Brief History of Brief History of States RightsStates Rights

Prelude to confrontationPrelude to confrontation

WAS A CONFLICT BETWEEN WAS A CONFLICT BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH NORTH AND SOUTH INEVITABLE?INEVITABLE?

DOES THE CIVIL WAR DOES THE CIVIL WAR REPRESENT A CLASH OF REPRESENT A CLASH OF IDEOLOGIES?IDEOLOGIES?

WHAT IS YOUR OWN POSITION WHAT IS YOUR OWN POSITION ON THE ISSUE TODAY – ON THE ISSUE TODAY – STATE INDEPENDENCE, STATE INDEPENDENCE, FEDERAL DOMINATION – OR FEDERAL DOMINATION – OR COMBINATIONCOMBINATION

Articles of Confederation Articles of Confederation 17811781

All but powerless Federal All but powerless Federal GovernmentGovernmentCan not regulate tradeCan not regulate tradeCan not create an Army & NavyCan not create an Army & Navy

Daniel Shays Rebellion Daniel Shays Rebellion

1787 Philadelphia Convention

• New Document Written• New Government Created

•Constitution of the United States

•Ratified 1789

Northwest Ordinance 1787Northwest Ordinance 1787

NO STATE northwest of the Ohio NO STATE northwest of the Ohio River could be a slave stateRiver could be a slave stateNot to benefit blacks but to Not to benefit blacks but to

prevent a shift in the balance of prevent a shift in the balance of power in the Congress from power in the Congress from northern dominance to southern northern dominance to southern dominancedominance

Conflicting IdeologiesConflicting IdeologiesFederalists v. Anti-FederalistsFederalists v. Anti-Federalists

Federalists – Alexander Hamilton – Federalists – Alexander Hamilton – Government by the eliteGovernment by the elite

Anti-Federalists aka Jeffersonian Anti-Federalists aka Jeffersonian Republicans – Republicans – government by the little government by the little people – the common manpeople – the common man

Federal Action:Federal Action:Alien & Sedition ActsAlien & Sedition Acts

17981798Longer period for immigrants to Longer period for immigrants to

attain citizenshipattain citizenshipPresident has power to imprison or President has power to imprison or

deport foreignersdeport foreignersIllegal to publish “false or malicious” Illegal to publish “false or malicious”

writings about the United Stateswritings about the United States

Reaction: Virginia & Reaction: Virginia & Kentucky ResolutionsKentucky Resolutions

17981798State laws – states have the right to State laws – states have the right to decide if Federal Laws exceed decide if Federal Laws exceed agreement between state and Federal agreement between state and Federal governmentgovernment

Claimed that if states decided that the Claimed that if states decided that the Federal Govt. had exceeded its Federal Govt. had exceeded its authority the state could ignore the lawauthority the state could ignore the law

Virginia & KentuckyVirginia & KentuckyResolutionsResolutions

These 2 Resolutions become the basis These 2 Resolutions become the basis upon which the “STATES RIGHTS” upon which the “STATES RIGHTS” movement rests.movement rests.

Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise18201820

To preserve balance of power between To preserve balance of power between north and south in the Senate: Maine is north and south in the Senate: Maine is admitted as a free state and Missouri is admitted as a free state and Missouri is admitted as a slave state.admitted as a slave state.

Created the line between north and south Created the line between north and south of 36’ 30” permanently dividing the of 36’ 30” permanently dividing the Louisiana purchase territory between “free Louisiana purchase territory between “free soil” north of the line and “slave soil” south soil” north of the line and “slave soil” south of it. of it.

Tariff of AbominationsTariff of Abominations18281828

High tariff proposed to protect Northern High tariff proposed to protect Northern Industrialists and Western interests.Industrialists and Western interests.

Non-industrial South heavily reliant on Non-industrial South heavily reliant on European manufactures is opposed.European manufactures is opposed.

Debate continues for 2 yearsDebate continues for 2 years

““Nullification Crisis”Nullification Crisis”18321832

John C. Calhoun – tariff will be declared John C. Calhoun – tariff will be declared void in South Carolina void in South Carolina

President Andrew Jackson – asks for President Andrew Jackson – asks for “Force Bill” – would allow him to use “Force Bill” – would allow him to use military against state of South Carolinamilitary against state of South Carolina

Represents clash – President = Federal Represents clash – President = Federal Power vs. State sovereigntyPower vs. State sovereignty

Great StatesmenGreat Statesmen

Wilmot Proviso - 1848Wilmot Proviso - 1848 As the Mexican War came to an end, the debate over whether As the Mexican War came to an end, the debate over whether

or not slavery should be permitted in the Mexican Cession or not slavery should be permitted in the Mexican Cession heated up.  David Wilmot, a congressmen from Pennsylvania heated up.  David Wilmot, a congressmen from Pennsylvania suggested that  slavery be forever banned in the newly won suggested that  slavery be forever banned in the newly won territories.  He claimed that the 36' 30" line which was part of territories.  He claimed that the 36' 30" line which was part of the Missouri Compromise only applied to the Louisiana the Missouri Compromise only applied to the Louisiana purchase.  Many northerners had objected to the Mexican War.  purchase.  Many northerners had objected to the Mexican War.  They like Wilmot felt that the south was looking for new lands to They like Wilmot felt that the south was looking for new lands to expand slavery.  Southerners such as John C. Calhoun of expand slavery.  Southerners such as John C. Calhoun of South Carolina were horrified by Wilmot's proposal.  They South Carolina were horrified by Wilmot's proposal.  They wanted the institution of slavery to be extended west across the wanted the institution of slavery to be extended west across the Rockies.  Wilmot's bill that would have banned slavery in the Rockies.  Wilmot's bill that would have banned slavery in the west passed in the House of Representatives where west passed in the House of Representatives where northerners held the advantage.  However the Bill was defeated northerners held the advantage.  However the Bill was defeated in the Senate by southerners such as Calhoun.  The debate in the Senate by southerners such as Calhoun.  The debate over whether slavery should or should not be allowed in the over whether slavery should or should not be allowed in the new territories would continue in the years to come.   new territories would continue in the years to come.  

David Wilmot – Senator from David Wilmot – Senator from PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

Millard Fillmore of East Millard Fillmore of East Aurora was PresidentAurora was President

California admitted as a California admitted as a free statefree state

Territory of New Mexico Territory of New Mexico and Utah can decide the and Utah can decide the issue themselvesissue themselves

Selling of slaves is banned in Selling of slaves is banned in Washington D.C.Washington D.C.

Fugitive Slave Act is passedFugitive Slave Act is passed In return for admitting the free In return for admitting the free

state of California to the Union it state of California to the Union it put in place the Fugitive Slave put in place the Fugitive Slave Law . Law . The Rigorous requirement The Rigorous requirement to return escaped slaves made to return escaped slaves made citizens of every state personally citizens of every state personally responsible for treating human responsible for treating human beings as property.beings as property.

1852 Election of Franklin Pierce1852 Election of Franklin Pierce Defeated General Winfield Scott hero of the Mexican Defeated General Winfield Scott hero of the Mexican

WarWar Claimed he favored the “Compromise of 1850 to get Claimed he favored the “Compromise of 1850 to get

votes BUTvotes BUT Most interested in Manifest Destiny Pierce focused Most interested in Manifest Destiny Pierce focused

largely on foreign policy.   He pledged to continue largely on foreign policy.   He pledged to continue America's Manifest Destiny into Latin America.  America's Manifest Destiny into Latin America.  Pierce aggressively pursued the annexation of Cuba Pierce aggressively pursued the annexation of Cuba and the isthmus of Central America.  In light of and the isthmus of Central America.  In light of several revolutions in Europe at the time, Pierce held several revolutions in Europe at the time, Pierce held America up as a model of freedom for the rest of the America up as a model of freedom for the rest of the world.  Pierce also sent Matthew Perry and the world.  Pierce also sent Matthew Perry and the American Navy to open Japan up to trade with the American Navy to open Japan up to trade with the United States though the use of gunboat diplomacy. United States though the use of gunboat diplomacy.

Kansas / Nebraska Act 1854Kansas / Nebraska Act 1854 Douglas.  Douglas was a Democrat with Douglas.  Douglas was a Democrat with

presidential ambitions.  At the time, a debate presidential ambitions.  At the time, a debate arose over where to build the new arose over where to build the new Transcontinental Railroad.Transcontinental Railroad.

A bill creating the states of Kansas and A bill creating the states of Kansas and Nebraska and allowing popular sovereignty in Nebraska and allowing popular sovereignty in the territory. Passed on May 30, 1854, it was the territory. Passed on May 30, 1854, it was proposed by Illinois Democratic senator Stephen proposed by Illinois Democratic senator Stephen A. Douglas in an attempt to gain support from A. Douglas in an attempt to gain support from southern senators for his organization of the southern senators for his organization of the territory. It annulled the prohibition against territory. It annulled the prohibition against slavery north of 36°-30′ that was passed in the slavery north of 36°-30′ that was passed in the Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise

Lead to “Bleeding Kansas”Lead to “Bleeding Kansas” Balance in the Senate is again in questionBalance in the Senate is again in question

Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln

Lincoln’s Prediction Lincoln’s Prediction January 27, January 27, 18381838

At what point shall we expect the approach of danger? At what point shall we expect the approach of danger? By what means shall we fortify against it? Shall we By what means shall we fortify against it? Shall we expect some transatlantic military giant to step the ocean expect some transatlantic military giant to step the ocean and crush us at a blow? Never! All the armies of Europe, and crush us at a blow? Never! All the armies of Europe, Asia, and Africa combined, with all the treasure of the Asia, and Africa combined, with all the treasure of the earth in their military chests; with a Buonaparte for a earth in their military chests; with a Buonaparte for a commander, could not by force take a drink from the commander, could not by force take a drink from the Ohio, or make a track on the Blue Ridge, in the trial of a Ohio, or make a track on the Blue Ridge, in the trial of a thousand years.thousand years.   At what point then is the approach of danger to be    At what point then is the approach of danger to be expected? I answer, if it ever reach us, it must spring up expected? I answer, if it ever reach us, it must spring up amongst us. It cannot come from abroad. If destruction amongst us. It cannot come from abroad. If destruction be our lot, we ourselves must be its author and finisher. be our lot, we ourselves must be its author and finisher. As a nation of freemen, we must live through all time, or As a nation of freemen, we must live through all time, or die by suicide.  die by suicide.  

A. Lincoln - A. Lincoln - August 24, 1855August 24, 1855

Our progress in degeneracy appears to me to be Our progress in degeneracy appears to me to be pretty rapid. As a nation we began by declaring pretty rapid. As a nation we began by declaring that that "all men are created equal.""all men are created equal." We now We now practically read it "all men are created equal, practically read it "all men are created equal, except negroes."except negroes." Soon it will read "all men are Soon it will read "all men are created equal, except negroes, created equal, except negroes, andand foreigners, foreigners, and Catholics."and Catholics." When it comes to this, I should When it comes to this, I should prefer emigrating to some country where they prefer emigrating to some country where they make no pretense of loving liberty--to Russia, for make no pretense of loving liberty--to Russia, for instance, where despotism can be taken pure, instance, where despotism can be taken pure, and without the base alloy of hypocrisy. and without the base alloy of hypocrisy.

"A house divided against itself cannot "A house divided against itself cannot stand." I believe this government cannot stand." I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half endure, permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the union to be free. I do not expect the union to be dissolved--I do not expect the house to dissolved--I do not expect the house to fall--but I do expect that it will cease to be fall--but I do expect that it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other. the other. June 16, 1858June 16, 1858

As I would not be a slave, so I would not As I would not be a slave, so I would not be a master. This expresses my idea of be a master. This expresses my idea of democracy. Whatever differs from this, to democracy. Whatever differs from this, to the extent of the difference, is not the extent of the difference, is not democracy. democracy. August 1, 1858August 1, 1858

   

First Inaugural AddressFirst Inaugural Address

In your hands, my dissatisfied countrymen, In your hands, my dissatisfied countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail of civil war. The government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without you. You can have no conflict without yourselves being the aggressors. You yourselves being the aggressors. You have no oath registered in Heaven to have no oath registered in Heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn one to "preserve, protect the most solemn one to "preserve, protect and defend" it. and defend" it. March 4, 1861March 4, 1861