’s initial precedes the surname as the person’s name is irrelevant when arranging the reference list alphabetically. Note too, that only the book title is italicized – not the chapter title


Author surname, initial. (Year) ‘Title & subtitle of chapter’, in Editors (eds), Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, pages of chapter

2.10 Encyclopedia or dictionary

Note that you need to arrange this work by ‘O’ for Oxford not ‘ T’ for when you complete your reference section and that title is used as Author.


The Oxford English Dictionary (2001) defined it as…

References

The Oxford English Dictionary. (2001), Vol 3, 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon


Title as author, (Date) Volume, Edition, Place: Publisher

2.11 Journals - article reference

Note: even if you retrieve a journal article electronically using the online library and its databases,( Emerald or Business Source Premier, for example), this does not mean that the article is an ‘e’journal article. It simply means that you have gained access to a print journal via an online database. You need to be clear about this. Any journal that is published in print format does not need online details in the reference section.


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So, the following example shows you how to do this CORRECTLY.


Holscher, Bachan & Stimpson (2008) note that…

References

Holscher, J., Bachan, R. & Stimpson, A. (2008) Oil Demand in China: An Econometric Approach, International Journal Of Emerging Market. Vol 3, No 1, p14-18


Author. (Date) Article title, Journal Title. volume, part, pages

To do it as below is INCORRECT. You do not need a URL/web address for an article that has been published in a print journal. Please avoid doing this.


Holscher, Bachan & Stimpson (2008) note that…

References

Holscher, J., Bachan, R. & Stimpson, A. (2008) Oil Demand in China: An Econometric Approach, International Journal Of Emerging Market. Vol 3, No 1, p14- [online] 18http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet?contentType=Article&Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/3010030103.html [accessed 6 June 2008]


Author. (Date) Article title, Journal Title. volume, part, pages

2.12 Conference proceedings


Farache (2008) makes this point clearly.

References

Farache, F. (2008) ‘How corporate social responsibility is publicized through print advertisements in Brazil and the UK: the case of Banco Real and Chevron’. Conference on Corporate Communication, June 6-9, Wroxton College, New York: Baruch College/City University of New York, pp115-129


Author surname, initial. (date) ‘Title of paper’. Conference Name, Date of conference, Location of conference, Place of publication: Publisher, pages

2.13 Newspaper articles


Schofield (2008) describes…

References

Schofield, J. (2008) ‘Can Jerry Yang survive at the top of Yahoo?’ The Guardian. 19 June 2008, p2


Author, (date) Title of article, Title of Newspaper. detailed date, page number(s)


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2.14 Corporate authors, reports, etc

Many pieces of work are not the responsibility of one individual as they are produced by an organization. This is known as a corporate author. In such instances the organization should be listed as the author.

2.15 Annual report

Note that the ‘author’ in this instance is a ‘corporate author’.


With profits rising (Marks & Spencer, 2007)…

References

Marks & Spencer (2007) Annual Review and Summary Financial Statements 2007. London: Marks & Spencer


Corporate Author (year), Report Title. Place, Publisher

2.16 Lecture notes or in-house publications

Note: provide the best details that you can.

In-text citation (sometimes referred to as source referencing or referencing in the text)Harris (2008) highlighted the …

References

Harris, C. (2008) ‘Performance Related Pay’. [Lecture notes] Brighton: University of Brighton Business School, Unpublished


Author. (date) Title of Lecture. [Medium] Place of publication: Publisher

2.17 Letters & other forms of personal communication

Note: Ordinarily personal forms of communication would not appear a in a published reference section as they would not be available to the

general reader.


Oakley (2008) pointed out…

References

Oakley, P. (2008) ‘Discussion on grade inflation’. [Personal communication] 22 April 2008


Author. (date)’ Title/Topic of communication’. [Medium] date


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2.18 Figures – tables – graphs - diagrams

Note: figures, tables, graphs and diagrams must always be numbered and labelled. They must also be included in your contents page.

For example, if you were to include a figure you had accessed from the MBA Handbook: Study Skills for Postgraduate Management Study, you would need to number the figure and, below the figure, give its source or, state that it was ‘adapted from’ plus the source. For example:

Figure 1: Relevance tree

Source: (Cameron, 2001, p125)


Relevance trees, such as figure 1 above (Cameron, 2001, p125) show…

References

Cameron, S. (2001) Relevance Tree, The MBA Handbook: Study Skills for Postgraduate Management Study. London: FT Prentice Hall


Author. (year) Title of table, Title. Place: Publisher

3 Examples: electronic sources

Students often have trouble referencing correctly from electronic sources - in part because this is a still an emerging area but mostly because they mistake something that they access via the internet as an electronic source when it is not. It is, therefore, particularly important that you read the following section carefully.

Remember that the same principle applies to electronic sources as apply to paper based sources. The reader must be able to track back to your source.The information that appears in your in-text citation must be the minimum amount of information that will take the reader directly to the ‘author’ in your reference section.

3.1 Citing in the text

When citing in the text you need only ‘author, date’, and remember, it may well be a ‘corporate author’.

3.2 What’s a ‘corporate’ author?

Where there is no personal author it is usual to reference by the body that commissioned the work, for example, government departments, companies and organisations.

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3.3 Reference section

In the reference section you need:• Full bibliographic details as well as the type of medium; e.g. CD-

Rom or Online, and this will appear in [square brackets].• The full web address with chevrons at the beginning and end; e.g.

<http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3714851.stm> • And finally, in square brackets, you need to include the date you

accessed the material; e.g. [accessed 24th April 2008].

3.4 Search engines are not valid sources

You must be careful not to mistake a search engine for the correct web address. Students should be reminded that ‘Google’, for example, is a search engine and therefore not to be used in your references.

The following is an example of a URL from Google for the Stern Report on climate change: http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&q=stern+report&btnG=Google+Search&meta= This just shows the search terms put in – not the result of the search. The first result from Google is the link to the URL: http://www.hmtreasury.gov.uk/independent_reviews/stern_review_economics_climate_change/sternreview_index.cfm

This would be the correct URL to include in the online part of the reference. The same applies to Altavista and Ask Jeeves etc.

3.5 Electronic article reference

Note: The ‘clues’ that this is an ‘e’ jounal article and not a print article are1) in the title of the jounal which is plainly called ‘Sociological Research Online’ and 2) the absence of page numbers. Because it it only available online you must include the URL address as shown below. In-text citation (sometimes referred to as source referencing or referencing in the text)According to Hammersley and Gomm (1997)…

ReferencesHammersley, M. & Gomm, R. (1997), ‘Bias in social research’. Sociological Research Online [Online], Vol 2 (Issue 1) Available at <http://www.socresonline.org.uk/socresonline/2/1/2html> [Accessed 16 June 1998]Bibliographic order – this is the order in which each detail must appearAuthor(s), (year) Title, Journal Title. [Online], volume (issue). Available at <URL> [Accessed date]

3.6 International electronic journal article

Note: If you include a foreign language article you must translate the t title into English.

In-text citation (sometimes referred to as source referencing or referencing in the text)Farache, Wanderley & Perks (2007) discuss this point…

References

Farache, F., Wanderley, L. & Perks, K. (2007) ‘Responsabilidade Social das Empresas na web: estrategias de divulgacao adotadas por empresas no Brasil e na Franca’. (‘Corporate Social Responsibility in the web: communication strategies adopted by French companies in Brazil and France’) Gestão.Org [ Online], Vol 5 (Issue 3), p. 414-435. Available at <http://www.gestaoorg.dca.ufpe.br/edicoes/N3_V5/GESTORG_2007_N3_V5_PARCERIAS_EXIB_01.pdf > [Accessed on 23 June 2008]


Author(s), (year) ‘Title’. (‘Translated title’), Journal Title [Online], volume (issue). Available at <URL> [Accessed date]


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3.7 Journal abstract from online database


Boughton’s (2002) proposal examines…

References

Boughton, J.M. (2002) ‘The Bretton Woods proposal: an in-depth look’. Political Science Quarterly, [Online] Vol 42 (Issue 6). Abstract from Blackwell Science Synergy database, <http://www.pol.upenn/articles, Blackwell Science Synergy [accessed 12 June 2005]Bibliographic order – this is the order in which each detail must appear

Author, (Date) Title of article. Title of Journal, [Medium] Volume (issue/part), page(s) <URL> [Accessed date]

3.8 Online newspaper articles with author byline


According to Grimston (2008)…

References

Grimston, J. (2008) ‘Nearly a quarter of students do not finish their university courses. What is going wrong?’ The Times, 24th February 2008 [Online] <http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sitesearch.do?query=student+retention+university>’ [Online] <http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sitesearch.do?query=student+retention+university> [accessed 15 March 2008]


Author, (date) Title of page/article. Title of Newspaper, detailed date [Medium] <URL> [Accessed date]

3.9 Online newspaper articles with no author byline

In-text citation (sometimes referred to as source referencing or referencing in the text)The latest university drop out rates (The Mail Online, 2006) show an …

References

The Mail Online (2006) University Drop Out Rates. The Mail Online, 7th August 2006 [Online]<http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-396598/University-dropout-rates.html%3E>[Accessed 15 March 2008]


Author (date) Title of page/article. Title of Newspaper, detailed date [Medium] <URL> [Accessed date]

3.10 Websites/Company Websites

In-text citation (sometimes referred to as source referencing or referencing in the text)L’Oreal (2009) offers oppurtunities in 5 major areas...

At Corus (2009) new business development is an important…

References

L’Oreal (2009) Careers [Online] < http://www.loreal.co.uk/_en/_gb/index.aspx> [accessed 14 June 2009]

Corus (2009) Technology [Online] < http://www.corusgroup.com/en/technology/> [accessed 14 June 2009]


Author, (date) ‘Title’. [Type of Medium], <URL address> [date accessed]


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3.11 Multiple references to website/company website

Note: Where you have cause to refer multiple times to a particular website it is useful to the reader if you differentiate the pages clearly using the a/b/c system as shown below.


According to recent studies of PlayStation gaming habits (BBC News 2004a, BBC News 2004b) there is a lot of....

References

BBC News, (2004a) ‘New PlayStation set for May debut’. [Online] <http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3886991.stm> [accessed 12th July 2004]

BBC News, (2004b) ‘Gaming pleasures to come’. [Online] <http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3714851.stm> [accessed 12th July 2004]


Author, (date) ‘Title’. [Type of Medium], <URL address> [date accessed]

3.12 Figures – tables – graphs - diagrams

Note: figures, tables, graphs and diagrams must always be numbered and sourced. They must also be included in your contents page

For example, if you were to include a table you had accessed from the Council of Mortgage Lenders, you would need to number the table and, below the table, give its source or, state that it was ‘adapted from’ plus the source. It would look like this: (see next page)

Table 1

Source: Council of Mortgage Lenders, 2008

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332,

500

417,

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473,

200

526,

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632,

600

699,

400

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0.43

0.40

0.39

0.33

0.37

0.54

0.70

0.65

0.64

0.58

0.63

0.73

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In-text citation (sometimes referred to as source referencing or referencing in the text)We can see in Table 1 above (CML, 2008) that…

References

Council of Mortgage Lenders, (2008) Table 1 Real GDP Growth. CML Housing and Mortgage Market Forecasts. Council of Mortgage Lenders [Online] <http://www.cml.org.uk/cml/statistics> [Accessed 22 June 2008]


Author, (year) Title of table, Title. Publisher [Medium] <URL> [date accessed]

3.13 Electronically sourced lecture notes – two examples:


Bachan (2008) states…Greener (2008) refers to…

References

Bachan, R. (2008) Lecture 11: The Labour Market. [Online lecture notes] delivered for EC161, Brighton University Business School <https://studentcentral.brighton.ac.uk/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab=courses&url=%2Fbin%2Fcommon%2Fcourse.pl%3Fcourse_id%3D_50054> [27 June 2008]

Greener, S.L. (2008) Collecting & Analysing Qualitative Data. [Online lecture] delivered for Research Methods module on 19th May 2008, Manchester, available from <https://studentcentral.brighton.ac.uk/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab=courses&url=%2Fbin%2Fcommon%2Fcourse.pl%3Fcourse_id%3D_50054> [Accessed 25.05.08]

Bibliographic order – this is the order in which each detail must appearAuthor, (date) Lecture title. [online lecture] delivered for module on date, Place, available from <URL> [date accessed]

3.14 Emails

Note: Ordinarily personal forms of communication would not appear in a published reference section as they would not be available

gggggg to the general reader.


Berry (2004) suggested that…ReferencesBerry, A. 2004. Business education in Sussex. [Email] Personal email to J. Smith. [28 Feb 2004].


Author, Year. Subject line from email posting. [Email] Type of posting (personal, to group, memo) [date accessed]

3.15 E-book


Fishman (2005) notes that…

References

Fishman, R. (2005) The Rise and Fall of Suburbia. [e-book] Chester: Castle Press, Available at <libweb.anglia.ac.uk/E-books [accessed 5 June 2005]


Author, (date) Title. [Medium] Place of publication: Publisher, <URL>

[Accessed date]


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3.16 CD-ROM

Note: This medium is now frequently used for the publication of ddddddconference proceedings.


Farache & Perks (2008) discussed legitimacy…

References

Farache, F. & Perks, K. (2008) ‘CSR in the oil industry’. 37th EMAC conference 2008, 27-30 May 2008, Brighton: EMAC, [CD ROM]


Author, (date) ‘Title of article’. Title of Conference Proceedings. date, place: publisher, [medium]

3.17 Radio or TV broadcast

In-text citation (sometimes referred to as source referencing or referencing in the text)Money Box Live (2008) revealed an interesting…

References

Money Box Live, (2008) [Online] Radio 4, 2 June 2008:15h02 <http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/moneybox/7425294.stm>[accessed 15 June 2008)


Title of Broadcast, (year) [medium] Station or Channel , date, month, year: time of broadcast, <web address> [date accessed]

3.18 Video or DVD


According to Orient Overseas (International) Limited (2004)…

Reference

Orient Overseas (International) Limited, (2004) ‘About Orient Overseas (International) Limited’. [Video] <http://www.ooilgroup.com/corporate/corporatevideo/> Hong Kong: OOIL


Corporate Author, (date) Title of Video or DVD. [Medium] Place of publication: Publisher. (Other relevant details if required)


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4 Example: Government publications

There are many kinds of Government publications and for a more comprehensive account we advise you to refer to The Stationery Office website @ www.parliament.co.uk.Government publications which are presented to Parliament are known as Command Papers. Most Command Papers are published in a numbered series. They can include State Papers; White Papers; Green Papers; government consultation documents; some government responses to Select Committee reports; Reports of Royal Commissions and some other Committees of Inquiry and, statistics and annual reports of some government bodies.

4.1 Official publications/command papers: example 1


According to the National Committee of Enquiry into Higher Education (1997)…

References

National Committee of Enquiry into Higher Education, (1997) Higher Education in the Learning Society. [Dearing report] London: HMSO.

• Note that although this may commonly be referred to as the ‘Dearing’ report it should not be listed under the name of the Chairman of the committee

Bibliographic order – this is the order in which each detail must appearAuthor/Name of committee, (Date) Title of Report. [additional identifying details] Place of publication: Publisher



According the recent report by the National Audit Office (2007)…

References

National Audit Office, (2007) Staying the Course: the retention of students in higher education. [The Comptroller And Auditor General] HC 616 Session 2006-2007, 26 July 2007, London: The Stationery Office [Online] available at <http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/06-07/0607616es.pdf> [accessed 12 June 2008]

Bibliographic order – this is the order in which each detail must appearAuthor/Name of committee, (Date) Title of Report. [additional identifying details] Place of publication: Publisher, [Medium] <URL> [date accessed]



These recently published figures (HM Treasury, 2008) clearly indicate…

References

HM Treasury, (2008) Central Government Supply Estimates: Main Supply Estimates. HC 479, 21 April 2008, London: The Stationery Office [Online] available at <http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/media/9/1/mainest08_fulldoc.pdf> [accessed 22 June 2008]


Author/Name of committee, (Date) Title of Report. [additional identifying details] Place of publication: Publisher [Medium] <URL> [date accessed]


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4.4 House of Commons Report

Note: that the abbreviation HC (House of Commons) is sometimes occused


In Jobs for the Girls, The House of Commons Business and Enterprise Committee (2008) reported…References

House of Commons, (2008) Great Britain Parliament Business and Enterprise Committee, Jobs for the Girls: Two Years on: Government Response to the Committee’s Second Report. London: The Stationery Office (HC paper; 634; Session 2007-08 Fourth Special Report of Session 2007-08)


Author/HC, (Date) ‘Great Britain Parliament’ Committee details, report title & number. Place of publication: Publisher. (paper details, number; Parliamentary Session)

4.5 House of Lords Report

Note: that the abbreviation HL (House of Lords) is sometimes used.


The House of Lords European Union Committee (2008) data on the Euro’s progress…

References

House of Lords, (2008) Great Britain Parliament European Union Committee 13th Report The Euro. London: The Stationery Office (HL paper; 90; Session 2007-08)


Author/HL, (Date) ‘Great Britain Parliament’ Committee details, report title & number. Place of publication: Publisher. (paper details, number; Parliamentary Session)


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4.6 An Act of Parliament

Note: There are some complex issues regarding numbering which dddare clearly discussed in House of Commons Information Office (2003) cccFactsheet 12: Tracing Acts of Parliament


The Community Care Act (Act of Parliament, 1990) confirms that…orThe Higher Education Act (Act of Parliament, 2004) considers…orThe Data Protection Act (Act of Parliament, 1998) rules that…

References

Act of Parliament, (1990) Great Britain Parliament. National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990. (Chapter 19) London: HMSO

Act of Parliament, (2004) Great Britain Parliament. Higher Education Act 2004. (Chapter 8) London: HMSO

Act of Parliament, (1998) Great Britain Parliament. The Data Protection Act 1998. (Chapter 29) London: HMSO


Act of Parliament, (Year) Great Britain Parliament. Title of Act and date. Chapter number, Place of publication: Publisher

5 Creating the reference section

• The reference section is one listing and must be arranged in alphabetical order by author surname.

• Books, journals and internet publications do not have separate lists.

• Consistency and accuracy are very important.• Where an author has published more than one work, list the

oldest work first.• The reference section must list every author to whom you have

referred in your own work.

Putting all this together, the reference section for the examples used in this guide would appear as follows.

Act of Parliament, (1990) Great Britain Parliament. National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990. (Chapter 19) London: HMSO

Act of Parliament, (1998) Great Britain Parliament. The Data Protection Act 1998. (Chapter 29) London: HMSO

Act of Parliament, (2004) Great Britain Parliament. Higher Education Act 2004. (Chapter 8) London: HMSO

Arnold, G. (2004a) Financial Times Guide to Investing: the definitive companion to investment and the financial markets. London: Financial Times

Arnold, G. (2004b) Handbook of Corporate Finance: a business companion to financial markets, decision & techniques. New York: Financial Times

BBC News, (2004a) ‘New PlayStation set for May debut’. [Online] <http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3886991.stm>[accessed 12th July 2004]

BBC News, (2004b) ‘Gaming pleasures to come’. [Online] <http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3714851.stm> [accessed 12th July 2004]

Boughton, J.M. (2002) ‘The Bretton Woods proposal: an indepth look’. Political Science Quarterly, [Online] 42 (6). Abstract from Blackwell Science Synergy


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database, <http://www.pol.upenn/articles, Blackwell Science Synergy> [accessed 12 June 2005]

Brewster, C., Carey, L., Dowling, P., Grobler, P., Holland, P. & Warnich, S. (2003) Contemporary Issues in Human Resource Management: gaining a competitive advantage. Cape Town: Oxford University Press

Brewster, C., Sparrow, P. & Vernon, G. (2007) International Human Resources Management. 2nd ed. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development

Cameron, S. (2001) Relevance Tree, The MBA Handbook: Study Skills for Postgraduate Management Study. London: FT Prentice Hall

Corus (2009) Technology [Online] <http://www.corusgroup.com/en/technology/> [accessed 14 June 2009]

Council of Mortgage Lenders, (2008) Table 1 Real GDP Growth. CML Housing and Mortgage Market Forecasts. Council of Mortgage Lenders [Online] <http://www.cml.org.uk/cml/publications/research>[Accessed 22 June 2008]

Farache, F. & Perks, K. (2008) ‘CSR in the oil industry’. 37th EMAC conference 2008, 27-30 May 2008, Brighton, EMAC, [CD ROM]

Farache, F., Wanderley, L. & Perks, K. (2007) ‘Responsabilidade Social das Empresas na web: estrategias de divulgacao adotadas por empresas no Brasil e na Franca’. (‘Corporate Social Responsibility in the web: communication strategies adopted by French companies in Brazil and France’) Gestão.Org [Online], V. 5 (3), p. 414-435. Available at <http://www.gestaoorg.dca.ufpe.br/edicoes/N3_V5/GESTORG_2007_N3_V5_PARCERIAS_EXIB_01.pdf> (Accessed on 23 June 2008]

Farache, F. (2008) ‘How corporate social responsibility is publicized through print advertisements in Brazil and the UK: the case of Banco Real and Chevron’. Conference on Corporate Communication, June 6-9, Wroxton College, New York: Baruch College/City University of New York, pp115-129

Fishman, R. (2005) The Rise and Fall of Suburbia. [e-book] Chester: Castle Press, Available at <libweb.anglia.ac.uk/E-books> [accessed 5 June 2005]

Greener, S.L. (2008) Collecting & Analysing Qualitative Data. [Online lecture] delivered for Research Methods module on 19th May 2008, Manchester, available from <http://campus.nccedu.com/resources/dotlrn/uowba/RM_9/pages/frames.html> [Accessed 25 May 2008)

Grimston, J. (2008) ‘Nearly a quarter of students do not finish their university courses. What is going wrong?’ The Times, 24th February 2008 [Online] <http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sitesearch.do?query=student+retention+university> [accessed 15 March 2008]

Hammersley, M. & Gomm, R. (1997), ‘Bias in social research’. Sociological Research Online [Online], 2 (1) Available at <http://www.socresonline.org.uk/socresonline/2/1/2html> [Accessed 16 June 1998]

Harris, C. (2008) ‘Performance Related Pay’. [Lecture notes] Brighton: University of Brighton Business School, unpublished

HM Treasury, (2008) Central Government Supply Estimates: Main Supply Estimates. HC 479, 21 April 2008, London: The Stationery Office [Online] available at <http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/media/9/1/mainest08_fulldoc.pdf> [accessed 22 June 2008]

Holbeche, L. (2001) Aligning Human Resources and Business Strategy. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann

Holscher, J., Bachan, R. & Stimpson, A. (2008) Oil Demand in China: An Econometric Approach. International Journal of Emerging Markets, Vol 3, No 1, p14

House of Commons, (2008) Great Britain Parliament Business and Enterprise Committee, Jobs for the Girls: Two Years on: Government Response to the Committee’s Second Report. London: The Stationery Office (HC paper; 634; Session 2007-08 Fourth Special Report of Session 2007-08)

House of Lords, (2008) Great Britain Parliament European Union Committee 13th Report The Euro. London: The Stationery Office (HL paper; 90; Session 2007-08)


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Huczynski, A. & Buchanan, D. (2007) Organizational Behaviour: an introductory text. 6th ed, London: Prentice Hall

Jay, D. (1998) The Essential Personnel Sourcebook. 2nd ed. London: Financial Times Pitman

Kotler, P. & Keller, K. (2008) Marketing Management. 13thed, London: Prentice Hall

L’Oreal (2009) Careers [Online] <http://www.loreal.co.uk/_en/_gb/index.aspx> [accessed 14 June 2009]

The Mail Online. (2006) University Drop Out Rates. The Mail Online, 7th August 2006 [Online]<http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-396598/University-dropout-rates.html> [Accessed 15 March 2008]

Marks & Spencer, (2007) Annual Review and Summary Financial Statements 2007. London: Marks & Spencer

Money Box Live, (2008) [Online] Radio 4, 2 Jun 2008:15h02<http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/moneybox/7425294.stm>[accessed 15 June 2008)

Mullins, L.J. (2007) Management and Organizational Behaviour. 8th ed, London: FT Prentice Hall

National Audit Office, (2007) Staying the Course: the retention of students in higher education. [The Comptroller and Auditor General] HC 616 Session 2006-2007, 26 July 2007, London: The Stationery Office [Online] available at<http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/06-07/0607616es.pdf>[accessed 12 June 2008]

National Committee of Enquiry into Higher Education, (1997) Higher Education in the Learning Society. [Dearing report] London: HMSO.

Orient Overseas (International) Limited, (2004) ‘About Orient Overseas (International) Limited’. [Video] <http://www.ooilgroup.com/corporate/corporatevideo/> Hong Kong: OOIL The Oxford English Dictionary, (2001) Vol 3, 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon

Puigjaner, L. & Heyen, G. (eds) (2006) Computer Aided Process and Product Engineering. Chichester: Wiley

Roberts, L. (2003) ‘Capital accumulation. Tourism and development processes in Central and Eastern Europe’, in D Hall (ed) Tourism and Transition: governance, transformation and development. Oxfordshire: Cabi Publishing, pp53-64

Schofield, J. (2008) ‘Can Jerry Yang survive at the top of Yahoo?’ The Guardian, 19 June 2008, p2

Shukla, P. & Cheng-Ting, C. (2008) ‘Buying behaviour in consumer to consumer (C2C) online auction commerce’, in C Veloutsour & N Papadopoulos (eds) Marketing in Dynamic Environments: Contemporary Research Advances. Athens: Atiner, pp207-220

Slack, N., Chambers, S. & Johnston, R. (2006) Operations Management. 5th ed, London: FT Prentice Hall


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6 Glossary

Anon This is the abbreviation for anonymous and can, if one is absolutely stuck, be used to signify author but, to be avoided if possible.

Bibliographic order This is the order in which each detail of the source must appear.

Circa This is Latin for ‘about’. It can be abbreviated to c1989, for example, when you are uncertain of the exact date.

Cite This means to quote or refer to.

Corporate author Many pieces of work are not the responsibility of one individual as they are produced by an organization. This is when we use the term, ‘corporate author’. In such instances the organization should be listed as the author.

Ellipsis If you omit any part of a quotation you should use an ellipsis which is 3 dots…

et al. This is the abbreviated form of et allia and means ‘and others’. Et al is always italicized

HMSO This stands for Her Majesty’s Stationery Office

ibid. This is Latin for ‘in the same place’ and when used is always italicized in the text.

n.d. This means ‘no date’. If you are unable to track down a date you should use the abbreviation n.d. (no date). This would appear in the text as ‘Harris (n.d.) has written about…

op cit. This is the Latin for ‘opere citato’ meaning in the work quoted and commonly used as ‘as opposite’.

Peer reviewed This means that a journal article has been reviewed by other respected academics in the field.

s.l. This is an abbreviation of the Latin for ‘sine loco’ meaning, no place of publication.

s.n. This is the Latin for ‘sine nomine’ meaning, no named publisher.

Source This is the place from which you gathered your information or ideas TSO This stands for The Stationery Office.


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7 Bibliography and notes

Anglia Ruskin University (2007) Harvard Referencing Guide [Online] <htp://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm?harvard_id=2#2> [Accessed 2 May 2008) Good resource – helpful guide

The Blue Pages; Brighton Business School, Undergraduate Modular Programme, Framework Regulations for the Undergraduate Modular Courses & General Notes for Guidance, The Blue Pages (2007) Brighton: Brighton Business School, University of BrightonMy starting point but now replaced by the new course handbooks.

The Central University of Queensland (2007) References/Bibliography HARVARD STYLEBased on AGPS 5th ed. How-to guide [Online]<http://www.library.uq.edu.au/training/citation/harvard_5.pdf>[Accessed12 April 2008]For a comprehensive look at referencing, particularly books and journals along with points of style

Coventry University (2007) Harvard Reference Style Guide, Coventry University [Online] <http://www.coventry.ac.uk/caw [accessed 2 May 2008]A good overall guide – can be downloaded as an Adobe document

Fisher, D & Harrison, T (1998) Citing References, Oxford: BlackwellHandy sized and cheaply priced. (£1.00)

House of Commons Information Office (2003) Tracing Acts of Parliament: Factsheet L12: Legislation series [Online] available at <http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/L12.pdf> [accessed 22 June 2008]Useful information for a complex task

The Stationery Office (2008) [Online]http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.com/pa/ld/ldeucom.htmPublications and records for Hansard, House of Commons, (HOC), House of Lords, (HOL) and Committees. The Stationery Office [Accessed 22 June 2008]Excellent source of information on all government publications

Taylor’s College (2007) Harvard Referencing [Online] <http://iportal.taylors.edu.my:8000/cgibin/gw_46_4_2/link/vtls_link.pl?file=/Harvard/hvbooks.html> [Accessed 12 April 2008]I need to include my debt to layout of bibliographic information which has been adapted from the above

University of Southern Queensland (2005) [Online]<http://www.usq.edu.au/library/Breeze/Fac_Business/Harvard_Referencing_A_Brief_Guide/>A powerpoint presentation which takes you through the main principles of Harvard referencing with linked interactive exercises on the last slide


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8 Notes:


References



References



References



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Documents

Brighton Business School Referencing Handbook