Brief Review of Threats to Canada's Groundwater From Oil Gas Industry's Methane Migration and Hydraulic Fracturing v4

7/28/2019 Brief Review of Threats to Canada's Groundwater From Oil Gas Industry's Methane Migration and Hydraulic Fractur

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As somebody who has reported for 20 years on this industry in [Alberta], I can tell you

I've met hundreds of people in this province who have signed confidentiality agreementsonce their water was blown, once their livestock was killed, once a member of their

family were inured, once they lost most of their grass or their trees as a result of foulingevents, contamination events, air pollution, you name it! It is common practice in this

province to buy people out, and then buy their silence !!! so there is no record of howthis industry "uite often performs badly!

Andrew #ikiforukpresenting at a frac workshop in $ochrane, Alberta, %eptember &0, 20&&

1993Husky Oils Gas Migration Research Effort an Update
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Nikiforukhttp://www.ernstversusencana.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/1993-04-09-Husky-Oils-Gas-Migration-Research-Effort-an-update.pdfhttp://www.ernstversusencana.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/1993-04-09-Husky-Oils-Gas-Migration-Research-Effort-an-update.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Nikiforuk


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This project began a decade ago.

It was made possible by the many seeking help and blatant refusal by people ofauthority to assist or tell the truth. Without them, I may not have persisted,even living with dangerous contamination after EnCana hydraulically fracturedmy community!s drinking water a"uifers, led at the time by EnCana CE# $wyn%organ, &ice 'resident $erard 'rotti (newly appointed by the provincialgovernment to chair the )lberta Energy *egulator+ and others.

Im grateful to the journalists, scientists and participants who share their workpublicly, so that communities and water might benefit.

%any thanks to those who gave their time editing, sharing information andsending links, reports and encouragement.

#btaining data on groundwater contamination caused by the oil and gas industryin Canada is nearly impossible because of confidentiality agreements (non-disclosure or gag orders+. These must be made illegal.

ull /isclosure0 I have thirty years e1perience working in the oil and gas industryin the western provinces of Canada and own 23 acres of land in )lberta.

Earlier editions of this report were submitted to the 4ew 5ork /epartment of

Environmental Conservation (6anuary 77, 8378+, the 9u:bec ;valuationEnvironnementale


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#ne issue on data gaps,Fyou know shale gas, my colleagues asked the federalgovernmentFwhat chemicals are being used on shale gas, and do they pose a risk tohuman health and the environment. We told parliament that right now the federalgovernment doesnt have a very good idea of that.

@ut, what I thought was discouraging, isFin me posing that "uestion, I was called anenvironmental e1tremist both by Tom lanagan on a C@C show and the 4ational 'ostand I think that was a reflection of some of the bullying G unfortunately G that someenvironmental groups e1perienced in asking basic "uestions about what is the state ofCanadas environment. ...

I think what smarted with me about that phrase was, Ive seen too many othercommunity-based groups right across this country working on environmentalprotection to safeguard children, toFshield infants from to1ins, from carcinogens Ftheyve been called radicals.

I dont take this at all personally, but Ive seen a pattern of bullying and thats what Ifind is e1tremely disturbing. ...

It also makes me appreciate how important it is for public participation, forengagement with civil society, for transparency in any environmental program, to buildup trust and avoid name calling.


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Contents

Section Page

1. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment 5

2. National Inventory of Groundater 5

!. "osen#erg International $orum on %ater Policy 5

&. 'ocumented cases of frac(ing contaminating groundater )

5. Industry and Encana advertise there are no documented cases *

). +SGS, Coal#ed methane -CM/ develo0ment contaminated ater ells in the +S *

*. $ive homes at Calmar to #e destroyed #ecause of industry(s leaing methane *

3. "oss 'ress4$or4ess 'e0artment Store e60losion caused #y industry(s leaing methane *

7. 8usy(s 177! Gas Migration "e0ort, ig 0ro#lem9 im0ossi#le to com0letely fi6 3

1:. 'r. ;arlis Muehlen#achs and l#erta Energy "egulator ulletin G4774:) 1:11. Increased methane in groundater ith increased drilling density 12

12. Industry caused gas migration, serious< ide4s0read 0ro#lem 1!

1!. Inade=uate cement 1)

1&. It(s a orld4ide 0ro#lem 1*

15. $rac4related incidents in l#erta, >Massive undertaing...millions of 0ages of records? 17

1). Ca0tured academia 17

1*. 8istoric ater ell records in l#erta, Most ith no gas 0resent #efore oil @ gas 21

13. CM is hydraulically fractured< Encana says it(s not 2&

17. Ao6ic chemicals and aste dum0ing< or Bands0raying %hile 'rillingB 2*

2:. l#erta(s aseline %ater %ell Aesting Standard, Not standardied< not #aseline !:

21. dverse health effects !2

22. Ne runsic, $racturing ith nitroglycerin and methane leas into ater ells !2

2!. Nova Scotia, "adioactive frac aste !!

2&. =uifer dradon !!

25. l#erta Environment, No 0rotocol< not o#Dective !&

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2). Numerous groundater contamination cases caused #y the oil and gas industry !&

2*. Gas migration legal case, %on #y the ater ell oners !&

23. 8utchinson< ;ansas e60losion, Industry(s gas migrated nearly * miles illing to !&

27. Good ater ells #ecome #etter gas ells than ater ells !5

!:. l#erta "esearch Council -l#erta Innovates/, Natural methane release is rare !5

!1. ruce ac methane and ethane contaminated ater ell e60losion and others !5

!2. Fs#orne et al, 1*6 more methane in ater ells near drilled and frac(d ells !7

!!. ain#ridge home e60losion caused #y ater ith less methane than at "ose#ud &:

!&. Canadian ssociation of Petroleum Producers "e0ort, 1 mgl methane H e60losion ris &1

!5. If Encana at Pavillion is Balmost negligenceB< hat is EnCana at "ose#ud &!

!). Jimmerman(s contaminated ater at %etasiin K methane< ethane and more &)

!*. Cam0#ell(s contaminated ater at Ponoa 4 methane< ethane< 0ro0ane< 82S< etc. &*

!3. %ho refuses to coo0erate 5:

!7. l#erta Environment, Lent your methane contaminated ater yourself 5:

&:. l#erta "esearch Council -no l#erta Innovates/, Errors and omissions 51

&1. E"C "e0ort, $rac(ing BaccidentallyB contaminated groundater at Grande Prairie 52

&2. E"C "e0ort, Innisfail #lo4out caused #y frac(ing< no fines or 0unishment 5!

&!. "egulators, %ater contamination #y the oil and gas industry BneverB ha00ens 5!

&&. "egulators, Ignore science and real #aseline testing recommendations 5!

&5. Canada(s Environment Commissioner on frac(ing and chemical non4disclosure 5!

&). l#erta(s 1*1


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1. Groundater is a critical resource for nearly )::%e ould not manage our #an accounts ithoutmonitoring hat as in them.?1l#erta and Canada no manage their groundater this ay.

ctivities of the oil and gas industry greatly im0act groundater. Ahe +S Environmental Protectiongency -EP/ estimated in 1772 that 2::have #ecome conduits for no6ious li=uids that #u##le u0 from dee0 #elothe earth(s surface to ill cro0s and taint drining ater.? 2

ccording to a 2::2 orsho0 s0onsored #y the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment-CCME/< drilling sum0s< flare40its< s0ills and ru0tured 0i0elines as ell as leay a#andoned oil andgas ells can all act as local sources of groundater contamination. Given that little is non a#outthe long4term integrity of concrete seals and steel casings in )::#aseline hydrogeologicalinvestigations in coal#ed methaneQ.to #e a#le to recognie and trac groundater contaminants.?!

The shale gas boom combined with hydraulic fracking will cause wellbores to leak moreoften than run-of-the-mill conventional wells. The problem is going to get worse, not

better.D

/r. arlis %uehlenbachs

Not until nine years later< in 2:11< after an l#erta grou0 demanded a moratorium on hydraulicfracturing in 0aid ads in local nes0a0ers5)and held a frac orsho0*< did the Canadian governmentannounce that it ould initiate to revies -not studies/ of hydraulic fracturing< #ut only for shale gas

-not tight or shale oil< or gas from CM and tight sands/9 one revie is #y Environment Canada< theother #y the Council of Canadian cademies.3Ahe Council(s 1) mem#er 0anel and chair ere selectedin 2:12.7 Aheir re0ort is #eing 0re0ared for 0eer4revie and the 0anel(s final meeting is in une2:1!.1:

In 2:1!< the Council of Canadians released results to anAccessto Information Actre=uest on therevies shoing that they rely on the Canadian ssociation of Petroleum Producers -CPP/< Canada(slargest oil and gas industry lo##y grou0< to understand chemicals used and >#etter understand industry0lans? for using CPP(s voluntary< unenforcea#le o0erating 0ractices.11

2. Government documents ac=uired under theAccessto Information Act#y researcher ;en "u#in

revealed that >Canadians are currently facing serious groundater =uality and availa#ility issues. QAhere is no visi#le federal ater 0olicy agenda nor a common agenda for the hole country.? Ao dateonly three of eight ey regional a=uifers have #een ma00ed and that only eleven of !: ey a=uifersill #e assessed for >volume< vulnera#ility and sustaina#ility #y 2:1:.? t this current rate of 0rogressit ill tae another 23 years to develo0 a #asic National Inventory of groundater resources. 12

!. 2::* revie of l#erta groundater 0rograms #y the "osen#erg International $orum on %aterPolicy declared l#ertas groundater 0olicies >inade=uate? and re0orted a >lac of com0rehensivemonitoring systems.? Ahe re0ort added that >e60loitation of l#ertas energy resources is 0roceeding

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at a 0ace much faster than had #een antici0ated? #ut that there had #een no 0arallel acceleration in the0rotection of ater resources. monitoring netor >is the last line of defense against contamination#y industries that are essential to the economic future of the 0rovince.?1!

Each dot and line mars oil activity in and around Cromer< southest Manito#a.1&

There are too many big companies out here now, competing for monopoly. There was adeliberate dump last year right beside a well and uphill from a nearby creek.

The company left it for the creek to clean up.Carlyle 6orgensen, Cromer %anitoba armer15

&. In 173*< the +S Environmental Protection gency documented that hydraulic fracturing #y industryhad contaminated groundater.1) Ahe Ne or Aimes Ian +r#ina re0orted that more cases eresealed #y settlements and confidentiality agreements.1* 1737 0eer4revieed 0a0er re0orted that>hydraulic fracturing stimulation? for light oil< in several ells in a lo 0ermea#le sandstone reservoirin southest Manito#a< 0ro0agated into the underlying ater one,

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$olloing the unsuccessful stimulation of several ells in the South Pierson field herehydraulic fractures 0ro0agated into the underlying ater one< a com0rehensive re4evaluationand detailed design effort as im0lemented to minimie the 0otential for ater 0roduction. ...Ideally< the hydraulic fracture created should e6tend laterally ithin the one of interestIn use for more than): years throughout the oil and gas industry< there are no documented cases of groundatercontamination related to the hydraulic fracturing 0rocess.?2:

). In the +S< #y the early 177:s numerous ater contamination cases and lasuits had s0rung u0 in

coal#ed methane -CM/ develo0ment areas.

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>In a to4year study< +nited States Geological Survey-+S Geological Survey/ scientists found methane gas in one4third of ater ells ins0ected andconcluded that oil and gas drilling is the main source of contamination of the shallo a=uifers in thenimas "iver Lalley.... ased in 0art on the R+S Geological Survey re0ort< layers re0resentinghundreds of area residents filed a class4action lasuit $e#. 11 charging four oil com0anies 4 mocoProduction Com0any< Meridian Fil Inc.< Southland "oyalty Com0any< and Philli0s Petroleum 4 ithreclessness and deli#erate disregard for the safety of local residents. Ahe suit says the four oilcom0anies ignored their tests< hich shoed that methane from their dee0 ells as 0olluting shalloa=uifers< and ass for #oth actual and 0unitive damages.?22

*. Industry and the l#erta government have re0orted leaage of gas and other contaminants intogroundater and atmos0here from old or a#andoned oil and gas facilities for decades. In 2::3< threeells drilled and a#andoned in the 5:s and ):s #y Ae6aco< #ut the res0onsi#ility of Im0erial Fil afterthe to com0anies merged< ere found leaing ithin the ton limits of Calmar< l#erta. -Ahere are atotal of 2) energy ells ithin the ton limits./ Fne leaing ell as found in a 0laygroundsurrounded #y homes< another as found #ecause of #u##ling gas in a 0uddle ne6t to an elementaryschool. $our homes ere demolished to allo a rig in to re4a#andon and seal the ells< and thefamilies relocated.2!nother family is suing #ecause the com0any is refusing to 0ay fair maretvalue.2&

>Ahe controversy has led to =uestions a#out other l#erta neigh#ourhoods. ....many residents in educCounty are also living near gas ell sites and aren(t even aare of it. ... nother ell site as foundunder the 0avement of a cul4de4sac in educ County. ... n em0loyee ith the Aon of Calmar says itis common 0ractice to #uild 0ars and roads on to0 of ell sites< #ut not homes.?25

3. >ate in the afternoon of March 2&< 1735< methane gas that had #een accumulating ignited in anau6iliary room of the "oss 'ress4$or4ess 'e0artment Store...in...os ngeles. Ahe resultinge60losion #le out the indos and 0artially colla0sed the roof of the structure< reduced the storeinterior to a hea0 of tisted metal and resulted in inDuries re=uiring hos0ital treatment of tenty4three0eo0le. Police closed off four #locs around an eerie scene of s0outing gas flames that continuedthrough the night. ... Ahe Aas $orce then ent on to 0resent a scenario of shallo (#iogenic( methane

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#eing dis0laced and 0ressuried #y a rising ater ta#le....an imaginative e60lanation.... Arou#lesomelegal issues ere eliminated#y this conclusion< the implication being that the methane hazardcould exist virtually anywhere, so no human agency was at fault for its workings.?2)REm0hasisadded

ears after a class action lasuit as settled out of court ith gag orders< further study revealed that

corroded< leaing energy ell #ore casing and high 0ressure inDections ere at fault< not #iogenicmethane or sam0 gas and a rising ater ta#le,

InDection as at surface 0ressures of u0 to **: R0ounds 0er s=uare inch giving rise to agradient of a#out :.* 0sift ithin the su#surface near the 0oint of inDection. %e conclude thatthis resulted in e0isodic fracturing of the Ahird Street fault. Q Clearly the 0henomenon ofmethane venting in the ur#an environment can #e haardousQ.2*

Ahe studies continue,

Ignoring these issues could result in su#stantial legal lia#ility u0on oilfield o0erator and u0on

those res0onsi#le for the 0u#lic safety. ... Lirtually all ell leas can #e traced to 0oor ellcom0letion andor a#andonment 0rocedures -e.g.< 0oor cementing 0ractices/. ... Aests shoedthat even hen the most u04to date cement ty0es and techni=ues are used< leaage can and illoccur in a significant num#er of cases.... Numerous fields have accumulations of hydrogensulfide that ill eventually destroy the integrity of #oth the steel and cement relied u0on to0rovide 0rotection against gas migration.... Ahe corrosive conditions of hydrogen sulfide areell non< and have defied engineering solutions.... Ahe aterflooding for enhanced oilfieldrecovery can #e a dangerous 0ractice due to hydraulic fracturing hich ould create avenuesfor the migration of gas to the surface creating an e60losive haard. 23

7. 8usy 177! re0ort27states, >Gas migration has received increasing attention in recentyearsQ.industry and regulators have #ecome more cogniant Rof the 0ro#lem< in terms of thenum#ers of ells affected< the 0otential cost to address the 0ro#lems and the technical difficulty ofcom0letely sto00ing the leaageQ.the e60ected costs to eliminate gas migration are T!::roughly half the ells? in the area they studied ere affected #ut >littleconsistent data as o#tained ith res0ect to the causes of the 0ro#lem or hat might #e done a#outitQa technical solution hich totally eliminates the 0ro#lem may never #e 0ossi#le.? 8usy ased if0art of the gas migration 0ro#lem is caused #y >natural sources? or #iogenic sam0 gas using industryell#ores as conduits. -"efer also to $igure 1 on Page 7./

Ahe National Energy oard re0orts that unconventional drilling and hydraulic fracturing in Canadatargets >#iogenic? and thermogenic methane, >$or e6am0le< the natural gas 0roduced from the Second%hite S0ecs Shale of l#erta and Sasatchean comes from shallo #urial -it is shallo enoughthat gas is still #eing generated #y #acteria/< hile the natural gas from the 'evonian 8orn "iverasin and Ariassic Montney shales as generated during dee0 #urial. Ahe +tica Shale of ue#ec has#oth shallo and dee0 sections and there is 0otential for #oth #iogenic and thermogenic natural gasshallo< #iogenic tight4shale


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177! Schematic from, 8usy Fils Gas Migration "esearch Effort K an +0date

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http://www.ernstversusencana.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/1993-04-09-Husky-Oils-Gas-Migration-Research-Effort-an-update.pdfhttp://www.ernstversusencana.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/1993-04-09-Husky-Oils-Gas-Migration-Research-Effort-an-update.pdf


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reservoirs< is the shalloer resource has loer drilling costs. Q ut the shallo 0lay also has itschallenges...Ahere are a 0ile of clays K and they are susce0ti#le to ater im#i#ition and selling K thatcan cause serious reservoir 0ro#lems.?!1

1:. 'r. ;arlis Muehlen#achs< geoscientist at the +niversity of l#erta< develo0ed the techni=ue ofsourcing industry4caused leas< namely Surface Casing Lent $lo -SCL$/ and Gas Migration -GM/Aherefore< the RE+ and Sasatchean Energy and Mines -SEM/ are 0re0ared to acce0tthe use and validity of this method on a site s0ecific #asis. 'evelo0ment and availa#ility of high=uality regional data#ases< containing inter0reted analytical and geological information< are necessary0rere=uisites to defensi#le< e6tra0olated diagnoses for SCL$GM 0ro#lems. Ahe need to involve=ualified e60ertise is also necessary.?!!

In 2::*< the E+ 0resented that the >shalloer< u00er 0art? of industry ell #ores -here much of the

#iogenic gas is/ have >higher 0otential for leaage? than dee0 0roduction ones,

!&

study #y GSI Environmental Inc. and Ca#ot Fil and Gas Cor0. released in May 2:1! on themethane migration 0ro#lems in Sus=uehanna County< Pennsylvania< >suggests that gases 0resent inlocal ater ells are most consistent ith Middle and +00er 'evonian gases sam0led in the annulars0aces of local gas ells< as o00osed to Marcellus 0roduction gases.? !5

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In 2:11< 'r. Muehlen#achs 0resented in %ashington -slides included #elo/ that more than *:O ofcasing gases come from intermediate layers of energy ell #ores< not the target one,!)

...

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Industry re0orts that the methane they are targeting in shallo shales< coals and tight sands is #iogenicor >natural?9 ** of the industry coal#ed methane -CM/ ells -com0leted #eteen a#out 25: and *!:m #elo surface/ in l#erta studied #y the E"C contained #iogenic methane.!*

11. Ahe Canadian ssociation of Petroleum Producers -CPP/< founded and chaired for 1) years #y Mr.Gerard . Protti< a 0ast EnCana e6ecutive< noted the 0ro#lem of methane migration dramatically

increased hen drilling density increased.!3

Ahis trend has also #een re0orted in the +nited States.!7

l#erta researchers re0orted natural gas leaage along ell #ores of a#out 5:O of oil ells in esternCanada.&:CPP also re0orted that ell #ores ere leaing gas and contaminating groundater< &1 andhigh #uildu0 0ressures may force gas into underground ater a=uifers &2years #efore the ne>e60erimental? high 0ressure< densely drilled hydraulic fracturing #egan.

Ahe +S Environmental Protection gency -EP/ revieed im0acts to groundater from hydraulicfracturing as it 0ertains to CM 0roduction,

$racturing fluids inDected into the target coal one flo into fractures under very high 0ressure.Ahe hydraulic gradients driving fluid flo aay from the ell during inDection are much

greater than the hydraulic gradients 0ulling fluid flo #ac toards the 0roduction ell duringflo#ac and 0roduction 0um0ing. Some 0ortion of the coal#ed methane fracturing fluidscould be forced along the hydraulically induced fracture to a point beyond the capture

zone of the production well.Ahe sie of the ca0ture one ill #e affected #y the regionalgroundater gradients< as ell as #y the dradon caused #y the ell.

If fracturing fluids have been injected to a point outside of the wells capture zone, they

will not be recovered through production pumping and, if mobile, may be available to

migrate through an auifer.&!REm0hasis added

0eer4revieed 0a0er 0u#lished inMarine and Petroleum Geology -the lead author is the 'irector ofDurham Energy Institute -studied vertical fracture 0ro0agation from a limited dataset,

Ahe ma6imum re0orted height of an u0ard 0ro0agating hydraulic fracture from severalthousand fracturing o0erations in the Marcellus< arnett< %oodford< Eagleford and Nio#rarashale -+S/ is U533 m. Ff the 11*: natural hydraulic fracture 0i0es imaged ith three4dimensional seismic data offshore of %est frica and mid4Noray it is U11:) m. ...

Constraining the 0ro#a#ility of stimulating unusually tall hydraulic fractures in sedimentaryrocs is e6tremely im0ortant as an evidence #ase for decisions on the safe vertical se0aration#eteen the de0th of stimulation and roc strata not intended for 0enetration. ...

'es0ite the limitations of the datasets it is clear most of the natural hydraulic fractures re0ortedhere are 2:: 4 &:: m in height and that very fe natural fracture systems re0orted to date0ro0agate #eyond a height of *:: m. Ahe tallest is 11:) m< hich is com0ara#le to thetallest inDectites documented. ...

Vseth et al. -2:11/ re0orted that 0ressure 0roWles from the inDection ell sho a ste0isefracturing of the over#urden and that fractures actually 0ro0agated for 7:: m reaching thesurface -the sea#ed/.&&

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Ahe E"C(s Ste0han achu and inde0endent consultant Aeresa %atson -later a00ointed to the oard/0resented in Paris< $rance that an increase in the num#er of ater ells in heavily fractured oil andgas fields increases >the lielihood that gas< due to migration through shallo ones< can accumulatein #uildings.?&5 fe years later< $rance #ecame the first country to mae frac(ing illegal.&)

12. In ue#ec< as of anuary 2:12< more than 5:O of !1 ne shale ells ins0ected -1: had #een frac(d/Ensem#le 0our l(avenir dura#le du Grand Gas0X? via $reedom of Information admits thatnatural gas is leaing to surface near the 8aldimand 1 PXtrolia oil ell drilled in Gas0X. eas eredetected &!m and 5::m from the oil ell< and in the field near to government research monitoringater ells. -Similarly< in Ne or State< documents o#tained via $reedom of Information sho thatState ins0ectors found a ne unfrac(d vertical shale gas ell leaing in the Aon of Fego and didnot advise the 0u#lic.5&/

Ahe ue#ec regulator has not yet taen sam0les of the gas at surface or the groundater for isoto0icfinger0rinting and has not arned the community of the leas.55Ahe regulator re0ort suggests that thegas could #e >#iogenic?.5)

PXtrolia 2::) 0ress release on 8aldimand 1 states,

Ahe ell seems to have 0enetrated an over40ressuried one of 0ermea#le rocs containinggas< salt ater and oil.5*

Ahe PXtrolia e#site currently claims,

ased on data gathered since 173)< PXtrolia and uX#Xnergie #elieve traditional 0roduction isfeasi#le on the 8aldimand de0osit. Ahis means hydraulic fracturing ill not #e necessary.53

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Com0any 0ress releases on the e#site indicate that fluids have #een inDected< and media re0ortsindicate that frac(ing is re=uired.57PXtrolia used Section 25 of the $reedom of Information la to0revent citiens from accessing information on a methane lea detected at an e60loratory oil ell onnticosti Island.):

In 'ecem#er 2:12< the ton of Gas0X< anting to 0rotect its drining ater su00ly and groundaterany su#stance that could alter the=uality of the underground or surface ater? used for human or animal consum0tion ithin 1:ilometres of a munici0al surface ater su00ly site and to ilometres from any ton ell.)1PXtrolias drill sites are a#out 5 ilometres from the ton. In 0ril 2:1!< PXtrolia >filed a motion fordeclaratory Dudgment ith the ue#ec Su0erior Court asing that a #yla ado0ted #y the ton 'ec.17 #e declared invalid.?)2

May 15< 2:1!< the ue#ec government ta#led legislation to im0ose a five year moratorium one60loration for shale gas in the St. arence "iver valley. )!Ahe legislation allos frac(ing elsehereAhere is a tem0oral trend of increasing methane in groundater sam0les over the lastseven years coincident ith the increased num#er of gas ells installed in the study area.? )* In 2::7in areas of high elldensity< ell4to4ell cross flo may occur in a single ell leaing to surface through many near#yell#ores.?)3

Canadas National Energy oard re0orted that only 2:O of fractured gas is recovera#le9)7>thecirculating gas left #ehind ill threaten the ater ue#ecers drin and could Deo0ardie agriculture.? *:

2:12 0eer4revieed 0a0er summaries some common causes of gas migration,

t the time of drilling the ell< many fractures are formed oing to the 0ercussion activity ofthe drill #it. In addition< cementing o0erations 0ressurie the ell#ore further ith the 0otentialof creating additional fractures. 'uring the cement s=ueeing o0erations< the ell#ore may #eeven further hydraulically fractured. Ahese vertical fractures may e6tend for tens of feet fromthe ell#ore de0ending u0on the characteristics of the formation and the inDection 0ressuresused for 0lacement of the cement. Ahe cement ill fill some of the larger fractures surrounding

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the casing< #ut the cement 0articles cannot enter the smaller fractures aay from the ell#ore.Ahe end result is that a fracture system is created 0arallel to the ell#ore forming a 0otential0ath for the migration of gas.

cidiing< a common 0ractice in revitaliing oilells< causes acid to enter the 0ore channelsand fractures of the reservoir< usually under high 0ressure< fracturing and etching -idening/ of

0re4e6isting fractures. Fver time< the ring of cement around the ell casing is damaged #ydeformation -caused #y tectonic and seismic movements and su#sidence oing to oilfieldo0erations/ and #y chemical decom0osition. $ormation fluids usually corrode #oth the cementand casing< generating additional 0aths for future migration of gas and fluids #y #reaing donthe intended cement seal. Ahe #readon of the cement can o0en 0aths for the flo of gas andli=uid #ehind the casing. Corrosion also results in casing leas -holes/. ...

ny holes in the casing and the surrounding cement sheath in the annular s0ace #eteen thecasing and the ell#ore< ithin the calculated >one of esca0e


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.. #asin is due to leas from the oil and gas industry< hich corres0onds to a 1* 0ercent lea rate forthe os ngelesKarea oil and gas o0erations.?**

Isoto0ic finger0rinting of several a=uifer gas sam0les collected over a decade ago for Im0erial Fil inthe Cold ae area >indicate a contri#ution of hydrocar#ons from dee0er geologic strata that reflectnon releases of 0roduction fluids from leas in ell casing.?*3

In 2::)< a ater sam0ling com0any noted that natural gas leas from surface casing vents in esternCanada had >the 0otential to contaminate ground4ater< ill vegetation and #ecome a safetyconcern.?*7 2::2 field study #y Arican %ell Service and 8usy Energy re0orted that the 0ercentageof leaing ells ranged from 12O in the Aangleflag area in eastern l#erta to as high as 3:O in the##ey gas field in southern l#erta.3:

In 2::&< the E"C re0orted that the num#er of leaing gas ells in the %a#anum ae area increasedfrom none in 177: to more than 1&: in 2::&.31

Schlum#erger %ell Cementing Services re0orts gas migration 0ro#lems at 25O in l#ertas heavy oil

fields.

32

Ahe E"C re0orted in 1777 that there ere >!31: ells ith active surface casing vent floand 31& ith gas migration 0ro#lems in l#erta


19/93

industry 0u#lication Gas!IP"re0orted, > chronic 0ro#lem for the oil and gas industry is failure toachieve reservoir isolation as a result of 0oor 0rimary cement Do#s< 0articularly in gas ells....remedials=ueee treatment is e60ensive and treating 0ressures may #readon the formation? and that thereare areas in l#erta and Sasatchean that have historically had gas migration 0ro#lems< >on average5*O of gas ells develo0 gas migration after the 0rimary cement Do#.?71

1&. l#erta industry data shos that >ell#ore deviation is a maDor factor affecting overall ell4#oreleaage? and that in the test area a#out ):O of deviated ells ere found leaing< a#out 5:O morethan the area average< cement slum0ing and casing centraliation ere suggested reasons hy. Ahedata also shos a strong correlation #eteen the 0ercentage of ells leaing and oil 0rice. 72

Ahe E"C re0orted that shallo hydraulic fracturing is >high ris?7!and in their original 'irective:2* that shallo fracturing harmed oilfield ells -#y communication events/ and information0rovided #y industry >shos there may not alays #e a com0lete understanding of fracture0ro0agation at shallo de0ths and that 0rograms are not alays su#Dect to rigorous engineeringdesign.?7&E6am0les of shallo frac communication events ere filed ith the E"C.75

In 2:1:< the ritish Colum#ia Fil and Gas Commission released a Safety dvisory #ecause of dee0fracture communication incidents< 13 in ritish Colum#ia< one in estern l#erta. Ahe dvisorystates,

large ic as recently taen on a ell #eing horiontally drilled for unconventional gas0roduction in the Montney formation. Ahe ic as caused #y a fracturing o0eration #eingconducted on an adDacent horiontal ell. $racture sand as circulated from the drillingell#ore< hich as )*:m from the ell#ore undergoing the fracturing o0eration.... $racturefluids introduced into 0roducing ells results in sus0ended 0roduction< su#stantial remediationcosts and 0ose a 0otential safety haard. Incidents have occurred in horiontal ells ithse0aration distances #eteen ell #ores ranging from 5:m to *15m.

$racture propagation via large scale hydraulic fracturing operations has proven difficult

to predict. %xisting planes of weakness in target formations may result in fracture lengths

that exceed initial design expectations.7)REm0hasis added

Fne of the Safety dvisory recommendations is that >o0erators coo0erate through notifications andmonitoring of all drilling and com0letion o0erations here fracturing taes 0lace ithin 1:::m ofell #ores e6isting or currently #eing drilled.? Ahis safety recommendation is not ado0ted #y eitherthe l#erta or ritish Colum#ia regulator for shallo or dee0 fracture o0erations near farms< homesCom0anies are not re=uired tore0ort such events.?7* In March 2:11< at an EP frac orsho0< 'en#ury "esources 0resented andconcluded, >Even ith the tools availa#le to 0erform fracture diagnostics o0erators are still faced ithchallenges that are difficult to 0redict. &s well density increases it becomes increasingly probablethat wells will communicate either through previously created fractures or through adjacent

wellbores and then into previously created fractures.?73REm0hasis added

1*


20/93

In anuary 2:12< after the Innisfail frac #lo4out ->0ressure that #uilt u0 in one esca0ed to the other#ore4hole? and >fracing fluid leaed to the surface?77/< the E"C released a list of dee0< horiontalfrac communication events in l#erta -e6cluding shallo andor vertical events/ #ut did not 0ost thisinformation on their e#site,

Since 2::3< almost 2

Ahe E+ e60ects licensees to conduct all drilling and com0letion o0erations at any de0th ithtechnical due diligence and in com0liance ith E+ re=uirements. Ahe E+ also #elieves it is0rudent for industry to carefully design and monitor fracturing o0erationsQ. dditionally< allfracture treatments mustQnot reach any other ell#ore< including #oth oilfield ells and aterells< at any 0oint during the 0rocess of fracturing.1:!

Ahe E"C admitted that 21 dee0 frac communication events had occurred in 2:12 alone,

Curran says that since the E"C #egan monitoring interell#ore communication this yeareachand every #lo4out< frac4out< communication event< and or loss of control or 0ressure duringcom0letion< 0erforating< acidiing< hydraulic fracturing and or stimulating of energy ells? #ythreatening to a00ly to l#erta(s Information and Privacy Commissioner for authoriation to disregardthe access re=uest >on the #asis that it is unclear< frivolous and ve6atious? unless the re=uest asnarroed or clarified.

(esponding to such a reuest would reuire a massive undertaking on the part of the

%(C)* potentially in the order of millions of pages of records.1:7REm0hasis added

Pennsylvania nes0a0er filed a "ight to ;no re=uest to the 'e0artment of EnvironmentalProtection -'EP/ for records on ater contamination caused #y the oil and gas industry. Ahe 'EPrefused to release the records for a variety of reasons< including claiming that the records are nottraced.11:Ahis as challenged #y the 0a0er and the 'EP as ordered to release the records under"ight to ;no a. Ahe 'EP a00ealed the order to the Commonealth Court< claiming the 0a0er(sre=uest as too #road and #urdensome. Ahe Court ruled against the 'EP and the 0a0er o#tained andsummaried the records,111>oil and gas drilling had damaged 1)1 ater su00lies #eteen 2::3 and2:12< ground4#reaing information that the 'EP should #e a#le to 0rovide to the 0u#lic as a matter ofcourse.?112

Ernst tried for four years via $reedom of Information to o#tain 0u#lic records on methanecontaminated ater ells in l#erta< inning a 2:12 order11!to receive the records< only to #e refused#y l#erta Environment #ecause of the lasuit.11&

Theyll frack each well up to 83 times. Each time the pressure will shudder and bang thepipes in the wellbore. The cement is hard and the steel is soft. If you do it all the time

you are going to break bonds and cause leaks. Its a real major issue.77>


1). re0ort released in 2:12 #y the Energy Institute at the +niversity of Ae6as called for more science onhydraulic fracturing and re0orted that a >lac of #aseline studies in areas of shale gas develo0ment

maes it difficult to evaluate the long4term< cumulative effects and riss associated ith hydraulicfracturing.?11)

>eas in 0art of the ell #ore could mean gas getting into ater ells near#y. ut the same thingha00ens in conventional gas 0roduction. Q%e havent found anycommunity here ins0ection0ractices< 0re4develo0ment conditions< monitoring of develo0ment and 0ost4develo0ment assessmenthas #een done according to #est 0ractices.?11*REm0hasis added

17


22/93

The Energy Institute re0ort clearly covered gas migration into groundater caused #y drilling ands0ecifically hydraulic fracturing,

+n0lanned releases of natural gas in the su#surface during drilling may result in a #loout ofthe ell or migration of gas #elo the surface to near#y houses< here the gas may accumulatein concentrations high enough to cause an e60losion. Q Many #loouts ha00en as a result of

the failure of the integrity of the casing or the cementing of the casing such that high40ressurefluids esca0e u0 ell #ore and flo into su#surface formations. ... loouts are a00arently themost common of all ell control 0ro#lems< and they appear to be under+reported....

Su#surface #loouts may 0ose #oth safety haards and environmental riss. Ahe 0otentialenvironmental conse=uences of a #loout de0end mostly on three factors, 1/ the timing of the#loout relative to ell activities -hich determines the nature of the released fluid such asnatural gas or 0ressuried fracturing fluid/9 2/ occurrence of the esca0e of containmentsthrough the surface casing or dee0 in a ell9 and !/ the ris rece0tors< such as freshatera=uifers or ater ells< that are im0acted. Q

loouts due to high gas 0ressure or mechanical failures ha00en in #oth conventional andshale gas develo0ment. hale gas wells have the incremental risk of potential failurescaused by the high pressures of fracturing fluid during hydraulic fracturing operations. +nderground #loouts occur in #oth ells that had #een or a#out to #e hydraulically fractured....

n e6am0le of the environmental conse=uences of an underground #looutQhas #eenre0orted in ouisiana< in hich 0ressure changes in the %ilco6 a=uifer caused a num#er ofater ells around the #loout Rell to start s0outing ater. Q In another incident in FhioQhigh40ressure natural gas as encountered and moved u0 the ell #ore and invaded shalloroc formations. %ithin a fe days gas #u##ling as o#served in ater ells and surface

ater< and the floor of a #asement in a house as u0lifted several inches. Fver 5: familiesere evacuated from the area. ...

In one ell4non case in Fhio< a house e60loded soon after a near#y hydraulically fracturedell as drilled. fter much investigation #y the regulatory agency and a 0rivate geologicalengineering consulting firm< folloed #y study of the case #y a distinguished reviecommittee< it as concluded that methane may have migrated to the house along shallohoriontal fractures or #edding 0lanes. ... Fther cases of methane e60losions in homes andellhouses have #een investigated in Colorado< Pennsylvania< and Ae6as. In some of thesecases< the e60losions ere found caused #y gas migration from hydraulically fractured ells. 113

'he press release accompanying the %nergy Institutes report was intentionally misleading*

>Ne Study Shos No Evidence of Groundater Contamination from 8ydraulic $racturing?--settingoff similar headlines in the media across the glo#e.

In 0ril< 2:1!< a documentary re0orted coal#ed methane fields leaing in ustralia and governmentfast tracing a00rovals for massive 0roDects ithout assessing the riss. Methane contaminated aterells and is #u##ling in rivers. Ahis from the transcri0t,

2:


23/93

A% News, Professor Pells has studied G(s re0ort< hich found there as no evidence ofnatural connectivity 4 or movement 4 #eteen shallo and dee0 groundater systems. Q

Professor Philli0 Pells -indicating a gra0h on the screen/, >Ahe groundater system has nosu#stantially de0ressuried. %e too their conce0tual model e6actly ho they 0resented it 4ith their geometry< ith their 0arameters...and e ran the model. nd it sim0ly shos that

they are connected. nd I(m Dust disa00ointed that a conclusion as reached hich clearly isn(tsu00orted #y their on model.?12:

If you were looking for a way to poison the drinking water supplyFyou couldn!t find amore chillingly effective and thorough method of doing so than with hydraulic

fracturing.787

/r. 'aul Jet=ler

1*. Maurice 'usseault< a 0rominent Canadian oil and gas industry researcher and gas migration e60ertmassive environmental0ro#lems? #ecause the esca0ing methane >changes the ater< and generates a=uifer 0ro#lems.?122

'usseault e60lained in an l#erta re0ort on heavy oil that< >all un0lugged ells ill lea eventuallyAhat(s actually fairly common.? It(s a natural0henomenon in an area here there(s so much natural gas< he says< adding that such ater issafe to drin.1&!

In a#out 2:1:< the historic records on l#erta Environment(s ater ell data#ase that state GasPresent( No< ere re0laced ith altered records here the information for Gas Present(is no#lan.1&&

'r. nthony Ingraffeanaturallyoccurring? methane. Ahis is often 0resented in an a00arently analytical #ut confusing aycommon? andthus unliely related to any gas ell drilling. ...

Ahe Ne or 'ECs data...mae crystal clear that for a 2:1: sam0le of ater ells -nH&)/ inthe >'elaare< Genesee< and St. arence "iver asins


27/93

Our CBM zones are not fracked....What we do is provide nitrogen down there in a stimulation fashion.

We ust take the nitrogen from the air !ou "reathe stimulate the coals with it.#$%


28/93

Aotal nitrogen in fresh groundater contaminated #y frac(ing in 2:11 near Grand Prairie< l#erta8istoricallymust? disclose frac chemicalsinDected,

Ahe E"C re=uires that any hydraulic fracture fluids used a#ove the #ase of groundater0rotection...#e nonto6ic and that the operator reveal the contents of the fluids to the %(C)

upon reuest.Ahe E"C also re=uires that the ty0e and volume of all additives used in fracturefluids #e recorded in the daily record of drilling o0erations for anyell.'his information mustbe submitted to the %(C).1*5REm0hasis added

Why has the regulator allowed companies to risk )lbertas groundwater without propersafeguards as recommended by the Canadian Council of Environmental %inisters in8338O Why has Kcoalbed methane (C@%+L activity been allowed to escalate at the

e1pense of public health and safetyO

What are the fracing chemicalsO

The &roundwater 'e"ate( %))6#*6

$reedom of Information re=uest res0onses1**sho that com0anies have not disclosed to l#ertaregulators or affected families the chemicals inDected in shallo or dee0 ells. 2:12 letter fromE"C General Counsel to Ernst in res0onse to her re=uest for the chemicals inDected #y Encana states,

'he %(C) does not currently reuire licensees to provide detailed disclosure of the

chemical composition of fracturing fluids.REm0hasis added1*3

17. EnCana< one of North mericas largest coal#ed methane drillers< 0u#licly admitted that the samefracturing 0ractices and gelled fluids used in the +nited States< hich included diesel< have #eena00lied in l#erta. 2::5 study #y the com0any< tested recovered fracturing fluids and drilling aste

mi6ed ith ater from 2: shallo gas ells on the Suffield "ange in southeastern l#erta.1*7Ahestudy< hich detected metals such as chromium< arsenic< #arium< mercury< and AE\ -#enene$rac fluid com0anies should investigate theuse of alternative additives that may #e even more environmentally friendly -i.e. loer to6icity/.?

Pu#lic ands 'ivision of l#erta Sustaina#le "esource 'evelo0ment officially re0orted in 2::! thatcom0anies -including Encana/ ina00ro0riately dum0ed aste in the Suffield National %ildlife reaand Canadian Military ase< including directly into etlands and through ater courses< 0uttinggroundater at ris,

2*


30/93

Ahe survey of Rands0raying hile drilling -%'/ sites ithin C$ Suffield highlightedconcerns ith the 0oor distri#ution of %' residual solids9 associated smothering im0acts tograssland vegetation here there ere sins and mud0acs of %' materials9 mechanicalim0acts lie rutting9 and siting 0ro#lems such as a00lication on sand dunes< watercourses,wetlands and steep slopes. Q It is not unusual to find mud 0acs in e6cess of one inch thic#eing dro00ed at the start of a load. ... Pro#lem land s0rays have #een left ith inade=uate clean

u0. Q Ahe file revie and field o#servations revealed that on a high 0ercentage of sites< %' isnot #eing conducted according to the guidelines and is having a negative impacton nativerange.13:REm0hasis added

Ahe regulator as aare of the violations. 'arren arter< E"C 0u#lic relations s0oesmanserious #reaches? occurred.

>If they are not folloing our regulationsillustrate an a00arent lac of res0ect for the landoner and the landsthemselves


31/93

'rilling fluids are transported( stored and handled in tanks.T!picall!( drilling fluid waste will "e transported off+site for re+use

and treatment,disposal-. ome additives ma! "e caustic( to/ic( or acidic.

Canadian )ssociation of 'etroleum 'roducers (C)''+ @est 'ractices, 8337H>

'rilling muds and 0etroleum industry astes are sometimes dis0osed of in 0its and covered. Industryand regulators descri#e it as a #enign >s0raying? or >farming? hen it is dum0ed on land andcom0anies offer a 0ittance or claim it is free fertilier to attract farmers and ranchers to tae the aste.

Possi#le to6ics in the astes are not disclosed to landoners or communities< can harm humanhealth13)and contaminate groundater.13*Groundater flo systems can trans0ort 0ollutants severalilometres.133Ahe managing director of %underlich Securities announced at %asteE60o2:1! thatdrilling com0anies in merica and Canada are s0ending #eteen T2: #illion and T!: #illion on astedis0osal. re0orter covering the E60o rote, > year and a half ago< l#erta< Canada< eliminated(land farming( of oil4field astes< a 0ractice here the astes are s0rayed over o0en land and alloedto #rea don naturally.?189'rilling aste dis0osal is a serious< ides0read 0ro#lem,

#out 1.2 #arrels of solid aste are created ith each foot drilled< according to the mericanPetroleum Institute. Sim0ly to reach the a00ro6imate 3


32/93

l#erta Environment found AE\ in the 8amlet of "ose#ud ater su00ly< arsenic and he6avalentchromium in a monitoring ater ell in the community< and evidence of 0etroleum distillates in thehamlet and citien ater ells after intense unconventional gas develo0ments. Ahe chromium in theErnst ater ell increased #y a factor of &5 after EnCana fractured the a=uifer175that su00lies thatell. Ahe l#erta "esearch Council neglected to e60lain this increase in their re0ort on the Ernst case.Ahe regulator did not test for arsenic or mercury in the contaminated citien ells at "ose#ud. 17)

2:. ost circulation or the see0age of cement and other fluids into the ground is a constant 0ro#lem ithcoal#ed methane -CM/ and other unconventional oil and gas drilling.17*EnCana e60erienced 1:Olost circulation in one CM field173and EnCana drilling and fracturing records for shallo CM ellsnear the contaminated Cam0#ell ater ell at Ponoa< l#erta indicate >severe? lost circulationevents.177

ost circulation 0oses a variety of riss to groundater including contamination #y 0roducts used tosto0 the see0age. lthough EnCana and other com0anies claim they only use fi#re to seal the leascellulose #ased? 0roduct< #ut the com0ound can include high amounts of antimonyAhese results indicate that many chemicals used during thefracturing and drilling stages of gas o0erations may have long4term health effects that are notimmediately e60ressedQ.Ahe discussion highlights the difficulty of develo0ing effective ater =uality

monitoring 0rograms.?225

22. Ahe oil and gas industry has #een drilling the Stoney Cree community in Ne runsic for a#out1:: years< and fracturing there since a#out 17&: hen a ell as frac(d ith nitroglycerin. 22)

>$racturing Stoney Cree $ield ell ith nitroglycerin< circa 17&:?

a# tests of drining ater in the Stoney Cree community find it unsafe, >Ahis re0ort contradicts theclaims made #y the government of Ne runsic that there have #een no incidents connected to theoil and gas industry in recent decades...? >Senior la#oratory technicians re0orted that they< =uote< ]litthe ater on fire< and found the ater sam0le< 0rovided to them #y Mr. Charles 'oucet< found it to #esu0er saturated ith methane.? ... >%ater contaminated ith thermogenic natural gas< ith diesel oilAhis is a ell4non 0ro#lem in the area. R%hy the government has never#otherRed to investigate is something that eludes me< I really dont understand.?22*

Ahe Government of Ne runsic< as ith most Durisdictions on the continent< don0lays industry(s

cumulative gas migration 0ro#lems, >Many of the flaming ta0 footage seen on AL and in films have#een attri#uted to #iogenic methane. Fther cases have #een attri#uted to natural gas contamination viafaulty casing andor inade=uately constructedgrouted gas ells. Methane has #een found to occurnaturally in groundater in 0arts of N. 'uring recent #aseline sam0ling in the Elgin area< 1! of !:!R&.!O ells tested 0ositive for methane. aseline -0re4drilling/ sam0ling ill therefore #e im0ortantto distinguish #eteen naturally occurring gas and any 0ossi#le future im0acts from the industry. #aseline sam0ling 0rotocol has #een develo0ed to identify methane in domestic ells in areassurrounding natural gas o0erations #efore Natural Gas activities Rcommence.?223

!2


35/93

n l#erta engineering and materials testing firm notes >that monitoring relatively shallo domesticater ells ill not 0rovide advance arning of develo0ing ater =uality im0acts.?227

2!. In Nova Scotia< Colchester County recently decided to allo &.5 million litres of frac(ing asteaterfor Fil and Gas ease F0erators? arns that the shift to >unconventionaldrilling and heavy multi4stage fracing has created ne insurance issues for the industry? #ecause ofan increase in #loouts,

during the com0letionfracing stage.` involving communication #eteen multi0le ells.` caused #y casingcementing failure.` caused #y surface events.` involving 0roducing ells.` involving 0lugged and a#andoned ells.#./

In 2:11< &! families in ain#ridge< Fhio< settled a class action lasuit 4 including the Paynes hosehouse on English 'rive as lifted off its foundation in an e60losion caused #y migrating gas releasedduring hydraulic fracturing.

Fhio Lalley Energy and the other com0anies involved 0aid out the families and Nationide InsuranceAhe methane 0ro#lem< it ruled< is more than a mere nuisance< 0osing a real haard. Suchhaard had a devastating effect on the current value of the house< maing it unsella#le. ... Ahis caseshos ho seriously environmental contamination can affect the value of a 0ro0erty.?2*&iogenicshale gas is targeted in Fntario,

Calgary4#ased Mooncor Fil @ Gas Cor0. ants to develo0 a resource in Fntario that has #eenlargely overlooed #y its rivals, shale gas. Q RAerry Carter< 0etroleum resources geologist ithFntarios Ministry of Natural "esources said the Marcellus one doesnt offer much in Fntario.>lmost all of it is #eneath ae Erie


42/93

eaing energy ells and gas storage4fields have created dangerous concentrations of dissolvedmethane in household ater ells as high as 72 mgl. >In anuary 2::1< State oil and gas ins0ectorsnoted #u##les of natural gas in ell ater during a com0laint investigation near Aioga unction< AiogaCounty< north4central Pa.... y 2::&< the gas occurrence in ground ater and accumulation in homesas a safety concern.... lthough it is common for ground ater in the region to contain salt #rine andhydrogen sulfidean e6cellent case study of the shallo groundater system deflectinghydrocar#on gas vertically and laterally. s shon...methane enters the shallo groundatersystem...and is then trans0orted several ilometers southeasterly toards the Colum#ia "iver< alongthe groundater flo0ath.?233

Measurements of #aseline methane in non40olluted< non4oilfield< 0ota#le aters from Cretaceousdisconnected 2) ater ells'EP Secretary Michael ;rancer said the contamination fine is the largest single 0enalty theagency has ever levied against a drillerQ.s 0art of the consent order issued #y the de0artmentSouth Caddo Parish as the site of another high 0rofile drilling

&2


45/93

accident...hen 1) cattle ere found dead at a Chesa0eae Energy ell site after re0ortedly cominginto contact ith drilling fluids used in hydraulic fracturing.?!1*

!5. Ahe +S EP connected natural gas and to6ic chemicals found in ater ells at Pavillion< %yoming toEncana(s hydraulic fracturing and aste 0its.!13Ahe EP re0orted, >8ydraulic fracturing in gas0roduction ells occurred as shallo as !*2 meters #elo ground surface ith associated surface

casing as shallo as 11: metres #elo ground surface.?!17

In com0arison< ithin a#out si6 milesaround "ose#ud< l#erta -#efore 0ril 2::)< hen the government mandated testing of ater ells0rior to fracturing coals a#ove the ase of Groundater Protection< i0e0here the fresh ater is/the gas has to only migrate &:m to theater a=uifer....?!)5Aests #y l#erta Environment in 2::* on the Cam0#ell ater shoed it had 2&.*mgl dissolved nitrogen.!))Ahe high nitrogen as listed #ut not discussed in the research councilre0ort on the Cam0#ell case. Ahe regulators did not test any of the CM ells< only tested 7 of the 5:energy ells ithin a#out a mile radius of the Cam0#ell(s ell< and continue to allo more.

Ahe E"C is monitoring!)*!)3the Cam0#ell ell ater contamination hich the regulators are notdoing at %etasiin< S0irit "iver or "ose#ud here lasuits are ongoing. Ahe regulator admits thecontamination is from a dee0 formation #ut advise the Cam0#ells it is their res0onsi#ility to mae theater safe9 nothing is #eing done to hel0 the family.!)7$ourteen official re0orts 4 totaling more than

1safe alternate ater


51/93

Ahe Cam0#ells( contaminated ell ater #eing gas tested in a flo4through cell for the E"C< 0ril !< 2:1!Ahe #lac in the cell is the Cam0#ell(s ater9 it too 2: minutes to clear. Ahe ell is 0lastic lined

and had not #een used for a#out a year. -$lo4through cells are a#out 15O efficient.!*!/

&7


52/93

!3. Ahe Cam0#ells and other families including the Jimmermans< Signers< auridsens and Ernstresolve any allegations of im0act on any e6isting atersu00ly? and 0rovide >ater su00ly to the ell oner for his current ater needs.? !*&Instead ofadhering to this< regulators and some com0anies in l#erta try to discredit< insult and intimidatecitiens ith contaminated ell ater #y claiming they refuse to coo0erate.

n official in=uiry into the l#erta "esearch Council refusing to release the com0lete records used torevie the ater contamination cases< revealed detailed notes taen during a May !< 2::) >CM"evie Meeting ith l#erta Environment.? -Ahe first regulator tests on the Ernst ell ere onMarch !< 2::)9 critical data from this testing remains ithheld./ Ahe notes state,

4 never as a com0laint< aren(t alloed to do any investigation< and #admouthing on the side4 still feel #ad for essica #ecause she clearly has #ad ater. ... Ernst is...not co4o0erative!*5

Encana< des0ite fulfilling Ernst(s re=uest in 2::! to test her ater

Since #ecoming aare of Ms. Ernst(s concerns< Encana has offered to test her ater ell on anum#er of occasions. Ao date< Encana has #een una#le to o#tain Ms. Ernst(s coo0eration inorder to 0erform the offered testing on her 0ro0erty.!*3

Fn 0ril !:< 2:1!< a month after the Cam0#ells consented to ater testing for the thirteenth timesu0ervisor error? hile 0ressure testing >to 21 M0a? on the frac(d CMell that im0acted "ose#ud(s drining ater a=uifers >craced the remedial cement. Cement ill nolonger 0ressure test to * M0a.?!3:In 2::)< the l#erta government ne from their investigation at"ose#ud that isoto0ic finger0rinting of gases from ater ells indicated a match to gases fromEnCanas ells!31and 0rovided alternate< safe ater deliveries for to years to to adversely affectedfamilies. -Encana 0rovided deliveries to a third family and sto00ed hen the government sto00ed./Ahe regulator refused to disclose data to com0lainants claiming >confidentiality? #ut disclosed data toEnCana -discovered years later via $reedom of Information/.

Ahe government and regulators accused citiens of refusing to coo0erate< hile refusing to 0rovide acom0rehensive investigation ith a00ro0riate safety and sam0ling 0rotocols< and continued to alloEnCana to frac more ells near here the com0any fractured the a=uifers.

5ou don!t care if it comes from fracking or a bad cement job, you suffer theconse"uences all the same, and lose your well waterAH8


5:


53/93

In 2::*< ithin a month of finally 0romising a com0rehensive investigation into the community4idecontamination< the government reneged and a year later #roe their 0romise of safe alternate aterdeliveries >no and into the future.?!3!l#erta Environment recommended the same ina00ro0riateiso0ro0anolamine< #eing the selected indicatingchemical for the 0resence of the fracturing fluids.?Petroleum hydrocar#on fractions $2 through $&concentrations decreased during the year of monitoring< ith fraction $1 shoing an anomalousincrease.

8ydraulic fracturing o0erations ere su#se=uently conducted using gelled 0ro0ane as a carrierfluid< 0um0ing 2:.:* tonnes of sand and 1!: cu#ic metres -m!/ of gelled 0ro0ane. %hen it asrealied that hydraulic fracturing had occurred through the shallo 0erforations< flo4#aco0erations of the fractured interval ere conducted. to4ell groundater monitoring 0rogramas initiated and is ongoing to evaluate the im0act of the incident u0on groundater. ... ta00ro6imately 1!* m< the de0th here the 0erforations ere found< the coiled tu#ing Dum0ed onthe reel hile stri00ing in. Ahis as inter0reted to #e a coil ra0 0ro#lem on the coiled tu#ing reel.Ahe 0ossi#ility that the 0erforating gun had fired at this de0th as not recognied at the time. ...Ahe Gas$rac su0ervisors recognition of the lo shut4in 0ressure and the declining stimulation0ressure did not a00arently trigger a =uestion at the time as to hether or not there as a 0ro#lemith this 0articular fracturing stage or that there may have #een any out4of4one communication. !33

The accident, documented in detail in E*C@s 7R-page report, violated the favoured gasindustry assurance that fracking will never occur above base groundwater depths.#iland gas industry lobby groupCanadian )ssociation of 'etroleum 'roducers(C)''+

insists on its public relations websitemorefactslessfriction.caAHRthat fracking productionpipes are Mbound by rock and several hundred meters below the deepest fresh water

a"uifers.N K4atural *esources CanadaLwritesthatMhydraulic fracturing is permitted only well below the deepest freshwater a"uifers.NAR3

*eporting by Carol PinnittAR7

Ahe E"C did not levy a fine or 0unishment9 the chemicals inDected into the fresh groundater at

Grande Prairie remain secret. >%hat eve seen is some Durisdictions here thereve #een 0ro#lemsnot onerous


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+nder the Canadian Environmental Protection ct< 1777 -CEP 1777/< 8ealth Canada andEnvironment Canada share the mandate for assessing hether su#stances used in Canada areto6ic to human health or the environment. ccording to CEP 1777< a su#stance is to6ic if it isentering or may enter the environment in a =uantity or concentration or under conditions that

-a/ have or may have an immediate or long4term harmful effect on the environment or

its #iological diversitymaDor starting 0oint for identifying andmonitoring sources of 0ollution in Canada and in develo0ing indicators for the =uality of ourair< land< and ater. NP"I information also hel0s to determine if regulatory or other action isnecessary to ensure 0ollution reductions< and if so< the form that action should tae.?

Ahe Minister of the Environment has discretion regarding industry re0orting re=uirements.

%nvironment Canada told us that oil and gas exploration and drilling activities are

exempt from reporting to the 6=(I. ccording to Environment Canada< in order to considerhether changes to NP"I re0orting re=uirements are arranted


57/93

Environmental Protection ct< 1777 -CEP 1777/< they are a#le to consider ne informationand< if a00ro0riate< assess and manage identified riss to 0rotect human health and theenvironment.

Ahe de0artments informed us that they are folloing a three4ste0 a00roach for res0onding toemerging issues< such as hydraulic fracturing,

identifying the su#stances #eing used8ar0er Government?

M'otential for $as %igration due to Coalbed /evelopmentN is a summary of the science related

to potential coalbed gas migration in a natural environment and in response to coalbed

methane development. It provides useful information on the factors contributing to coalbed

gas occurrence and migration. The report concludes that gas migration due to natural

pathways is unlikely to occur for the areas of active or anticipated C@% development (the dry

andVor underpressured coals in the Jorseshoe Canyon and deeper %annville formations+. It

also highlights the potential higher risk for gas migration where there are very shallow coals....

)lberta Environment and Energy *esources Conservation @oard *esponseto the 833R *eport

M'otential for $as %igration /ue to Coalbed %ethane /evelopmentN

or the moment the fracking technology should not be usedfor commercial production of shale gas, in view of serious gaps

in our knowledge about its environmental impacts.

$erman )dvisory Council on the Environment, %ay A7, 837A

)!
http://environment.gov.ab.ca/info/library/8176.pdfhttp://www.umweltrat.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/EN/CurrentPressReleases/2012_2016/2013_05_PressRelease_Fracking.htmlhttp://environment.gov.ab.ca/info/library/8176.pdfhttp://www.umweltrat.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/EN/CurrentPressReleases/2012_2016/2013_05_PressRelease_Fracking.html


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1Standing Committee on Energy< the Environment and Natural "esources. Novem#er< 2::5. %ater in the %est,+nder Pressure $ourth Interim "e0ort.

2Suro< "o#erto May !< 1772.#andoned Fil and Gas %ells ecome Pollution Portals!he New 4ork !imes

!Croe< .S.< ;.. Schaefer< . ;ohut< S.G. Shiae< C.. Ptace. 2::!. Groundater ualityCanadianCouncil of Ministers of the Environment. %inni0eg< Manito#a. ining %ater Science to Policy %orsho0

Series. "e0ort No. 2.

&Niiforu< . 'ecem#er 17< 2:11. $racing Contamination >%ill Get %orse?, l#erta E60ert Ahe Ayee

5PF%E"Sl#erta Press "elease< ugust 22< 2:11.

%hat $resh 8ell is this

)PF%E"Sl#erta Press "elease< Se0tem#er 1:< 2:11. %hat $resh 8ell is Ahis

*PF%E"Sl#erta $rac %orsho0. Se0tem#er 1:< 2:11. %hat $resh 8ell is Ahis

3$aete< . and ". Penty. Environment Canada to study hydraulic fracturingPost Media Newsand algary,erald< Se0tem#er 21< 2:11. Previously availa#le at

htt0,.calgaryherald.comtechnologyFttaaentersde#ateovershaledevelo0ment5&!33)3story.html

7Council of Canadian cademies. 2:12. Ahe E60ert Panel on 8arnessing Science and Aechnology to +nderstandthe Environmental Im0acts of Shale Gas E6traction.

1:Council of Canadian cademies e#site. May !:< 2:1!. 8arnessing Science and Aechnology to +nderstandthe Environmental Im0acts of Shale Gas E6traction.

11Council of Canadians. anuary 25< 2:1!. $racing revie flaed< relies on industry information

12Natural "esources Canada. anuary< 2::). "esults to the Information "e=uest #y ;en "u#en to Natural"esources Canada under theAccessto Information Act0

1!"osen#erg International $orum on %ater Policy. $e#ruary< 2::*. "e0ort of the "osen#erg International$orum on %ater Policy to the Ministry of Environment< Province of l#erta+niversity of California< 'ivision ofgriculture and Natural "esources

1&'yc< Ao#an< 0ril 12< 2:1!.Manito#as dar secret."5ectator !ri2une

15'yc< Ao#an< 0ril 12< 2:1!.Manito#as dar secret."5ectator !ri2une

1)+S Environmental Protection gency. 'ecem#er< 173*. EP "e0ort to Congress, Management of %astesfrom the E60loration< 'evelo0ment< and Production of Crude Fil< Natural Gas< and Geothermal Energy Lolume1 of ! Fil and Gas< EP5!:4S%4334::!< 'ecem#er 173*

1*+r#ina< I. !he New 4ork !imes< ugust !< 2:11. 'rilling 'on< Fne Aainted %ater %ell< and Concern AhereMay e More

13;ooyman< "%< M Muir< "P Marcine< and ; ennaceur. Se0t4Fct 1737. Effective 8ydraulic $racturing FfAhe oer maranth $ormation In Southern Manito#a

in+ournal of anadian Petroleum !echnologyLol 23internal use.?

!&achu< S. -l#erta Energy and +tilities oard/ and A. %atson -A.. %atson and ssociates Inc/. 2::*. $actorsffecting or Indicating Potential %ell#ore eaagePresentation to the !rdIE4G8G %ell#ore %orsho0< March1241!< 2::*. SPE Pa0er 1:)31*< 2::

!5National Ground %ater ssociation. May 2&< 2:1!. ournal article evaluates methane sources in groundaterin Pennsylvania

!)Muehlen#achs< ;. Novem#er 1&< 2:11. Identifying the Sources of $ugitive Methane ssociated ith ShaleGas 'evelo0ment. Presentation in %ashington< +S, "esources for the $uture. Managing the "iss of ShaleGas, Identifying a Pathay toard "es0onsi#le 'evelo0ment

!*emay< A.G.< and ;onhauser< ;.F. Se0tem#er< 2::). %ater Chemistry of Coal#ed Methane "eservoirsE"C.E+GS S0ecial "e0ort :31.

!3Canadian ssociation of Petroleum Producers Lan Stem0voort< '. ".< E. . aorsi< and M. "ieser. 177).

>Migration of Methane into Groundater from eaing Production %ells Near loydminster9 "e0ort for Phase 2-1775/.?CPP Pu#. [177)4:::!.

!7l#recht< Aammy. ugust 2::3. +sing se=uential hydrochemical analysis to characterie ater =ualityvaria#ility at Mamm Cree Gas $ield rea< Southeast Piceance asin< Colorado. thesis su#mitted to the$aculty of Arustees of the Colorado School of Mines in 0artial fulfillment of the re=uirements for the degree ofMaster of Science -8ydrology/.

&:radasiy< S. ;. Muehlen#achs< C. Mendoa< and . Satosi. 2::5.naero#ic o6idation of natural gasin soil K Ahe geochemicals evidenceGoldschmidt Conference #stracts 2::5. 'ife in E


69/93

&)Castelvecchi< 'avide. une !:. 2:11. $rance #ecomes first country to #an e6traction of natural gas #y fracing."cientific American

&*% News. Novem#er 27< 2:11 $ractured $uture ' oes the natural gas industry need a ne messenger series of s0ecial o04eds a#out the shale gas industry

&3Muehlen#achs< ;. Novem#er 1&< 2:11. Identifying the Sources of $ugitive Methane ssociated ith Shale

Gas 'evelo0ment. Presentation in %ashington< +S, "esources for the $uture. Managing the "iss of ShaleGas, Identifying a Pathay toard "es0onsi#le 'evelo0ment

&7CtX< Charles. 'ecem#er 27< 2:11. Eau contaminXe, le ministre rcand 0rend la situation trYs au sXrieu6+n4official translation.'a Presse.

5:CtX< Charles. anuary 1*< 2:12. Ga de schiste dans l(eau, le chercheur s(est trom0X< affirme uX#ec'aPresse.

51Muehlen#achs< ;. +0dated anuary< 2:12. Identifying the Sources of $ugitive Methane ssociated ith ShaleGas 'evelo0ment< u0dated anuary 2:12 ith ne dataFriginal 0resented on Novem#er 1&< 2:11 in%ashington< +S,:esources for the Future0 Managing the "iss of Shale Gas, Identifying a Pathay toard

"es0onsi#le 'evelo0ment52Emails to Ernst versus Encana 2:12.

5!National Energy oard< Novem#er 2::7 Primer for +nderstanding Canadian Shale Gas K Energy riefingNote

5&%il#er< Aom. May 15< 2:1!.Efforts to test Marcellus in u0state N 0roduces leay ell Carrio cres on site to fi6casing 0ro#lem in Fego."hale Gas :eview0

55:adio-anada. 0ril 11< 2:1!.$uite de ga sur le site du 0uits 8aldimand no 1. mie du "ichelieutranslationGas lea at ell site 8aldimand 1 0ril 1!< 2:1!.

5)$ournier< ohanne. 0ril 12< 2:1!. 'u ga dXtectX 8aldimand no 1'aPresse0Aranslation Gas detected8aldimand No. 1#yAmie du :ichelieu

5*PXtroliaga. $e#ruary *< 2::). 8aldimand[1 ell 0roduces oil hile drilling continues

53Petromanas Energy Inc. %e#site on 0ril *< 2:1!. oard of 'irectors

57GXllinas< GeneviYve. March !:< 2:1!.$racturer 8aldimand , nXcessaire ou 0as$racture in 8aldimand,necessary or not'aPresse

):"adio4Canada. 0ril 11< 2:1!. $uite de ga sur le site du 0uits 8aldimand no 1.mie du "ichelieutranslation

Gas lea at ell site 8aldimand 1 0ril 1!< 2:1!.)1% News. anuary 2*< 2:1!.PXtrolia sus0ends oil drilling 0lan near Gas0X

)2Lan Praet< Nicolas. 0ril 2&< 2:1!. Petrolia ass court to rule on Gas0X drilling #anFinancial Post

)!ue#ec Government. May 15< 2:1!. ProDet de loi n!* , oi interdisant certaines activitXs destinXes rechercher ou e60loiter du ga naturel dans le schiste
http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2011/06/30/france-becomes-first-country-to-ban-extraction-of-natural-gas-by-fracking/?WT.mc_id=SA_Twitter_sciamhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/story/2011/11/28/nb-f-shale-gas-anthony-ingraffea-122.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/story/2011/11/28/nb-f-shale-gas-anthony-ingraffea-122.htmlhttp://www.rff.org/Events/Pages/Managing-the-Risks-of-Shale-Gas.aspxhttp://www.rff.org/Events/Pages/Managing-the-Risks-of-Shale-Gas.aspxhttp://www.cyberpresse.ca/environnement/dossiers/gaz-de-schiste/201112/28/01-4481528-eau-contaminee-le-ministre-arcand-prend-la-situation-tres-au-serieux.phphttp://www.cyberpresse.ca/environnement/dossiers/gaz-de-schiste/201201/17/01-4486612-gaz-de-schiste-dans-leau-le-chercheur-sest-trompe-affirme-quebec.phphttp://www.rff.org/Documents/Events/Seminars/111114_Managing_the_Risks_of_Shale_Gas/Mulenbachs%20Nov%2014FINAL.pdfhttp://www.rff.org/Documents/Events/Seminars/111114_Managing_the_Risks_of_Shale_Gas/Mulenbachs%20Nov%2014FINAL.pdfhttp://www.rff.org/Documents/Events/Seminars/111114_Managing_the_Risks_of_Shale_Gas/Mulenbachs%20Nov%2014FINAL.pdfhttp://www.rff.org/Events/Pages/Managing-the-Risks-of-Shale-Gas.aspxhttp://www.rff.org/Events/Pages/Managing-the-Risks-of-Shale-Gas.aspxhttp://www.neb-one.gc.ca/clf-nsi/rnrgynfmtn/nrgyrprt/ntrlgs/prmrndrstndngshlgs2009/prmrndrstndngshlgs2009-eng.htmlhttp://www.neb-one.gc.ca/clf-nsi/rnrgynfmtn/nrgyrprt/ntrlgs/prmrndrstndngshlgs2009/prmrndrstndngshlgs2009-eng.htmlhttp://tomwilber.blogspot.ca/2013/05/efforts-to-test-marcellus-in-upstate-ny.htmlhttp://tomwilber.blogspot.ca/2013/05/efforts-to-test-marcellus-in-upstate-ny.htmlhttp://tomwilber.blogspot.ca/2013/05/efforts-to-test-marcellus-in-upstate-ny.htmlhttp://tomwilber.blogspot.ca/2013/05/efforts-to-test-marcellus-in-upstate-ny.htmlhttp://www.radio-canada.ca/regions/est-quebec/2013/04/11/008-gaspesie-fuite-haldimand.shtmlhttp://lesamisdurichelieu.blogspot.ca/http://lesamisdurichelieu.blogspot.ca/2013/04/ca-fuit-gaspe.htmlhttp://www.lapresse.ca/le-soleil/actualites/environnement/201304/12/01-4640404-du-gaz-detecte-a-haldimand-no-1.phphttp://lesamisdurichelieu.blogspot.ca/2013/04/ca-fuit-gaspe.htmlhttp://lesamisdurichelieu.blogspot.ca/2013/04/ca-fuit-gaspe.htmlhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12649953695674158612http://www.blogger.com/profile/12649953695674158612http://haldimand.petroliagaz.com/imports/medias/pdf/Communiques-presse/2006-02-07-an-haldimand1-produces-oil-while-drilling-continues.pdfhttp://www.petromanas.com/s/Board_of_Directors.asphttp://www.lapresse.ca/le-soleil/actualites/environnement/201303/29/01-4636072-fracturer-a-haldimand-necessaire-ou-pas.php?utm_categorieinterne=trafficdrivers&utm_contenuinterne=cyberpresse_lire_aussi_4640404_article_POS5http://www.radio-canada.ca/regions/est-quebec/2013/04/11/008-gaspesie-fuite-haldimand.shtmlhttp://lesamisdurichelieu.blogspot.ca/http://lesamisdurichelieu.blogspot.ca/http://lesamisdurichelieu.blogspot.ca/2013/04/ca-fuit-gaspe.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/story/2013/01/25/quebec-petrolia-gaspe-no-drilling-oil-exploration.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/story/2013/01/25/quebec-petrolia-gaspe-no-drilling-oil-exploration.htmlhttp://business.financialpost.com/2013/04/24/petrolia-asks-court-to-rule-on-gaspe-drilling-ban/http://www.assnat.qc.ca/fr/travaux-parlementaires/projets-loi/projet-loi-37-40-1.htmlhttp://www.assnat.qc.ca/fr/travaux-parlementaires/projets-loi/projet-loi-37-40-1.htmlhttp://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2011/06/30/france-becomes-first-country-to-ban-extraction-of-natural-gas-by-fracking/?WT.mc_id=SA_Twitter_sciamhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/story/2011/11/28/nb-f-shale-gas-anthony-ingraffea-122.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/story/2011/11/28/nb-f-shale-gas-anthony-ingraffea-122.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/story/2011/11/28/nb-f-shale-gas-anthony-ingraffea-122.htmlhttp://www.rff.org/Events/Pages/Managing-the-Risks-of-Shale-Gas.aspxhttp://www.rff.org/Events/Pages/Managing-the-Risks-of-Shale-Gas.aspxhttp://www.cyberpresse.ca/environnement/dossiers/gaz-de-schiste/201112/28/01-4481528-eau-contaminee-le-ministre-arcand-prend-la-situation-tres-au-serieux.phphttp://www.cyberpresse.ca/environnement/dossiers/gaz-de-schiste/201201/17/01-4486612-gaz-de-schiste-dans-leau-le-chercheur-sest-trompe-affirme-quebec.phphttp://www.rff.org/Documents/Events/Seminars/111114_Managing_the_Risks_of_Shale_Gas/Mulenbachs%20Nov%2014FINAL.pdfhttp://www.rff.org/Documents/Events/Seminars/111114_Managing_the_Risks_of_Shale_Gas/Mulenbachs%20Nov%2014FINAL.pdfhttp://www.rff.org/Events/Pages/Managing-the-Risks-of-Shale-Gas.aspxhttp://www.rff.org/Events/Pages/Managing-the-Risks-of-Shale-Gas.aspxhttp://www.neb-one.gc.ca/clf-nsi/rnrgynfmtn/nrgyrprt/ntrlgs/prmrndrstndngshlgs2009/prmrndrstndngshlgs2009-eng.htmlhttp://www.neb-one.gc.ca/clf-nsi/rnrgynfmtn/nrgyrprt/ntrlgs/prmrndrstndngshlgs2009/prmrndrstndngshlgs2009-eng.htmlhttp://tomwilber.blogspot.ca/2013/05/efforts-to-test-marcellus-in-upstate-ny.htmlhttp://tomwilber.blogspot.ca/2013/05/efforts-to-test-marcellus-in-upstate-ny.htmlhttp://www.radio-canada.ca/regions/est-quebec/2013/04/11/008-gaspesie-fuite-haldimand.shtmlhttp://lesamisdurichelieu.blogspot.ca/http://lesamisdurichelieu.blogspot.ca/2013/04/ca-fuit-gaspe.htmlhttp://www.lapresse.ca/le-soleil/actualites/environnement/201304/12/01-4640404-du-gaz-detecte-a-haldimand-no-1.phphttp://lesamisdurichelieu.blogspot.ca/2013/04/ca-fuit-gaspe.htmlhttp://lesamisdurichelieu.blogspot.ca/2013/04/ca-fuit-gaspe.htmlhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12649953695674158612http://haldimand.petroliagaz.com/imports/medias/pdf/Communiques-presse/2006-02-07-an-haldimand1-produces-oil-while-drilling-continues.pdfhttp://www.petromanas.com/s/Board_of_Directors.asphttp://www.lapresse.ca/le-soleil/actualites/environnement/201303/29/01-4636072-fracturer-a-haldimand-necessaire-ou-pas.php?utm_categorieinterne=trafficdrivers&utm_contenuinterne=cyberpresse_lire_aussi_4640404_article_POS5http://www.radio-canada.ca/regions/est-quebec/2013/04/11/008-gaspesie-fuite-haldimand.shtmlhttp://lesamisdurichelieu.blogspot.ca/http://lesamisdurichelieu.blogspot.ca/2013/04/ca-fuit-gaspe.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/story/2013/01/25/quebec-petrolia-gaspe-no-drilling-oil-exploration.htmlhttp://business.financialpost.com/2013/04/24/petrolia-asks-court-to-rule-on-gaspe-drilling-ban/http://www.assnat.qc.ca/fr/travaux-parlementaires/projets-loi/projet-loi-37-40-1.htmlhttp://www.assnat.qc.ca/fr/travaux-parlementaires/projets-loi/projet-loi-37-40-1.html


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)&ue#ec Government. May 2:1!."Yglement sur le 0rXlYvement des eau6 et leur 0rotection.

)5angelier< "ichard -.'./. May 13< 2:1!. nalyse 0rXliminaire des rXcents 0roDets de loi et de rYglement.Aranslation, Preliminary analysis of ue#ec(s #ill and rule 0roDect #y the man ho initiated the munici0al #ylaB"Yglement dit de Saint4onaventure.B

'urand< Marc. May 21< 2:1!.Notes de Marc 'urand< doct4ing en gXologie a00li=uXe< sur le 0roDet de loi =ui

formalise le moratoire sur les ga de schiste.Aranslation< May 21< 2:1!,Notes #y Marc 'urand< '. Eng. ina00lied geology a#out the shale gas moratorium #ill ta#led in ue#ec egislature on May 15 2:1!

Aache d(huile.Ga de schiste 4 Gas0Xsie et nticosti mis de ctX. May 1)< 2:1!. Aranslation< May 17< 2:1!,Environmentalists are outraged #y the #ac4ste00ing im0osed #y ue#ec to 0rotect drining ater

Moratoire dune GXnXration and PXtroli=ues anonymes of "iviYre4du4ou0. May 15< 2:1!. ProDet de loiinterdisant certaines activitXs liXes au6 ga de schiste +N MF"AFI"E jLNESCENA< INCF8j"ENA$act ased "egulation for Environmental Protection in Shale Gas?'evelo0ment. Energy Institute< +niversity of Ae6as< ustin.Previously availa#le at htt0,energy.ute6as.eduimageseishalegasregulation12:215.0dfvaila#le at htt0,#arnett0rogress.commediaeishalegasregulation12:215.0df

117Energy Institute Press "elease >Ne Study Shos No Evidence of Groundater Contamination from8ydraulic $racturing? $e#ruary 1)< 2:12< +niversity of Ae6as< ustin. Previously availa#le at,

htt0,.ute6as.edunes2:12:21)energyinsitutehydraulicfracturinggroundatercontaminationvaila#le ith u0date on Ba00arent conflict of interestB at, htt0,.eurealert.org0u#releases2:124:2teia4nss:21:12.0h0

12:C1< $our Corners. 0ril 2:1!.GS E; "e0orted #y Matthe Carney and Connie gius.

1218etler< Paul. 'ecem#er 1!< 2:11 8ydrofracing sure to contaminate ater$atertown Daily !imes

122'usseault< M. . Summer< 2::2. %hy Fld %ells ea . Cement4Casing "oc Interaction K +niversity of%aterlooPorous Media "esearch Institute0 InEye on Environment. Previously availa#le at.fe.doe.gov0rogramsoilgasenvironmenteyesum:2.0df

12!'usseault< M. . 2::!.Some "ecommendations "elating to l#erta 8eavy Fil."e0ort 0re0ared for thel#erta 'e0artment of Energy.

12&achu< S. -l#erta Energy and +tilities oard/ and A. %atson -A.. %atson and ssociates Inc/. 2::*. $actorsffecting or Indicating Potential %ell#ore eaagePresentation to the !rdIE4G8G %ell#ore %orsho0< March1241!< 2::*. SPE Pa0er 1:)31*< 2::

125'usseault< M. .< M.N. Gray and P.. Noroci< 2:::. %hy Filells ea, Cement ehaviour and ong4Aerm Conse=uences0re0ared for 0resentation at the Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc. International Fil andGas Conference and E6hi#ition in China held in eiDing< China< *K1: Novem#er 2:::.
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