Bridging the Pacific: IndexChina Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC), 214 China Center on International Economic Exchange, 29 China Civil Aviation Administration (CAAC), 189 China

425

Index

A123 Systems, 279Abbott Laboratories, 333Abe, Shinzo, 8, 394adjustment effects, 85–108, 395–98. See also

employmentadministrative licensing, 269ad valorem equivalents (AVEs)

agriculture, 152high tariffs, 126nontariff barriers, 117–18, 118t, 172services, 172–73, 178, 179t, 201–206, 202t–

203t, 204f, 205fin WTO, 122

advertising industry, 187AES, 281AFL-CIO, 236Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing

Measures (ASCM), 125, 306agriculture, 151–66

bilateral trade in, 152, 153t, 163, 164tfarming subsidies, 165food self-sufficiency, 151–52, 162, 165in free trade agreements, 157–62, 402nontariff barriers, 117n, 142stand-alone agreement on, 401tariffs and quotas, 152, 157–58, 161, 163WTO rulebook, 154–56

air transport agreement (ATA), 189Alcoa, 351Alexander, Keith, 350, 358All-China Federation of Trade Unions

(ACFTU), 233

Allegheny Technology, 351American Job Center, 103American Reinvestment and Recovery Act

(2009), 146Anheuser-Busch, 334antidumping duties, 120–22, 141, 328–29, 385Anti-Monopoly Law (AML), 284, 301, 332–37,

342–43antitrust measures, 326–28Apple, 352applied tariffs. See merchandise tariffsarbitration panels, 383–84, 387arms control, 257–58, 410Asia-only track, 12–13, 24, 73Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

Bogor Goals, 6, 26, 32CHUSTIA negotiations and, 26, 399, 422Competition Policy and Law Group

(CPLG), 337nenvironmental measures, 251FTAAP feasibility study, 5, 8, 389objectives of, 6, 12, 32Yokohama Vision, 73

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)–China FTA (ACFTA), 160

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) plus six, 7, 181

AustraliaChina FTA (AUCFTA)

agriculture, 162competition policy, 337market economy status, 121

© Peterson Institute for International Economics | www.piie.com

426 Bridging the Pacific

negotiations, 7, 16, 23services, 193–95

intellectual property rights, 224New Zealand, Closer Economic Relations

Trade agreement, 120, 328Trade Practices Act (1974), 328US FTA (AUSFTA)

agriculture, 157–58negotiations, 7services, 181, 182f

Australia Group, 258, 410Australian Productivity Commission, 174auto financing, 210auto insurance, 214AVEs. See ad valorem equivalents

Bangladesh, 231–32banking services, 209–10, 210t. See also finan-

cial servicesBank of East Asia (BEA), 214Baucus, Max, 106, 288beggar-thy-neighbor motivation, 43behavioral remedies, 334BGI-Shenzhen, 279Biden, Joseph, 192bilateral investment treaties (BITs)

China–US negotiations, 8, 20, 23, 272, 287–96, 389, 412

sticking points in, 296–98Chinese, 288, 291t–294t, 295–96CHUSTIA approached as, 5, 22, 400, 422state-owned enterprises, 313, 316US, 287–88, 289t–290t, 290, 295, 313, 316,

412biologics, 223biopharmaceuticals, 223Biostime International, 333Bipartisan Congressional Trade Priorities Act

(2014), 64Bogor Goals (APEC), 6, 26, 32brand protection, 227–28Brazil

currency issues, 362, 371gasoline case, 245–46high-tech exports to, 259, 259fservices barriers, 178, 179ftire case, 246

BRICS countries, 178, 179f, 405British Petroleum (BP), 280Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), 267, 270Bureau of Industry and Security, 255, 257Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 86–87, 89, 93Bush, George W., 28, 235, 250, 296, 418business regulations, 268–69

Business Software Alliance (BSA), 220Buy American provisions, 146

Calpers, 321Camp, Dave, 288Canada

Chile FTA, 120China BIT, 295competition policy, 343grain dispute, 310investment guidelines, 313, 316–17US FTA, 256

Canada Post, 312nCancún Ministerial, 326capital accumulation, 44capital requirements, 209carbon emissions, 241–42, 243t, 419cartels, 327Center for Strategic and International Studies,

350Central American Free Trade Agreement

(CAFTA), 14, 237–38Central Huijin Investment, 214Central Product Classification (CPC) code,

147Centre d’Etudes Prospectives et

d’Informations Internationales (CEPII), 37n, 41n

CGE model. See computable general equilib-rium model

Chartreuse, 352nChile

China FTAagriculture, 160–61, 402dispute settlement, 385–86environmental measures, 251, 419labor standards, 418service commitments, 185–93tariffs under, 126, 128t–137t, 139,

142, 160–61US FTA, services commitments, 181, 182f

China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC), 214

China Center on International Economic Exchange, 29

China Civil Aviation Administration (CAAC), 189

China Food and Drug Administration, 228China Huaneng Group, 281China International Economic and Trade

Arbitration Commission, 296China Internet Media Research Center, 351China Investment Corporation (CIC), 214, 281


indeX 427

China–Japan–Korea investment pact, 286–87, 412

China Mobile, 188China National Offshore Oil Corporation

(CNOOC), 279–80, 301, 316China Netcom, 337China’s Catalogue Guiding Foreign Investment in

Industry, 283China State Construction Engineering, 178China Telecom, 188China Unicom, 188, 337China UnionPay (CUP), 212China–US Free Trade and Investment Agree-

ment (CHUSTIA)adjustment effects, 85–108, 395–98 (See also

employment)case for, 10–13content of, 22–24, 400–414

broader compact, 404–10investment cluster, 410–14parallel agreements, 6, 11, 24, 73,

401, 414–19, 421 (See also specific topic of agreement)

stand-alone agreements, 401–404, 421

dispute settlement in, 6, 387–88, 413 (See also dispute settlement)

economic context, 19–22, 32feasibility of, 4gains from (See gains)global effects of, 9–10, 13negotiations (See negotiations)regional effects of, 12–13, 22, 24–25, 71–72,

82, 393, 421–23template, 38–39, 40tthird-country effects of, 43–44, 44f–45f, 82value of, 38–46

Chinese Insurance Regulatory Commission (CIRC), 213

Cisco, 352Clayton Act, 322climate change, 241–42, 419. See also environ-

mentClinton, Bill, 234Closer Economic Partnership Agreements

(CEPA), 329closure rules, 37Coalition for Justice in Maquiladoras, 237Cobden-Chevalier Treaty, 17Coca-Cola Co., 274, 333n, 352nCollins, Susan, 106Colombia–US FTA, 235, 385Commerce Clause (US Constitution), 208commercial considerations, 155, 310

commercial scale, 227Commission on Labor Cooperation (CLC),

234Commission on the Theft of American Intel-

lectual Property, 350, 354, 358, 408Committee on Foreign Investment in the

United States (CFIUS), 274–79, 297, 313, 317, 344, 411, 413

communications, 183, 187–88Communist Party, 304–305, 318–19, 338comparative advantage, 46, 170, 195, 255competition policy, 325–45

in China, 325, 331–37in CHUSTIA, 5, 338–43, 412–14evolving notions of, 326–29in free trade agreements, 329–31, 337–38political issues, 338, 342

competitive liberalization, 22, 392computable general equilibrium (CGE) model

overview of, 33–38, 34bemployment, 86, 395–96merchandise tariffs, 111services barriers, 173, 195

computer software, 188, 219–20Congress (US)

CHUSTIA negotiations, 400–401currency issues, 15, 362–63, 366, 416cyberespionage, 351, 358fast-track legislation, 64foreign direct investment, 275–77, 288government procurement, 146ntrade adjustment assistance, 104, 106

Consolidated and Further Continuing Appro-priations Act (2013), 185n

construction industry, 178, 187, 195, 281control lists, 257–58Convention on International Trade in Endan-

gered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 250, 252, 295

convergenceof competition laws, 326, 328of trade and monetary policies, 366

cooperative unilateralism, 327copyrights, 120, 221, 224Costa Rica–China FTA, 185–93, 337–38, 414cost-benefit ratio, 99Council on Environmental Cooperation

(CEC), 249, 419counterfactuals, 260–62, 261tcounterfeit products, 120, 220, 228countervailing currency intervention (CCI),

371–72countervailing duties (CVDs), 120–22, 141,

328–29, 371–72, 385



country SOE share (CSS), 302critical supply, 280CrowdStrike, 350crude oil, 402–403cultural differences, 272currency, 361–76

in CHUSTIA, 6, 11, 23–24, 367–68, 371–75, 414–18

dispute settlement, 374, 386–87, 417–18historical context, 365–67interest rate controls, 211misalignments, 368–73, 386, 417policy actions, 362–66in rebalancing process, 15, 64–70, 66f, 69t,

71f, 364, 374WTO case, 356

current account imbalances, 4, 14–15, 32, 365changes in (See macroeconomic rebalanc-

ing)customs, 122n, 123

Chinese, 258counterfeit goods, 228harmonized classification system, 111,

112t–117t, 123, 160transport services, 176

Customs Modernization Act (1993), 177ncyberespionage, 349–60

Chinese involvement in, 350–52in CHUSTIA, 358–59, 390, 394, 408

as parallel agreement, 6, 24, 414–18, 421

extent of, 350–51in free trade agreements, 357national self-help, 352–55, 358prevalence of, 18as priority issue, 6, 11, 23WTO rulebook, 355–57

data exclusivity, 223debt

financing of, 281state-owned enterprises, 302, 305f

Defend Trade Secrets Act, 353–54, 358De Gucht, Karel, 123demand, 91–92Deng Xiaoping, 151, 165, 302Department of Commerce control list, 257Department of Energy (DOE), 256Department of Homeland Security (DHS),

355, 358Department of Transportation, 148Department of Treasury, 354, 417deposit rates, 211designated monopolies, 329–31, 330n

development and reform commissions (DRCs), 284

digital services, 190–91Digital Trade Act (2013), 191diplomatic consultation, 379disclosure, 319–20Dislocated Worker Program, 100–101Displaced Workers Survey, 93. See also worker

displacementdispute settlement, 379–88

in CHUSTIA, 6, 387–88, 413competition policy, 330, 343–44, 413currency issues, 374, 386–87, 417–18electronic payment services dispute, 212in free trade agreements, 382–87historical context, 379intellectual property rights, 221, 408investment treaties, 290, 296–98, 412labor standards, 236–39SPS Agreement, 156in WTO, 212, 379–82, 380t–381t, 385, 393

Dispute Settlement Body (WTO), 212, 379, 385

Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU), 379

distributional effects, 4, 395Doha Development Agenda (DDA), 177, 325,

381Doha Round (WTO), 22, 25n, 146, 176–77,

234dolphin-tuna case, 243–45domestic exhaustion policy, 224domestic subsidies, 311Dominican Republic, 237–38Donilon, Tom, 349drug industry, 223, 225, 228, 333Dubai Ports World, 278, 280due process provisions, 329Dumex Baby Food, 333duty drawback provisions, 125nduty exemptions, 125–26, 142, 157

early harvest program, 160East Asia Free Trade Area. See Regional Com-

prehensive Economic Partnershipeconometric gravity models, 33neconomic conflict, 5, 11, 13, 18–19, 390,

393–94, 420economic development, 16Economic Espionage Act (EEA), 353, 417economic models, 19, 82economic needs tests (ENTs), 193economic partnership agreements (EPAs),

35b–36b


indeX 429

economic reformChina, 8, 16–17, 20, 196–97, 302, 319, 322,

392, 420rebalancing (See macroeconomic rebalanc-

ing)US, 16–17, 21, 392, 420

Economics and Statistics Administration, 351economic shocks, 67n, 101economic systems, comparison of, 16–17, 121education services, 187Eisenhower, Dwight D., 154electronic payment services (EPS), 212emerging economies. See also specific country

foreign direct investment, 270–71high-technology exports to, 258–60, 259f–

260fservices liberalization, 405

employment. See also laborassistance programs (See trade adjustment

assistance)composition of, 4, 10, 13–14, 52–64, 81

China, 58t–59texport-based, 62–63, 63t, 71, 98–99US, 57, 60t–61t, 62, 71, 81, 86

displaced workers (See worker displace-ment)

effects of Chinese imports on, 88–94, 91t, 395–96

input-output tables, 90–92, 91t, 98job gains, 98–100in manufacturing (See manufacturing)in services, 4, 57, 60t–61t, 71, 81, 169simulations, 37, 395–96unemployment benefits, 87–88, 100, 102,

104, 398US hires and separations, 89, 89f, 92–94, 95twage effects, 87–88, 94–96, 99, 197, 232,

397wage-loss insurance, 104–105

energy consumption, 242, 244tenergy supplies, 23, 148, 256, 281entertainment industry, 170environment, 241–53

climate change, 241–42, 419in free trade agreements, 248–51, 384–86,

415, 419in investment treaties, 295, 412parallel agreement on, 6, 415, 418–19, 421plurilateral agreements on, 251, 252WTO cases, 242–48

environmental charge (Moldova), 247

gasoline, 245–46lessons from, 248

raw materials (China), 247retreaded tires (Brazil), 246shrimp, 245, 246tuna-dolphin, 243–45

Environmental Goods Agreement (EGA), tariffs on, 5, 8, 123, 251

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 282equity ceilings, 187espionage. See cyberespionageEuropean Union

Asia-Pacific agreement and, 12Chinese agreement with, 7competition policy, 337, 343currency issues, 370–71, 373ncurrency provisions, 363dispute settlement, 382economic reforms, 394EU Court of Justice (ECJ), 327exhaustion policy, 224as FTA precedent, 25investment in China, 267, 268tJapanese negotiations with, 31penalty provisions, 120, 328services barriers, 206tire case, 246tuna-dolphin case, 244–45US partnership with (See Transatlantic

Trade and Investment Partnership)exceptionally high tariffs, 126, 128t–137t, 139exchange rates. See currencyexclusions, services trade, 181, 183–84exhaustion policies, 224–25Exon-Florio Amendment, 278export controls, 255–63

Chinese, 258counterfactuals, 260–62, 261thigh-technology, 258–60, 259f–260f, 409–10as priority issue, 11, 23US, 257–58

export gainsbenefits from, 10employment effects, 62–63, 63t, 71, 81,

96–98estimates of, 3–4, 46, 47tfinancial services, 213–14high-tech exports, 262, 409–10regional agreements compared, 74, 78t–79t,

80services, 172, 173t, 195, 406, 407tsummary of, 81, 392–93US promotion of, 21

Express Delivery Service (EDS), 191extraordinary challenge committee procedure,

383n



factors of production, 94–95Fairchild Semiconductor, 277, 280Fair Currency Alliance, 356farming subsidies, 165FDI. See foreign direct investmentFederal Aviation Administration (FAA), 148,

282Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

(FERC), 281–82Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), 282Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), 282Federal Trade Commission, 330financial reporting rules, 313, 414financial services, 207–17

bilateral trade in, 213–14Chinese restrictions, 187–89, 209–13

banking and securities, 209–10, 210telectronic payment services, 212insurance, 212–13interest rate controls, 211

in free trade agreements, 214–16importance of, 172recommendations, 216–17US restrictions, 181, 184–85, 208WTO rulebook, 207–208

Financial Services Agreement (WTO), 366Financial Supervisory Commission (FSC), 216first-to-file practice, 227fiscal policy, 21, 64, 88nFonterra Cooperative Group, 333food self-sufficiency, 151–52, 162, 165. See also

agricultureforeign direct investment (FDI), 267–99

barriers to, 38–39, 39t–40t, 268–69Chinese, 282–86, 406US, 273–82, 275b, 317, 411–12

blocked transactions, 276b, 279Canadian guidelines, 313, 316–17China–Japan–Korea pact, 286–87, 412Chinese approval process, 283–86Chinese outward, 270–71, 271tin CHUSTIA, 5, 10–11, 23, 298–99, 410–14government procurement, 149, 281industry composition of, 271infrastructure, 149, 176, 281–82, 397, 410insurance services, 213Latin America, 268, 269tnegotiating goals, 272services, 186–88, 193, 195, 273, 274t, 405state-owned enterprises, 278, 279, 297–99,

313–17, 406treaties (See bilateral investment treaties)US outward, 267–69, 268t, 269t

foreign exchange reserves, 14–15, 363, 369–70, 375, 417

Foreign Investment and National Security Act (FINSA), 278, 279

Foxconn, 231fracking (hydrofracturing technology), 256free trade agreements (FTAs). See also specific

agreementoverview of, 7agriculture in, 157–62, 402competition policy in, 329–31, 337–38currency provisions in, 367cyberespionage in, 357definition of, 9dispute settlement in, 382–87environment in, 248–51, 384–86, 415, 419financial services in, 214–16government procurement, 148historical precedents for, 25intellectual property rights in, 221–22labor policy in, 234–38, 384–86, 415, 418penalty provisions, 120–21, 328–29, 371–72,

385regional (See regional agreements)sanitary and phytosanitary standards, 152,

158–59, 164–65, 402services commitments, 179–81, 180t

Chinese, 185–95US, 181–85, 182f

state-owned enterprises in, 312–13tariffs in, 119–20, 126templates, 33, 35b–36b

free trade area, definition of, 9Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific (FTAAP)

APEC feasibility study, 5, 8, 389Asia-Pacific tracks converging in, 12–13, 22,

25, 32, 422regional agreements compared to, 73–80,

76t–79tfree trade commissions, 383–84free trade zones, 20, 193–95, 214, 217, 288,

392, 406freight services, 176Friends of the Earth, 251Froman, Michael, 123, 331nFTAs. See free trade agreements; specific agree-

mentFujitsu, 278functional specificity, 366fundamental equilibrium exchange rates, 363,

371nfunding, for adjustment programs, 105–106


indeX 431

gains (from CHUSTIA), 32–46employment, 52–64, 60t–61t, 81income, 14, 41–44, 44f–45f, 393

regional agreements compared, 74, 76t–77t, 80

investment, 410–11output, 52, 53t–56t, 70–71, 72tproductivity, 3–4, 10, 32, 43–44, 81sources of, 44–46summary of, 3–4, 10–11, 81–83, 392–400trade (See trade gains)

gasoline case, 245–46GATS. See General Agreement on Trade in

ServicesGATT. See General Agreement on Tariffs and

TradeGeneral Administration of Customs (GAC),

176General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

(GATT), 179Article III, 143Article XI, 154Article XIX, 327Article XVII, 154–55, 306, 309–11Article XX, 242–43, 247, 386nArticle XXI, 356, 386nArticle XXII, 327, 356Article XXIII, 327competition policy, 325dispute settlement mechanisms, 379government procurement, 144–48labor standards, 233services barriers, 173–74state-owned enterprises rules, 305–306tariffs in, 122, 124, 138–39

General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)

cyberespionage, 356financial services, 207–208, 212investment, 273services barriers, 173–77, 184, 405state-owned enterprises, 306, 307t–309t,

311Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), 232generally accepted accounting principles

(GAAP), 313, 314Genome, 279geographic distance, 272geopolitical conflict, 17–19, 420Germany

balance of payments, 373nexport controls, 256, 262high-tech exports, 259–60, 260f

global economyChinese role in, 20

competition policy in, 325, 326–29effects of CHUSTIA on, 9–10, 13US role in, 21

global leadership, 17Global Services Forum Beijing Summit, 196global supply chains, 47, 272Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP)

database, 57n, 66n, 152Tariff Analytical and Simulation Tool for

Economist (TASTE), 111, 117government procurement, 143–49

CHUSTIA prospects, 148–49, 403–404GATT/WTO agreements, 144–48levels of, 143, 144tservices trade, 183

Government Procurement Agreement (GPA)agreement on, 144amendments to, 145Chinese accession to, 146–48, 389, 391, 404negotiations, 5, 8, 20, 404state government coverage, 145, 404US coverage in, 148, 281

Government Procurement Law, 146GPA. See Government Procurement Agree-

mentgravity models, 33n, 43, 174, 204–205, 256,

272Greenberg, Maurice R., 28–29greenhouse gases, 241–42, 243t, 419Group of 20 (G-20)

climate commitments, 252currency issues, 370merger control regimes, 338, 339t–341t

Group of Seven (G-7), 364, 368GTAP. See Global Trade Analysis ProjectGuatemala, 237–38

H3C, 279, 317hacking back, 354, 358Han Duk-soo, 27, 28harmonized system (HS) of customs classifica-

tion, 111, 112t–117t, 123, 160Hatch, Orrin, 288Henkel Hong Kong, 334Hermès, 227–28highly sensitive products, 157–58high tariffs, 126, 128t–137t, 139–41, 140t–141thigh-technology exports, 258–60, 259f–260f,

409–10hires, 89, 89fHong Kong, 270, 329Hong Kong Ministerial, 326horizontal price collusion, 333Huawei, 185, 279, 280, 301, 317, 351n, 351–52Huiyuan, 274, 333n



Hu Jintao, 296, 302nhuman capital. See employmenthydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), 252, 419hydrofracturing technology (fracking), 256

import gainsbenefits from, 10employment effects, 63, 81, 88–94, 91t,

96–97estimates of, 46, 47t

import quotas, agriculture, 152, 157–58, 161, 163

import surcharges, 371–72import tariffs

Chinese, 138–39, 142US, 139–40, 140t–141t, 142

Inbev, 334income distribution, 10, 15–16, 87, 95, 397–98income gains, 14, 41–44, 44f–45f, 393

regional agreements compared, 74, 76t–77t, 80

Indiahigh-tech exports to, 259, 259fservices barriers, 178, 179f

Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC), 211, 214

infant formula pricing case, 333information technology (IT), 146, 187,

190–91, 351Information Technology Agreement (ITA2)

CHUSTIA and, 5, 22, 25n, 390–91negotiations, 8, 20, 389tariffs, 123

infrastructure investment, 149, 176, 281–82, 397, 410

input-output tables, 90–92, 91t, 98insurance services, 212–14. See also financial

servicesIntel, 352intellectual property rights (IPR), 219–30

in CHUSTIA, 5, 11, 23, 390, 394, 408–409competition policy and, 334currency issues and, 371deficiencies, 225–29enforcement mechanisms, 221, 225–26,

352–55, 408–409in free trade agreements, 221–22government procurement, 147infringement (See also cyberespionage)

extent of, 220, 350, 390, 408penalties for, 226–27

investment and, 297, 412TPP issues, 222–25

data exclusivity, 223

parallel imports, 224–25, 421patent extensions, 222–23

value of, 219–20interest rate controls, 211InterGen, 281intermediate goods, 125–26International Center for the Settlement of

Investment Disputes (ICSID), 247, 296, 312n, 386

International Chamber of Commerce, 220International Data Corporation, 350international exhaustion rule, 224international financial reporting standards

(IFRS), 313, 414International Labor Organization (ILO), 233,

235, 238, 295, 418international law, cyberespionage, 358–59International Monetary Fund (IMF), 15, 270,

362, 366, 367–69, 373, 415–17International Trade Commission, 408International Trade in Arms Regulation, 257internet use, 190–91, 349, 351intersectoral changes, 46–52, 48t–51t, 81–82intersectoral reciprocity, 23–24intrasectoral changes, 46–52, 48t–51t, 81–82intrasectoral reciprocity, 23–24investment. See foreign direct investmentInvestment Canada Act, 313, 316ninvestor-state dispute settlement (ISDS), 298involuntary separations, 89, 89f, 92–93, 395IPR. See intellectual property rightsITA2. See Information Technology Agreement

JapanChina–Korea investment pact, 286–87, 412currency issues, 416economic reform, 8, 394EU negotiations with, 31export controls, 256, 262high-tech exports, 259–60, 260fin Northeast Asia compact, 7TPP accession, 25, 394

Jiang Zemin, 8, 20Job Opening and Labor Turnover Survey

(JOLTS), 89, 89f, 92, 93jobs. See employmentJohanns, Mike, 275–77Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade,

11joint ventures, 186–87, 209Jordan–US FTA, 181journalism, 192Justice Department, 330, 351


indeX 433

Kewanee Oil Co. v. Bicron Corp., 353Kim Hyun-chong, 28Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, 224Korea

China FTA, 7, 16, 23China–Japan investment pact, 286–87, 412US FTA (KORUS), 7

adjustment effects, 394agriculture, 157–59, 164, 402competition policy, 329–30, 414currency provisions in, 367cyberespionage in, 357dispute settlement, 385environmental measures, 249nfinancial services, 208, 216government procurement, 148import tariffs, 139–41, 140t–141tintellectual property rights, 221–22labor standards, 235–36negotiations, 24n, 27–29services commitments, 181visa waiver program, 407–408

Korea Fair Trade Commission (KFTC), 330Korea Post, 216

labor, 231–39. See also employmentChinese labor union, 233in free trade agreements, 234–38, 384–86,

415, 418in investment treaties, 295, 412parallel agreement on, 6, 415, 418services commitments, 186, 196standards, 231–32WTO rulebook, 232–34

Labor Contract Law (2008), 197Lamy, Pascal, 248legal services, 192lending rates, 211less services liberalization (LSL), 175Levin, Sanders, 232Li Keqiang, 162, 165, 196liquefied natural gas (LNG), 256, 402–403liquid-crystal display (LCD) panels, 333liquor industry, 333logging industry, 250Luxembourg, 270

Macau, 329macroeconomic rebalancing, 64–71

accelerated scenario, 67–70, 69t, 82, 142, 371n

baseline scenario, 65–67, 66fbenefits of, 4, 11

currency provisions in, 15, 64–70, 66f, 69t, 71f, 364, 374, 416

need for, 14–15, 32, 393–95as priority issue, 23, 393–95, 398–99, 420sectoral implications of, 70–71, 72t, 82services liberalization in, 406–407

managerial personnel, 290Mandiant, 350manufacturing

employment in, 4, 13–14, 57, 60t–61t, 71, 81, 86, 395

input-output tables, 90–92, 91t, 98separations, 92–94, 95t (See also

worker displacement)investment in, 271, 282output, 52, 53t–56t, 70–71, 72t

market access, 181, 212market economy

Chinese move toward, 16–17, 20, 196, 302, 319, 322

penalty provisions and, 121–22, 328–29market economy status (MES), 121, 421nMarrakesh Agreement, 175Mauritius, 270May 10th Agreement, 235–36, 238, 250–51McAfee, 350McDermott, Jim, 104McGregor, James, 192Mead Johnson Nutrition, 333meat exports, 156media industry, 192memorandum of understanding (MOU)

competition policy, 338environmental issues, 419labor issues, 418

merchandise tariffs, 111–42ad valorem equivalents, 117–18, 118t, 122,

126Chinese WTO accession, 118–19, 121–22in free trade agreements, 119–20, 126HS code levels, 111, 112t–117timport tariffs

Chinese, 126–39, 142US, 139–40, 140t–141t, 142

penalty duties, 120–22, 141, 328–29, 385stand-alone agreement on, 401in WTO, 122–26

high tariffs, 126, 128t–137t, 139–41, 140t–141t

MFN rates, 92, 124–26, 138–39, 142, 160, 163

plurilateral agreements, 123schedule structure, 123–24, 124ttypes of, 122



Mercosur, 246mergers and acquisitions (M&As)

Chinese approval process, 284–85, 411competition policy, 327, 334–37, 335t–336tG-20 control regimes, 338, 339t–341tnegotiating goals, 272, 414state-owned enterprises, 337US approval process, 274–77, 276b–277b

Mexicoeconomic reform, 394environmental policy, 249financial services, 215labor standards, 237peso crisis, 365tuna-dolphin case, 244–45US import tariffs and, 125n, 139

MFN. See most favored nation statusMiddle East oil kingdoms, 277Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), 162Ministry of Foreign Commerce (MOFCOM),

258, 270, 284–85, 332–34, 337, 338, 342–44

Ministry of Industry and Information Tech-nology (MIIT), 147, 187

minority affairs, 183Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR),

258, 410mistrust, 18–19, 280, 411, 422mixed tariffs, 122Moldova, 247–48monetary policy, 21, 64, 88n, 362–66, 369monopoly, 313, 320, 329–31, 330nMontreal Protocol, 252, 295, 419moral hazard, 104most favored nation (MFN) status

agriculture, 157government procurement, 144intellectual property rights, 221investment, 273, 279–80, 287, 288, 290, 297services barriers, 175, 181, 183–85state-owned enterprises, 311, 413tariff rates, 92, 124–26, 138–39, 142, 160,

163multilateral approach. See plurilateral ap-

proachmultilateral environmental agreements

(MEAs), 250, 252, 418–19Multi-Level Protection Scheme (MLPS), 188,

191multinational corporations (MNCs), 231, 301munitions lists, 257–58music industry, 227

NAFTA. See North American Free Trade Agree-ment

National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA), 185n, 191

National Association of Manufacturers, 356National Development and Reform Commis-

sion (NDRC), 162, 284, 332, 333, 343National Foreign Trade Council (NFTC),

190–91national security

CHUSTIA and, 9, 12, 390competition policy, 344, 413definition of, 278, 285export controls, 257–63government procurement, 403investment barriers, 274, 278–80, 284n, 285services barriers, 182–83

National Security Agency (NSA), 18, 188, 349, 351–52, 359, 390

National Semiconductor, 278national treatment

competition policy, 327, 413energy supplies, 256financial services, 212, 217gasoline case, 246government procurement exclusion, 143intellectual property rights, 221investment, 273, 287, 288, 290, 297services barriers, 175, 181, 193

natural gas, 256, 402–403negative lists

financial services, 216government procurement, 403investment, 283, 286, 298, 406, 412services, 178, 181, 185, 193–94, 195

negotiations (CHUSTIA)approaches to, 5, 21–25, 399–401, 421–23background to, 6–10hurdles in, 13–19interim steps, 25–27, 421priority issues for, 5–6, 11, 23, 420–21timing issues, 26

New Balance, 141nNewbery v. James, 352New York Convention on the Recognition

and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitration Awards, 296

New York Metropolitan Transport Authority, 146n

New ZealandAustralia, Closer Economic Relations Trade

agreement, 120, 328China FTA, 161–62, 216, 251, 337, 386, 402,

418–19


indeX 435

Nexen, 279, 280, 316Niu Hao, 334Nixon, Richard, 154, 366nonadjustment assistance, 102nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 237,

249, 251nonmarket economy (NME), 16–17, 121nontariff barriers (NTBs)

ad valorem equivalents, 117–18, 118t, 172agriculture, 156CHUSTIA and, 38–41services, 40–41, 169, 201–206SPS measures, 156tariff equivalents of, 41trade agreements and, 35b–36b, 38

North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC), 249

North American Agreement on Labor Coop-eration (NAALC), 234, 236

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 7

adjustment effects, 394, 398agriculture, 157n, 159ncurrency provisions, 365, 372cyberespionage in, 357dispute settlement mechanisms, 374n,

382–84, 387environment, 248–49, 384, 415, 419financial services, 214–15government procurement, 148, 404labor standards, 232, 234, 236–37, 384, 415public view of, 9, 14, 44, 390state-owned enterprises, 312–13tariff schedule, 125n, 139–41, 140t–141ttrade effects of, 33wage effects, 96

Northeast Asia compact, 7Norway, 321NTBs. See nontariff barriers

Obama, Barackon Bangladesh tragedy, 232Chinese BIT negotiations, 8Chinese meetings with, 20nclimate action plan, 251currency issues, 363export goals, 21investment treaties, 288, 296–98, 412KORUS negotiations, 28labor policy, 236Obamacare, 398trade adjustment assistance, 5, 14, 103–106,

398trade negotiating agenda, 8–9

OECD. See Organization for Economic Coop-eration and Development

Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), 354, 358, 417

offshoring, 95noil, 277, 309, 402–403Omnibus Trade Act of 1988, 277–78open data, 190–91open skies agreements, 189noptional restrictions, 181, 183–84Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development (OECD)Chinese SOE list, 302, 303tcurrent account estimates, 15nintellectual property rights, 220STRI (See Services Trade Restrictiveness

Index)trade in value added dataset, 47

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 309

origin, rules of, 126output, 52, 53t–56t, 70–71, 72tOverseas Private Investment Corporation

(OPIC), 183

Pacific track, 12–13, 24, 73Panama–US FTA, 235, 385panel arbitration system, 383–84, 387parallel agreements, 6, 24, 73, 401, 414–19,

421. See also specific topic of agreementparallel imports, 224–25patents, 120, 221, 222–23, 229, 352, 409. See

also intellectual property rightsPatriot Act, 354, 358payroll taxes, 105, 397penalty duties, 120–22, 141, 328–29, 371–72,

385Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation

Company (P&O), 278, 280People’s Bank of China (PBOC), 211People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 350, 416performance requirements, 290, 413permanent normal trade relations (PNTR), 6,

92, 394Peru–US FTA, 235, 250, 383–85, 418pharmaceutical industry, 223, 225, 228, 333pirated products, 120, 220, 228Plaza Agreement, 366plurilateral approach

CHUSTIA, 5, 21–24, 25n, 390–91, 400, 422–23

currency issues, 374, 415–16environment, 251WTO tariffs, 123



political economyCHUSTIA negotiations, 9, 23competition policy, 338, 342investment, 274, 411merchandise tariffs, 119–20state-owned enterprises, 304–305, 318–19trade adjustment assistance, 101

political systems, comparison of, 17positive comity, 327Potash Company, 316predatory behavior, 322, 328preestablishment rights, 287, 297price caps, 334PRISM, 352privately owned enterprises (POEs), 302,

319–20private rights of action, 343, 387production process methods (PPMs), 233, 245,

246, 248productivity gains, 3–4, 10, 32, 43–44, 81, 97n,

98, 392–93product varieties, availability of, 44–45professional services sector, 184provincial governments. See state/provincial

governmentspublication

of financial reports, 313, 414of laws, 295, 413

public-private partnerships (PPPs), 281public trade bodies. See state trading enter-

prisesPutter Panda, 350

Qualcomm, 352quantitative easing (QE), 21, 64, 363–64quantitative restrictions, on agricultural

imports, 154

rare earth case, 381–82raw materials case, 247RCEP. See Regional Comprehensive Economic

PartnershipReagan, Ronald, 278, 366real effective exchange rate (REER), 361, 368Really Good Friends (RGF), 177rebalancing. See economic reformreciprocity, 23–24, 375regional agreements. See also specific agreement

CHUSTIA combined with, 12–13, 22, 24–25, 71–72, 82, 393, 421–23

comparison of, 73–80, 76t–79tcurrent negotiations for, 31, 389, 391dynamics of, 80–81schematic network of, 74, 75f

Regional Comprehensive Economic Partner-ship (RCEP)

CHUSTIA combined with, 7, 12, 22, 23, 32, 71–72, 82, 393

CHUSTIA compared with, 73–80, 75f, 76t–79t

regional integration and, 5, 12–13, 24, 31, 80–82, 389, 422

services commitments, 179–81remedial currency intervention, 372research and development (R&D), 272, 409restricted sectors, 283, 285Rhodium Group, 270rice imports, 158Robinson-Patman Act, 322Royal Friesland Campina, 333rules of origin, 126Russia

high-tech exports to, 259, 259fservices barriers, 178, 179fUS investment treaty, 288

safeguard duties, 120–22, 383nsafety regulations, 231–32sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) standards,

152, 155–56, 158–59, 164–65, 402Schlumberger, 277Schumer, Charles, 104, 146nsectoral implications, 46–64

investment, 271, 283, 285, 287macroeconomic rebalancing, 70–71, 72t, 82services barriers, 182–84, 186–87, 407–408trade, 46–52, 47t–51t, 81wage effects, 96, 397

securities. See financial servicessecurity. See national securitysensitive list, 160sensitivity tests, 19, 82separations, 89, 89f, 92–95, 95t. See also worker

displacementservices

employment in, 57, 60t–61t, 71, 81, 169, 395exports, 47, 169–70

gains in, 172, 173t, 195, 406, 407tindirect, 170, 171b, 172t

foreign direct investment in, 186–88, 193, 271, 273, 274t, 405

liberalization of, 5, 47, 82, 394, 404–408output, 52, 53t–56t, 70–71, 72t

services barriers, 169–206in free trade agreements, 179–81, 180t

Chinese, 185–95US, 181–85, 182f

measurement of, 173–75, 201–206


indeX 437

nontariff barriers, 40–41, 169quantitative estimates, 172–75, 199–206trade facilitation, 176–77WTO rulebook, 175–78

Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI)overview of, 41, 42t, 199–201, 199t–201t,

201fAVE tariff levels, 178, 179t, 201–206, 202t–

203t, 204f, 205feffectiveness of, 174, 201investment and, 273, 274t, 406, 411US restrictions, 184

shadow banking market, 211, 217shale gas, 256Shanghai Free Trade Zone (FTZ), 20, 193–95,

214, 217, 288, 392, 406Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890), 332shoes tariffs, 141shrimp case, 245, 246Shuanghui International Holdings, 270, 275Sierra Club, 250–51simulations, 36, 86Singapore Ministerial (WTO), 325Singapore–US FTA

competition policy, 343 financial services, 215intellectual property rights, 221–22investment, 273, 275bservices commitments, 181, 182fstate-owned enterprises, 305, 313, 314b–

315b, 319, 320Smithfield Foods, 270, 275, 279Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, 92snapback clauses, 371–72, 386Snowden, Edward, 349, 351Social Security Disability Insurance, 103nsocial services, 183SOEs. See state-owned enterprisessoft consultative mechanism, 383–84software licensing, 188, 219–20SolarWorld, 351South Africa, services barriers, 178, 179fsovereign immunity doctrine, 414sovereign wealth funds (SWFs), 321–22Soviet Union, 257special drawing rights (SDR), 144–45, 148specificity, 311

functional, 366specific tariffs, 122SPS (sanitary and phytosanitary) standards,

152, 155–56, 158–59, 164–65, 402squatting, 227–28stand-alone agreements, 401–404standard international trade classification

(SITC) sectors, 256

State Administration for Industry and Com-merce (SAIC), 284, 332, 333, 344

State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE), 268n

state-controlled enterprises (SCEs). See state-owned enterprises

State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO), 226, 229, 409

State-owned Assets Supervision and Admin-istration Commission (SASAC), 285, 318–19, 332, 338

state-owned enterprises (SOEs), 301–23agriculture, 162in CHUSTIA, 5, 11, 319–22, 412–14classification of, 302, 303tcompetition policy and, 332, 337, 342, 343,

413debt, 302, 305fdefinition of, 319–20in free trade agreements, 312–13investment and, 278, 279, 297–99, 313–17,

406performance of, 302–304political control of, 304–305, 318–19procurement, 147services, 188, 195share of economic activity, 302, 304fSOE Asset Law, 318in Third Plenum, 319, 322US subsidiaries, 322WTO

China’s accession protocol to, 311–12

rulebook, 305–11state/provincial governments

financial services, 208foreign direct investment, 285–86government procurement, 145, 403–404intellectual property rights, 353services barriers, 193state-owned enterprises, 322

state-supported enterprises (SSEs). See state-owned enterprises

state trading enterprises (STEs), 306, 309agriculture trade, 154–55

Strategic and Economic Dialogue (S&ED), 11, 26, 195, 209–10, 217, 287, 288, 316, 399

STRI. See Services Trade Restrictiveness Indexstructural remedies, 334subfederal governments. See state/provincial

governmentssugar imports, 157–58supply, 91–92Surface Transportation Board (STB), 282Sweden, 328



TAA. See trade adjustment assistanceTaiwan, 178nTariff Act (US), 120, 354, 358, 417Tariff Analytical and Simulation Tool for

Economist (TASTE), 111, 117tariff rate quotas (TRQs), 157–58, 161, 163tariffs

agriculture, 152, 157on environmental goods, 5, 8, 123, 251merchandise (See merchandise tariffs)NTB equivalents, 41reductions in, 39stand-alone agreement on, 401

taxationunemployment insurance, 105, 398value-added tax, 163

Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreement, 155, 245

technical standards, 295, 334technology leakage, 280technology transfer, 296, 297telecommunications, 183, 187–88Temasek, 319, 321templates

for CHUSTIA, 38–39, 40tfor trade agreements, 33, 35b–36b

temporary export controls, 154Tencent, 227Tendering and Bidding Law (2000), 146ten-year framework on environment, 252terms of trade, 43–45Tetra Pak, 333Thailand, 121nthird countries

effects of CHUSTIA on, 43–44, 44f–45f, 82trade deflection, 126

Third Plenum of the 18th Party Congress, 318, 322

3Com, 279, 280, 3173Leaf, 279, 280, 317Tiande, 334timing issues, 26, 365, 421tire case, 246TiSA. See Trade in Services Agreementtobacco products, 163–64Tokyo Round, 144–45, 155tourism industry, 187, 407–408TPP. See Trans-Pacific Partnershiptrack II dialogues, 26trade adjustment assistance (TAA), 100–106,

397–98funding mechanisms, 105–106improvements in, 5, 14, 103–104participation rates, 101, 102t

safeguard provisions, 105training programs, 102–103wage-loss insurance, 87–88, 104–105

trade balance, 37, 67changes in (See macroeconomic rebalanc-

ing)currency issues and, 365merchandise tariffs and, 118–19, 142

trade barriers, 38–39, 39t–40tmeasurement of, 173–75, 201–206nontariff (See nontariff barriers)services (See services barriers)tariffs (See tariffs)

trade deflection, 126Trade Facilitation (TF) Agreement, 176–77trade gains, 33–41, 46, 47t

employment and, 62–63, 63t, 81exports (See export gains)imports (See import gains)rebalancing and (See macroeconomic

rebalancing)sectoral changes, 46–52, 48t–51t, 81

Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA)BRICS countries in, 178, 405Chinese interest in, 177–78, 391, 407CHUSTIA negotiations and, 5, 22, 25n, 407launch of, 177negotiations, 8, 20, 389tariffs, 123US export gains from, 178

trademarks, 120, 221, 227–28. See also intel-lectual property rights

trade-related antitrust measures (TRAMs), 326–28

Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement, 221–24, 326–28, 355, 359, 417

Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMS) agreement, 306

trade secrets, 219, 352–55. See also intellectual property rights

Trade Secrets Clarification Act, 353nTrade Union Law, 233training programs, 102–103Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partner-

ship (TTIP)agriculture, 165Chinese losses due to, 4, 7currency provisions, 363investment, 273regional integration and, 31, 389services commitments, 179US export promotion through, 21

Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)agriculture, 157, 163–65


indeX 439

Chinese accession to, 6, 8, 24, 390Chinese losses due to, 4, 7, 391CHUSTIA combined with, 22, 32, 71–72,

393, 422–23CHUSTIA compared with, 73–80, 75f,

76t–79tcompetition policy, 330–31, 343currency provisions, 363, 367, 416development levels and, 8, 16dispute settlement, 385environmental measures, 250–51intellectual property rights, 222–25Japan–US trade and, 25labor standards, 232, 236, 238–39public view of, 14regional integration and, 5, 12–13, 31,

71–72, 80–82, 389services commitments, 179, 180tstate-owned enterprises, 305, 320–21US export promotion through, 21

transparencycompetition policy, 343–44, 413investment rules, 279, 286–87, 295, 297,

411state-owned enterprises, 320–21

transport services, 176, 183, 184, 187, 189, 282travel industry, 187, 407–408Treaty of Paris (1951), 328TRIMS (Trade-Related Investment Measures)

agreement, 306TRIPS (Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects

of Intellectual Property Rights), 221–24, 326–28, 355, 359, 417

trust, lack of, 18–19, 280, 411, 422Tsinghua University, 351TTIP. See Transatlantic Trade and Investment

Partnershiptuna-dolphin case, 243–45Tung, C. H., 29

Ukraine, 247–48unemployment benefits, 87–88, 100, 102, 104,

398Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA), 353unilateral approach, 22United Kingdom

export controls, 256, 262high-tech exports, 259–60, 260f

United Nations (UN)Commission on International Trade Law

(UNCITRAL), 296n, 386nComtrade database, 259Framework Convention on Climate

Change, 241n

United Steelworkers, 351United Students Against Sweatshops (USAS),

237Universal Displaced Worker (UDW) Program,

103–104, 106UN Model Law on Procurement of Goods, 146Unocal, 279, 317Uruguay Round, 118, 145, 155, 175, 208, 221US Chamber of Commerce, 29, 281, 283n, 285US–China Business Council (USCBC), 146,

220, 225, 269, 283n, 409US–China CEO and Former Senior Officials’

Dialogue, 26US–China Economic and Security Review

Commission, 358US–China EcoPartnerships Program, 252US–China Strategic and Economic Dialogue

(S&ED), 11, 26, 195, 209–10, 217, 287, 288, 316, 399

US Constitution, Commerce Clause, 208US Customs and Border Protection, 228US Energy Policy Act (1992), 256US International Trade Commission (USITC),

33n, 156, 220, 329, 350, 358US Patent and Trademark Office, 351US Steel, 351US Tariff Act, 120, 354, 358, 417US Trade Representative (USTR)

cyberespionage, 354–55, 358dolphin-tuna case, 245employment effects, 98intellectual property rights, 225services barriers, 40–41state governments, 145, 404state-owned enterprises, 322trade estimate report, 334

utility model patents (UMP), 229

validated end-user program, 258value-added tax (VAT), 163Venezuela, gasoline case, 245–46Vickery v. Welch, 352Vietnam, 8, 16visa waiver program, 407–408Volcker, Paul, 362voluntary separations, 89, 89f, 92–93

wage effects, 87–88, 94–96, 99, 197, 232, 397wage-loss insurance, 104–105Walmart, 334Wanxiang, 279Wassenaar Arrangement, 257, 258, 410Westinghouse, 351wheat industry, 163



worker displacementadjustment assistance (See trade adjustment

assistance)cost-benefit ratio, 99effect of Chinese trade on, 93–94, 395–96estimates of, 32, 86–87, 88t, 89, 89f, 96–100separations, 89, 89f, 92–94, 95tupper-bound estimates, 90, 91twage-loss insurance, 104–105

Worker Empowerment Act of 2007, 104Workforce Investment Act, 100working group on the interaction between

trade and competition policy (WGTCP), 325–26

World BankDoing Business report, 268–69STRI (See Services Trade Restrictiveness

Index)World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS),

111, 117, 124World Customs Organization, 122n, 123, 176World Economic Forum, 251World Health Organization, 228World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS), 111,

117, 124World Intellectual Property Organization, 229World Investment Report, 270–71World Organization for Animal Health (OIE),

156, 165World Trade Organization (WTO)

Agreement on Subsidies and Countervail-ing Measures (ASCM), 125, 306

agriculture rules, 154–56Cancún Ministerial, 326Chinese entry into, 6, 16, 20, 118–19,

121–22, 209, 305, 311–12, 332, 394CHUSTIA as supplement to, 12, 25n, 391,

422–23Classification List W/120, 185competition policy, 325–26currency issues, 362, 366, 371, 373, 416cyberespionage, 355–57dispute settlement in, 212, 379–82, 380t–

381t, 385, 393

Doha Development Agenda, 177, 325, 381Doha Round, 22, 25n, 146, 176–77, 234environmental cases, 242–48environmental policy, 242Financial Services Agreement, 366financial services rules, 207–208government procurement, 144–48 (See also

Government Procurement Agreement)Hong Kong Ministerial, 326intellectual property rights, 227, 408labor standards, 232–34Marrakesh Agreement, 175safeguard provisions, 105sanitary and phytosanitary standards, 152,

155–56, 158–59services barriers, 175–78Singapore Ministerial, 325state-owned enterprises rules, 305–11tariffs in, 122–26 (See also merchandise

tariffs)Tokyo Round, 144–45, 155trade in value added dataset, 47TRIPS Agreement, 221–24, 326–28, 355,

359, 417Uruguay Round, 118, 145, 155, 175, 208,

221Working Party on State Trading Enterpris-

es, 154n, 310World Wildlife Fund, 250

Xi Jinping, 7, 8, 16, 20, 151, 302n, 318, 322, 392, 412

Xinhua, 333

Yeo Cheow Tong, 233Yin Lian/Union Pay network, 212Yokohama Vision (APEC), 73

Zhou Zhenhua, 194Zhu Rongji, 8, 20, 160Zoellick, Robert, 28ZTE Corporation, 185, 351n


Documents

Bridging the Pacific: IndexChina Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC), 214 China Center on International Economic Exchange, 29 China Civil Aviation Administration (CAAC), 189 China