Brian Miller - EN - American residential schools for the blind and the limits of resistance

7/22/2019 Brian Miller - EN - American residential schools for the blind and the limits of resistance

1/17

9

Ilkrgni` Rksghk`tgic ^nommcs amr tok Bcg`h g` tok 97toNk`tury i`h tok Cglgts ma

Rksgsti`nk

By Brgi` R. Lgcckr, Zo.H.

Xogs prksk`titgm` hkrgvks arml tok rkskirno nm`huntkh g` tok nmursk ma wrgtg`f lyhmntmric hgsskrtitgm`, kspkngiccy tok noiptkr g` wogno G nmvkr tok ogstmry ma i rksghk`tgicsnommc amr tok cg`h g` Gmwi, !`gtkh "titks. #oit G wis `mt ick tm k$pcmrk g` frkitkrhkpto g` ly hgsskrtitgm` wis tok wiy g` wogno tok lghhck hknihks ma tok 9%tonk`turyprmvghkh i u`g&uk spink amr cg`h lk` i`h wmlk` tm ksticgso tokgr mw` snommcs, i`hti'k noirfk ma tokgr mw` khunitgm` i`h toit ma tok fk`kritgm` ma nogchrk` kog`h tokl.Xogs lmvklk`t wis &ugn'cy sghk(cg`kh omwkvkr, i`h y tok citk 9%tonk`tury snommcsknilk g`stgtutgm`s ma nm`trmc ma tok cg`h nogch i`h ihuct tormufo gts rgfgh nurrgnucul,i`h ncmsk lm`gtmrg`f ma icc stuhk`t koivgmr. )s suno, G wi`tkh tm prmpmsk togs tmpgn is istirtg`f pmg`t, i tog`' pgknk, tm g`hgnitk wokrk lmrk rkskirno gs `kkhkh g` i` irki luno

u`k$pcmrkh y ogstmrgi`s tm hitk, i`h wokrk G tog`' wk liy ag`h `ulkrmus k$ilpcks macg`h lk` i`h wmlk` skk'g`f tm hktkrlg`k tokgr mw` hkstg`y g` i` mtokrwgsk vkryrkstrgntgvk k`vgrm`lk`t.

Xok lgh `g`ktkk`to nk`tury siw i frmwg`f g`tkrkst g` tok ksticgsolk`t ma

snommcs, matk` cikckh isyculs, amr tok cg`h, icm`f wgto mtokr g`stgtutgm`s amr tok Hkia,

lk`ticcy gcc, i`h nm`vgntkh nrglg ics. Xogs lmvklk`t mr` ma tok lkchg`f ma rmli`tgn

kri `mtgm`s ma g`hgvghuic sicvitgm` i`h prmfrkssgvk rkamrl ma smngkty tormufo khunitgm`

i`h rkoigcgtitgm` ckh tm i frmwg`f suppmrt y pogci`tormpgsts i`h kvk`tuiccy stitk

ckfgsciturks, tm au`h tok nm`struntgm` i`h lig`tk`i`nk ma rksghk`tgic prmfrils hurg`f tok

9*+s, -s, i`h s tormufomut tok /mrtokist, i`h kvk`tuiccy, inrmss tok nmu`try.

Xok agrst, i`h pkroips lmst ailmus ma tok snommcs amr tok cg`h gs woit wmuch knmlk

'`mw` is tok Zkr'g`s snommc amr tok cg`h g` #itkrtmw`, Lissinousktts. :mu`hkh g`

9*%, woit wis tok` '`mw` is tok /kw 2`fci`h )sycul amr tok Bcg`h knilk i lmhkc

amr li`y snommcs tm amccmw. Gts agrst hgrkntmr wis tok Bmstm`gi`, "ilukc >rghcky 8mwk,

wom rklig`s m`k ma tok kst '`mw` hgrkntmrs ma snommcs amr tok cg`h. 8mwk;s wrgtg`fs


2/17

i`h k$pcmgtitgm` ma ogs lmst ailmus pupgc, 1iuri Brghfli`, tok agrst Hkiacg`h stuhk`t it

tok snommc, lihk 8mwk i omuskomch ìlk tormufo tok !`gtkh "titks g` tok 9*-s i`h

s.

8mwk;s ipprmino tm tok khunitgm` ma 1iuri Brghfli` rkprksk`tkh tok rmli`tgn

styck ma rkamrl. 8mwk hgh `mt oivk i hkfrkk g` khunitgm`, `mr i`y k$pkrgk`nk g` wmr'g`f

wgto tok cg`h. Gt wis ogs noirgsli, i`h tok pkrnkptgm` ma ogl is i li` ma rmli`tgn

okrmgsl is i rksuct ma ogs agfotg`f g` tok wir amr >rkk' g`hkpk`hk`nk g` tok citk 9*s,

toit wm` ogl tok ittk`tgm` ma Bmstm` rkamrlkrs g`tkrkstkh g` mpk`g`f i snommc amr tok

cg`h. 8mwk smufot tm rkpcgnitk tormufo ogs kaamrts it tok snommc g` Bmstm` tok k$ilpcks

ma prmfrkssgvk g`stgtutgm`s amr tok cg`h g` Zirgs, "nmtci`h, i`h 6gk`ì, ilm`f mtokrs.

Xok tri?kntmry ma li`y snommcs amr tok cg`h irmu`h tok nmu`try gs m`k ma tok

klmhglk`ts ma rmli`tgn kri ompkauc`kss imut tok rkhklptgm` ma icc ma fmh;s nogchrk`,

fcghg`f g`tm i cm`f pkrgmh ma fk`tkkc nmlpcink`ny is tok prk(klg`k`t g`stgtutgm`s skrvg`f

tok cg`h, i`h agìccy irnog`f &ugktcy tmwirh msmcksnk`nk. G`stgtutgm`s amr tok cg`h

ippkirkh g` tok citk kgfotkk`to nk`tury, i`h rkprksk`tkh i sogat g` tok tog`'g`f ma cg`h

g`hgvghuics is lmrk toi` wirhs ma tok stitk mr smngkty, ut ritokr is g`hgvghuics nipick ma

ckir`g`f, i`h ma g`hustry. "titk g`stgtutgm`s toit oih m`cy g` toit nk`tury kfu` tm kir tok

rkspm`sggcgty ma nirg`f amr tok cg`h i`h mtokr hgsickh ngtg7k`s, &ugn'cy tur`kh tm

rkamrlkrs tm skk' wiys ma 4rksnug`f5 tokgr noirfks arml g`hmck`nk i`h prmvghg`f wgto

tokl tok trig`g`f toit wmuch iccmw tokl tm k skca(suaagngk`t, arkkg`f tok stitk ma tok

k$pk`sk i`h urhk` ma i cgakcm`f nustmhgi`sogp.

8mwk tmm' m` ogs noirfk y tok Bmstm` pogci`tormpgsts tm mpk` i snommc amr tok

cg`h is i noicck`fk, is i smngic k$pkrglk`t wmrtoy ma tok frkitkst k`cgfotk`lk`t


3/17

+

pogcmsmpoks. 8k klrinkh tok isskrtgm`s ma tok 2urmpki` rkamrlkrs, i`h tokgr /kw

#mrch 'g`hrkh spgrgts, toit tok cg`h nmuch k khunitkh, i`h nmuch knmlk g`hustrgmus i`h

prmhuntgvk lklkrs ma smngkty. 8mwk oih `m pkhifmfy tm klpcmy ipirt arml ogs kcgka

g` tok g``itk igcgtgks ma ouli` kg`fs, is tiuci risis, tm in&ugrk ci`fuifk tormufo

g`struntgm`s. 8mwk wis lmtgvitkh y, i`h g spgrkh tm nm`trgutk, tm tok &ukstgm` toit

k`cgfotk`lk`t pogcmsmpokrs oih kk` pmsg`f sg`nk tok citk skvk`tkk`to nk`tury imut tok

mrgfg`s ma u`hkrsti`hg`f i`h ckir`g f. Xok snommc amr tok cg h wmuch k i rkic cgak

k$pkrglk`t, tm prmvk ogs isskrtgm`s.

Xok snommc g` Bmstm` acmurgsokh, toi`'s g` pirt tm tok ailk ma 1iuri Brghfli`,

wom oih irrgvkh tokrk g` 9*+3, i`h &ugn'cy knilk 8mwk;s lmst nkckritkh sunnkss. Xok

sunnkss ma 8mwk i`h tok Zkr'g`s snommc ckh tm li`y mtokr kaamrts g` stitks tormufomut

/kw 2`fci`h, tok lgh )tci`tgn, tok Lghwkst i`h kym`h.

By tok lgh(9*s, lmrk toi` agatkk` snommcs amr tok cg`h oih kk` noirtkrkh,

smlk ma tok prgvitkcy au`hkh inihklgks, i`h mtokr ksticgsokh y stitk ckfgsciturks i`h

pucgncy au`hkh. Xok snommc g` Bmstm`, is wkcc is tok /kw


4/17

-

cg`h ckihkrs wom smufot tm rg`f tok g`struntgm` toky rknkgvkh tm tok `k$t fk`kritgm` ma

cg`h nogchrk`.

Xoksk snommcs, amu`hkh y cg`h lk` wkrk slicc k`hkivmrs, i`h kfi` is prgvitk

snommcs, matk` lkktg`f g` tok omlks ma tokgr amu`hkrs mr toit ma cmnic nmllu`gty ckihkrs,

i`h wkrk au`hkh lmstcy mut ma noirgtick hm`itgm`s. 8mwkvkr, tok wmr' ma togs sknm`h

fk`kritgm` ma cg`h khunitmrs wis &ugn'cy rknmf`g7kh y stitk ckfgscitmrs is wmrtoy ma

stitk suppmrt i`h pucgn au`hg`f, i`h y tok k`h ma tok hknihk ma tok 9*s lmst ma toksk

snommcs wmuch k pucgn g`stgtutgm`s, wgto cirfk rksghk`tgic aingcgtgks, i`h rkfucir

ipprmprgitgm`s arml stitk fmvkr`lk`ts.

Rkcunti`tcy, stitk ckfgscitmrs knilk nm`vg`nkh ma tok vicuk i`h vicghgty ma

k$pk`hg`f pucgn lm`gks tm khunitk i`h trig` cg`h nogchrk` i`h ymu`f ihucts. 8mwkvkr,

kvk` is fmvkr`lk`t ckihkrs i`h khunitmrs innkptkh tok lmhkc ma rksghk`tgic snommcg`f amr

tok cg`h, toky wkrk ckss innkptg`f ma tok cg`h lk` wom amu`hkh toksk g`stgtutgm`s. By

tok k`h ma tok 9*s, cg`h khunitmrs wkrk pusokh mut ma tokgr pmsgtgm`s is prg`ngpics i`h

supkrg`tk`hk`ts g` aivmr ma sgfotkh trustkks i`h sgfotkh khunitmrs. Xok ifk ma tok cg`h

pgm`kkrs wis i somrt m`k, ut wmuch oivk i cm`f ckfiny.

^ilukc Binm` i`h tok ^nommc amr tok Bcg`h g` Gmwi


5/17

"ilukc Binm` wis irfuicy tok lmst prmcgtogn ma togs sknm`h fk`kritgm` ma cg`h

pgm`kkr khunitmrs, ksticgsog`f torkk snommcs amr tok cg`h g` Gccg mgs, Gmwi, i`h /kris'i

g` tok nmursk ma ogs twk`ty(ykir nirkkr. Binm`, wom knilk cg`h it tok ifk ma 9,

amccmwkh g` tok rmli`tgn trihgtgm` ma "ilukc >rghcky 8mwk. Xrig`kh is i my it tok Jogm

snommc amr tok cg`h g` tok 9*+s i`h -s, Binm` hgh `mt pursuk nmcckfk trig`g`f, ut wis

cirfkcy skca(tiufot, i`h ksticgsokh ogs nrkhk`tgics, cg'k 8mwk, tormufo amrnk ma noirintkr.

Binm` irrgvkh g` Gmwi g` tok sprg`f ma 9*, icc rkihy oivg`f ksticgsokh i snommc amr tok

cg`h g` Iin'sm`, Gccg`mgs. 1mnic argk`hs g` =km'u' k`nmurifkh Binm` i`h ogs wgak tm

kfg` i snommc g` Gmwi, i`h y tok aicc ma toit ykir, i slicc `ulkr ma stuhk`ts fitokrkh

tm rknkgvk g`struntgm` arml Binm` i`h ogs wgak.

Binm` lmvkh ogs snommc amr tok cg`h tm Gmwi gty, tok nipgtic ma tok stitk it toit

tglk, tok `k$t ykir tm k ncmskr tm tok stitk;s pmcgtgnic pmwkr nk`tkr. Xok snommc wis

noirtkrkh y tok ckfgsciturk g` )prgc ma 9*+. Xokrk wkrk m`cy i akw stuhk`ts it agrst, ut

iatkr amurtkk` lm`tos, tokrk wkrk + stuhk`ts, ri`fg`f g` ifk arml 3 tm +. )s wgto li`y

snommcs amr tok cg`h it toit tglk, tokrk wkrk matk` li`y ymu`f ihucts, i`h kvk` mchkr

g`hgvghuics, wom rknkgvkh woit wkrk rkakrrkh tm is 4g`hustrgic5 trig`g`f, g` mrhkr tm issgst

tokl g` ckir`g`f i trihk tm knmlk skca(suppmrtg`f, mr it ckist tm kir` smlk g`nmlk.

Binm` kcgkvg`f toit khunitgm` amr tok cg`h somuch k arkk tm icc ma Gmwi;s cg`h nogchrk`,

pusokh tormufo i prmvgsgm` g` tok ciw g` 9* tm li'k tok snommc tugtgm` arkk amr icc

Gmwi`s.

!`hkr Binm` tok nurrgnucul wis hgvghkh g`tm torkk pirtsN inihklgn, lusgnic, i`h

g`hustrgic. "tuhk`ts kfi` tokgr hiy kircy, rgsg`f it N+il, k`?myg`f i` omur ma

fkmfripoy stuhy kamrk rki'aist it skvk` m;ncmn', wgto ncissks nm`tg`ug`f tormufomut


6/17

tok hiy u`tgc kgfot m;ncmn' g` tok kvk`g`f. mllk`tg`f m` tok nurrgnucul g` tok 9*-

gk``gic rkpmrt, Binm` `mtkh, 4... tok pupgcs rknkgvk g`struntgm` m` tok Zgi`m, i`h

>kmlktry gs tiufot tm i slicc nciss. Xok `kws ma tok hiy gs rkih tm tok pupgcs arml

virgmus pipkrs sk`t tm tok G`stgtutgm` fritgs.5 Xok rkpmrt icsm ihhs toit torkk omurs g` tok

iatkr`mm` wkrk hkhgnitkh tm 4uskauc5 intgvgtgks, wgto mys li'g`f rmmls, i`h fgrcs

k`fifg`f g` smwg`f, '`gttg`f, i`h kihwmr'.

Xormufomut tok 9*s Binm` skirnokh g` vig` amr i pkrli`k`t omlk amr tok

snommc g` tok stitk;s nipgtic. By 9**, tok mirh ma trustkks ma tok snommc wis i`$gmus tm

ag`h i cmnitgm` wgto tok nipingty tm omusk i`h khunitk lmrk stuhk`ts toi` wkrk g`

ittk`hi`nk it toit tglk. Xok tk`sgm` ktwkk` tok ilgtgm`s ma Binm` i`h tok trustkks i`h

tok nmst ma ksticgsog`f i cirfk rksghk`tgic aingcgty ckh tm fmvkr`mr Iilks >rglks tm

inkrgniccy `mtk toit 4Gt wmuch k lmrk knm`mlgnic tm prmvghk amr tokgr khunitgm` y

sk`hg`f tokl tm i`mtokr stitk toi` tm lig`tig` tok snommc g Gmwi.5 >rglks;s sk`tglk`t

wis `mt u`nmllm` ilm`f tok pirsglm`gmuscy lg`hkh kckntkh maagngics. Xok ckfgsciturk

g` Ikaakrsm` gty, Lgssmurg, amr k$ilpck, g` tok aink ma kaamrts tm ksticgso i snommc g` toit

stitk, nmllk`tkh g` 9*, KXokrk irk m`cy i akw cg`h pkrsm`s g` Lgssmurg, tok !`gtkh

"titks nk`sus rkpmrts tm tok nm`triry `mtwgtosti`hg`f. Gt wmuch k tglk, cimr, i`h lm`ky

cmst tm try tm tkino tok cg`h tm rkih mr hm i`ytog`f kcsk.5 "glgcir nm`nkr`s imut tok ogfo

nmst i`h prksulkh cmw rktur`s ma khunitg`f tok cg`h wmuch k knomkh g` tok noilkrs ma

li`y stitk ckfgsciturks. )s au`hg`f amr snommcs sogatkh arml prgvitk hm`itgm`s tm pucgn

nmaakrs.


7/17

3

1un'gcy amr tok stitk ckfgsciturk, tok pkmpck ma tok slicc, ruric airlg`f tmw` ma

6g`tm`, pmpucitgm` ,, maakrkh ci`h i`h A, tm tok stitk amr tok purpmsk ma

rkcmnitg`f tok snommc arml Gmwi gty.

"ilukc Binm` lki`wogck k$prksskh strm`f mppmsgtgm` tm tok rkcmnitgm` ma tok

snommc tm 6g`tm`. 8k isskrtkh toit 'kkpg`f tok snommc g` Gmwi gty wmuch lki`

prm$glgty tm litkrgics amr tok g`hustrgic wmr'somp, i rkihy lir'kt amr tok wmr'somp;s

fmmhs, i`h innkss tm tok nucturic maakrg`fs ma tok u`gvkrsgty. Binm` innuskh tok fmvkr`mr

ma 4triaagn'g`f5 tok cgvks ma gts lmst vuc`krick noirfks amr tok 4pictry sul ma A,.5

8k irfukh toit lmvg`f tok snommc tm suno i ruric cmnitgm` is 6g`tm` wmuch put tok snommc

it i` 4ktkrìc hgsihvi`tifk,5 i`h wmuch su?knt tok stuhk`ts tm sgf`gagni`t

g`nm`vk`gk`nks. Binm` irfukh toit tok pirtgiccy nm`struntkh ugchg`f it tok 6g`tm` sgtk k

ii`hm`kh, i`h toit tok rklig`g`f prmnkkhs k uskh tm sknurk i pkrli`k`t sgtk g` tok

stitk nipgtic. )hhgtgmìccy, Binm` nmlpcig`kh ma tok snommc toit ok wis sout mut ma tok

hkvkcmplk`t ma i `kw cmnitgm` amr tok snommc, i`h toit gt wis i` g`suct ma tok fmvkr`mr

ippmg`tkh nmllgssgm` tm gf`mrk ogs mw` sgf`gagni`t k$pkrgk`nk wgto mtokr snommcs amr tok

cg`h y sk`hg`f i sgfotkh nmllgssgm`kr tm rkskirno mtokr snommcs.

Binm`;s k$pcgngt prkakrk`nk tm 'kkp tok snommc g` Gmwi gty wis gf`mrkh. Binm`

kcgkvkh toit tok kst khunitgm` amr tok cg`h rk&ugrkh is luno g`tkfritgm` wgtog` tok

sgfotkh nmllu`gty, i`h toit i` uri` k`vgrm`lk`t wmuch prmlmtk frkitkr g`hkpk`hk`nk

amr cg`h ihucts. Binm`;s prmtkstitgm`s `mtwgtosti`hg`f, tok fmvkr`mr wis hktkrlg`kh tm

lg`glg7k nmst i`h iutomrg7kh tok rklmvic ma tok snommc arml Gmwi gty tm 6g`tm`. Binm`

wis sm arustritkh wgto ogs gìgcgty tm oivk ogs irfulk`ts nm`sghkrkh, i`h ogs k$pkrtgsk

i`h k$pkrgk`nk gf`mrkh y stitk maagngics, toit ok tk`hkrkh ogs rksgfìtgm` it tok k`h ma tok


8/17

*

sprg`f tkrl ma 9*. Xok snommc mpk`kh gts hmmrs tok `k$t tkrl g` gts kw cmnitgm` g`

6g`tm`, wgtomut gts amu`hg`f ckihkr.

)atkr tok snommc;s lmvk tm 6g`tm`, "ilukc Binm` lmvkh tm /kris'i tm amu`h i

togrh snommc amr tok cg`h g` /kris'i gty. 1gttck gs '`mw` ma ogs cgak iatkr ok ckat Gmwi.

Xmhiy tok Gmwi Brigcck "nommc ois `m ugchg`fs mr rmmls ìlkh amr gts amu`hkr.

Xok hknihk "ilukc Binm` skrvkh is hgrkntmr ma tok snommc amr tok cg`h g` Gmwi

rkprksk`tkh i lir'kh trk`h g` tok ihlg`gstritgm` ma snommcs amr tok cg`h, is tok

fk`kritgm` ma cg`h stuhk`ts wom skt mut tm amu`h tokgr mw` snommcs wkrk pusokh isghk g`

aivmr ma sgfotkh ihlg`gstritmrs wom wkrk kcgkvkh tm k kttkr sugtkh tm prmvghk pitkrìc

fuirhgi`sogp mvkr tokgr cg`h noirfks. )s pucgn lm`ky knilk tok prgliry smurnk amr

au`hg`f snommcs amr tok cg`h, ckfgscitmrs wkrk ckss g`ncg`kh tm iccmw tok cg`h tm ru` tok

snommcs mr omch pmsgtgm`s ma ckihkrsogp. "g`nk lmst snommcs amr tok cg`h wkrk rksghk`tgic,

i`h is prg`ngpics i`h supkrg`tk`hk`ts typgniccy cgvkh it tok snommcs g` ncmsk prm$glgty tm

tok stuhk`ts, tok rmck ma snommc ihlg`gstritmr knilk m`k ma surrmfitk pirk`t ritokr toi`

pkkr mr lk`tmr. 1kfgscitmrs, pirk`ts, i`h tok fk`kric pucgn wkrk `mt rkihy tm nm`nkhk

toit i cg`h pkrsm` nmuch skrvk g` togs nipingty, fgvk` toit cg`h ihucts wkrk matk` skk` is

cgttck lmrk toi` wirhs ma tok stitk mr m?knts ma noirgty, womsk mw` rgfots i`h

rkspm`sggcgtgks wkrk strgntcy cglgtkh y mto ckfic i`h smngic irrgkrs.

Bkniusk ma tokgr huic rmcks is khunitmrs i`h pirk`tic agfurks, ogstmrgks ma

g`hgvghuic snommcs amr tok cg`h irk g`hkcgcy lir'kh y tok supkrg`tk`hk`ts wom ri`

tokl. Bcg`h stuhk`ts ma tok 9%toi`h tonk`tury wrmtk i`h spki' ma tok mut(sg7kh

prksk`nk ma tok supkrg`tk`hk`t, i`h omw ogs pkrsmìcgty, pogcmsmpoy, i`h khunitgmìc

printgnks gàcuk`nkh `kircy kvkry ispknt ma tok snommc;s higcy cgak.


9/17

%

Nurrgnucul i`h Nm`trmc

G` tok fk`kric isk`nk ma cg`h ihuct ckihkrs it snommc wom lgfot mtokrwgsk soipk

i nurrgnucul nriatkh tm lkkt tok `kkhs i`h hksgrks ma tok cg h ritokr toi` tok `kkh

glifg`kh y sgfotkh ihlg`gstritmrs i`h prmakssgmìcs, Gt gs wmrto is'g`f wokrk i`h omw

cg`h nogchrk`, is wkcc is ymu`f cg`h ihucts amu`h tok psynomcmfgnic spink tm k$pcmrk

tokgr wmrch m` tokgr mw` tkrls i`h hkvkcmp ittgtuhks i`h kcgkas imut cg`h`kss `mt

glpirtkh tm tokl y lmstcy sgfotkh, i`h pitkrìcgstgn tkinokrs i`h ihlg`gstritmrs. Xok

rksghk`tgic snommc k`vgrm`lk`t wis m`k ma nm`sti`t nm`trmc i`h nirkauc nmmrhgìtgm` ma

tok hiy;s intgvgtgks, hksgf`kh tm lg`glg7k tok hkfrkk ma tglk i`h spink g` wogno i ymu`f

stuhk`t lgfot k$pcmrk mr k`fifk tok wmrch m` ogs mr okr mw`, wgto tok ml`gprksk`t

g`tkrvk`tgm` ma sgfotkh omusk pirk`ts noirfkh wgto witnog`f mvkr tokgr cg`h pupgcs.

"nommc ihlg`gstritmrs kcgkvkh toit cg`h nogchrk` somuch k 'kpt usy, sm tok

k`tgrk hiy wis lktgnucmuscy pci``kh wgto cgttck arkk tglk iccmwkh. Lusgn wis i

prmlg`k`t akiturk ma snommcs amr tok cg`h sg`nk tok tglk ma 8mwk it tok Zkr'g`s snommc,

i`h luno is tokgr nmu`tkrpirts g` 2urmpk kircgkr toit nk`tury i`h kamrk. Lusgn wis

nckircy tok lmst klpoisg7kh i`h prkstgfgmus pirt ma tok nurrgnucul. "tuhk`ts wkrk

k$pkntkh tm printgnk twm omurs i hiy, m`k omur amr ymu`fkr nogchrk`. Lusgn tkinokrs

wkrk tok ogfokst pigh ma icc tok stiaa, i`h kir`kh `kircy is luno is tok prg`ngpic ma tok

snommc. Xok g`tk`sgvk amnus m` lusgn rkprksk`ts hkkpcy k`trk`nokh kcgkas imut tok

g`ìtk lusgnic igcgtgks ma tok cg`h, i`h tok cglgtkh ri`fk ma vmnitgmìc mppmrtu`gtgks amr

cg`h frihuitks ma tok snommc.


10/17

9

Ga tokrk wkrk cg`h tkinokrs toky wkrk typgniccy lusgn tkinokrs. Xok pmsgtgm` ma

lusgn tkinokr wis ogfocy prkstgfgmus sg`nk lusgnic pkramrli`nks y stuhk`ts skrvkh is

lknoi`gsls amr au`h rigsg`f i`h hklm`stritg`f tok khunigcgty ma tok cg`h. 2vk` sm,

cg`h tkinokrs kir`kh cmwkr sicirgks toi` tokgr akccmw sgfotkh g`struntmrs. J`k lusgn

tkinokr g` 9*3, ". :. Zrgnk, &ugt g` prmtkst mvkr ogs cmw piy, amrng`f tok snommc tm oivk tm

rkcy m` mchkr stuhk`ts tm skrvk is issgsti`t tkinokrs amr tok nmursks Lr. Zrgnk tiufot. 2vk`

iatkr Zrgnk rktur`kh, tok printgnk ma utgcg7g`f mchkr stuhk`ts is issgsti`t tkinokrs pkrsgstkh

amr li`y hknihks.

Lmst snommcs amr tok cg`h hurg`f tok 9%

to

nk`tury uskh rigsk(ckttkrkh mm's amr

rkihg`f i`h g`struntgm` ga toky oih mm's it icc. "ilukc Binm` g` ogs snommc g Gmwi

g`nmrpmritkh smlk rigsk(ckttkr rkihg`f g` ogs tkinog`f, ut ok rkcgkh cirfkcy m` mritgm` i`h

rkngtitgm` amr tkinog`f. Xok 9*s, omwkvkr, lmrk i`h lmrk snommcs kfi` tm maakr

g`struntgm` g` rigcck. Xogs wis `mt, omwkvkr, tok silk rigcck systkl g vk`tkh y 1mugs

Brigcck i`h tiufot g` tok G`stgtutk amr tok Bcg`h g` Zirgs, ut ritokr /kw


11/17

99

prmhunk suno i rkihg`f systkl amr rmih hgstrgutgm`. Bkniusk ma tok nmst ma prmhung`f

rigskh hmt rkihg`f litkrgics, suno is /kw


12/17

9

G` ihhgtgm` tm inihklgn nmursks i`h lusgn g`struntgm` i`h printgnk, lmst snommcs

tiufot woit wkrk rkakrrkh tm is cgvg`f s'gccs, wogno g`ncuhkh kvkrytog`f arml nmm'g`f,

skwg`f, i`h ncki`g`f omusk tm pkrsm`ic frmmlg`f i`h nmlpmrtlk`t. )cc fgrcs wkrk

rk&ugrkh tm ti'k skwg`f amr i` omur i hiy amr it ckist sg$ ykirs. Bmys kfg``g`f g` tok

9*%s wkrk tiufot tok trihk ma pgi`m tu`g`f. "nommc ihlg`gstritmrs hgh `mt skk togs is i`

mnnupitgm` toit wmuch prmvghk g`hkpk`hk`nk, omwkvkr. "tuhk`ts wkrk icsm tiufot

g`hustrgic nriats suno is kihwmr', sglpck cinkwmr', skwg`f, noigr ni`g`f, i`h rmml

li'g`f. "uno s'gccs wkrk g`tk`hkh tm prmvghk mchkr stuhk`ts wgto i` mppmrtu`gty tm kir` i

slicc g`nmlk. 2$pkntitgm`s wkrk `mt kspkngiccy ogfo, omwkvkr, is tok gk``gic rkpmrt ma

9** `mtks, 4>rihuitks wgcc `mt k ick tm suppmrt toklskcvks y suno g`hustrgks, ut toky

ni` li'k i nm`trgutgm` tm tok ailgcy g`nmlk.5g

Xok Kxilpck ma iry G`!iccs

#kcc '`mw` tm )lkrgni` rkihkrs ma tok 41gttck 8musk m` tok Zrigrgk5 skrgks ma

mm's, wrgttk` y okr sgstkr, 1iuri G`ficcs, Liry G`ficcs gs, amr nm`tklpmriry )lkrgni`s,

m`k ma tok kttkr '`mw` cg`h pkmpck ma tok citk `g`ktkk`to nk`tury g` tok !`gtkh "titks.

"ok wis 9 ykirs mch wok` sok irrgvkh it tok snommc. 8kr ailgcy wis stgcc cgvg`f g` "muto

Hi'mti it tok tglk toit Liry irrgvkh it 6g`tm`. Liry oih cmst okr sgfot it tok ifk ma 9

huk tm woit wis nicckh it tok tglk, 4rig` akvkr,5 ut wis cg'kcy snirckt akvkr, i nmllm`

niusk ma cg`h`kss hurg`f tok `g ktkk`to nk`tury. )ctomufo tok G`ficcs ailgcy wmuch cgvk

g` Gmwi amr twm ykirs, tok ailgcy;s hiys g` Gmwi wmuch `mt k norm`gnckh g` 1iuri G`ficcs

#gchkr;s mm's. Liry wmuch stiy it tok snommc u`tgc 9**%, wok` sok frihuitkh arml tok


13/17

9+

inihklgn prmfril wgto `kircy pkraknt inihklgn snmrks. Liry hgh `mt rktur` tm 6g`tm`

iatkr ckivg`f tok snommc, i`h wmuch spk`h tok rkst ma okr cgak cgvg`f wgto okr sgstkrs. "ok

hgkh g` 9%* it tok ifk ma +. "ok `kvkr lirrgkh, mr oih i ailgcy ma okr mw`, `mr hgh sok

kvkr wmr' mutsghk tok omlk. G` togs ispknt Liry;s k$pkrgk`nk lgrrmrkh toit ma li`y ma

okr pkkrs, g` toit sok wis g` cirfk pirt i` ihuct hurg`f okr tglk it tok snommc, ut

`kvkrtokckss okr smngic cgak wis nirkauccy lm`gtmrkh, i`h okr vmnitgmìc i`h cgak nomgnks

iatkr ckivg`f tok snommc wkrk cglgtkh.

Xok soirp rgsk g` tok ùlkr ma stuhk`ts i`h ihucts k`rmccg`f g` rksghk`tgic snommcs

g` tok 9*%s amrnkh mirhs ma trustkks tm nm`sghkr amr tok agrst tglk tok &ukstgm` ma wom

wis cg`h k`mufo tm k`rmcc kgtokr is i stuhk`t mr is i` ihuct g` g`hustrgic prmfrils.

"nommcs oih cirfkcy ivmghkh togs &ukstgm` amr lmst ma tok `g`ktkk`to nk`tury, ut

ckfgscitmrs i`h trustkks wkrk i`$gmus tm nm`tig` nmsts, i`h suspkntkh toit smlk ailgcgks

wkrk 4hulpg`f5 tokgr nogchrk` g`tm tok nirk ma tok stitk is i rksuct ma tok knm`mlgn

hkprkssgm` ma tok 9*%s. Xokrk wis `m wghkcy ifrkkh upm` mr ckfic hkag`gtgm` ma

cg`h`kss g` tok `g`ktkk`to nk`tury. Xokrk wkrk akw smngic skrvgnks ivigcick tm tok cg`h,

sm tok `kkh tm tkst m`k;s kyksgfot amr purpmsks ma hgsnrglgìtg`f ktwkk` tomsk wmrtoy ma

tok stitk;s k`kagts i`h tomsk wom wkrk`;t wis mt i` glpkritgvk. Bkfg``g`f g` 9%, amr

k$ilpck, tok mirh ma nm`trmc amr tok Gmwi Brigcck "nommc hknrkkh toit g` mrhkr tm k`rmcc

it tok rksghk`tgic snommc g` 6g`tm`, m`k;s vgsgm` oih tm k 4sm hkakntgvk toit toky nmuch

`mt in&ugrk i`y khunitgm` g` tok nmllm` snommc.5 Xogs rksuctkh g` i purfg`f ma tok

stuhk`t pmpucitgm`, is smlk nogchrk` wkrk `mt iccmwkh tm rktur` amr tok `kw tkrl g` 9%9,

i`h mtokrs hkklkh tmm gcc tm k`kagt arml g`struntgm`, mr wom wkrk `mt li'g`f suaagngk`t

prmfrkss g` tokgr khunitgm`, wkrk sk`t omlk.


14/17

9-

"ilukc Binm`, i`h li`y ma ogs pkkrs, hgh `mt ippkir tm k$pk`h luno k`krfy

pirsg`f hkfrkks ma cg`h`kss. Xogs liy g` pirt suppmrt irfulk`ts toit cg`h`kss gs g

cirfk pirt i prmhunt ma tok g`hustrgic ifk, `mt kniusk ma tok rgsk ma g`hustrgic innghk`ts,

wogno wis i ckihg`f niusk ma cg`h`kss ilm`f ihucts, ut kniusk ma tok hkli`hs ma tok

lknoi`g7kh wmrch g` wogno ag$kh sg7ks i`h u`gamrl prmhuntgm` vicuks nrkitkh nckirkr

cg`ks ma hklirnitgm` ktwkk` tomsk wom nmuch skk wkcc k`mufo tm pkramrl tok tis's ma i`

g`hustrgic wmr'kr, i`h tomsk wom nmuch `mt. Li`y ma tok kircy rkamrlkrs g` tok khunitgm`

ma tok cg`h, g`ncuhg`f "ilukc >rghcky 8mwk, witnokh is frmwg`f g`hustrgicg7itgm`

ippkirkh tm u`hm tok sunnkssks ma tokgr stuhk`ts g` tok snommcs, i`h toit g`nrkisg`fcy, tok

cg`h nmuch `mt nmlpktk g` i lknoi`g7kh wmrch. Xogs kcgka akh tok lmvklk`t tm

ksticgso g`hustrgic omlks amr tok cg`h, suno is 8mwk k`vgsgm`kh it Zkr'g`s g` Bmstm`.

G` tok `k$t nk`tury, toksk g`hustrgic omlks wmuch tri`samrl g`tm sokctkrkh wmr'somps amr

tok cg`h, suppmrtkh y stitk i`h akhkric hmccirs, i`h mcstkrkh y tok ihvk`t ma i ìtgmìc

vmnitgmìc rkoigcgtitgm` prmfril g` 9%.

Xok irfulk`t g` suppmrt ma tok u`g&uk vuc`krigcgty k`hurkh y tok cg`h g` tok

aink ma g`nrkisg`f g`hustrgicg7itgm` ma smngkty i`h knm`mly skrvkh tok g`tkrksts ma

prmakssgmìcs g` tok agkch ma khunitgm` ma tok cg`h i`h citkr vmnitgmìc rkoigcgtitgm`. Gt gs

?ust is suppmrtick i` irfulk`t tm isskrt toit g`hustrgicg7itgm` mpk`kh up `kw

mppmrtu`gtgks amr tok cg`h, i`h cgtkriccy pivkh tok wiy amr frkitkr innkssggcgty tm

klpcmylk`t, trivkc, i`h smngic k`fifklk`t. krtig`cy tok cg`h it tok k`h ma tok

`g`ktkk`to nk`tury k`?mykh suno ìvgfitgmìc k`kagtsF it ckist g` uri` k`vgrm`lk`ts, is

sghkwic's, lmrk pivkh rmihs, i`h rkfucircy snokhuckh trig`s i`h sogps, i`h citkr,


15/17

9

iutmlmgcks i`h ussks. "ilukc Binm` nkrtig`cy kcgkvkh toit tok cg`h wkrk luno

kttkr sugtkh tm uri` ci`hsnipks.

Xwm irkis G kcgkvk irk cg'kcy tm ygkch kvghk`nk ma ints ma rksgsti`nk liy k tok

g`tkrintgm`s ktwkk` mchkr stuhk`ts matk` klpcmykh is tutmrs i`h tkinog`f issgsti`ts i`h

tok usk ma rigsk(hmt mr klmsskh rkihg`f systkls. "gfotkh tkinokrs wkrk `mt rk&ugrkh y

lmst snommcs amr tok cg`h tm ckir` rigsk(hmt mr mtokr klmsskh systkls u`tgc wkcc g`tm tok

tonk`tury i`h, tok ug&ugty ma Brigcck wis rkicg7kh. Jchkr cg`h stuhk`ts wkrk matk`

utgcg7kh y sgfotkh tkinokrs tm frihk tok wmr' klmsskh y ymu`fkr stuhk`ts. G` i

okrlktgniccy skickh u`gvkrsk wgto akw mppmrtu`gtgks tm lmvk imut, mr spki' wgtomut tok

pmtk`tgic ma kg`f mvkr okirh y omusk pirk`ts, tkinokrs i`h mtokrs g` pmsgtgm`s ma

iutomrgty, tok usk ma rigcck i`h gts prkhknkssmrs wmuch iaamrh k$nkcck`t mppmrtu`gtgks amr

surrkptgtgmus i`h kvk` sicingmus nmrrkspm`hk`nks.

Jric ogstmrgks G;vk nm`huntkh wgto cg`h icul`g arml tok tonk`tury tmch lk ma

nmu`tckss tglks wok` toky nmuch usk rigcck is i nmvkr mr sogkch ifig`st pryg`f,

u`nmlprkok`hg`f kyks. Xok noicck`fk ainkh y tok rkskirnokr gs tm ag`h tok prgvitk

nmrrkspm`hk`nks ma cg`h stuhk`ts, tok snrip pipkr, tok nisuic `mtks, tok ri`hml ints ma

higcy cgak nipturkh y oi`h(klmsskh wrgtg`f. Ga toksk pipkrs nmuch k amu`h, tok

&ukstgm` rklig`s is tm mur igcgty tm rkih tokl. )s wk ipprkngitk okrk Brigcck is wk

'`mw gt tmhiy wis `mt u`gamrlcy ihmptkh g` snommcs amr tok cg`h u`tgc wkcc g`tm tok to

nk`tury. #k wmuch `kkh i Rmsktti stm`k, mr i nypokr tm u`cmn' tok wmrhs, issulg`f icsm

toit tok klmsskh wmrhs oih `mt kk` wmr` hmw` y tglk. )hhgtgm`iccy, snommcs amr tok

cg`h, prglirgcy nm`nkr`kh wgto rkpmrtg`f tok inihklgn prmfrkss ma tokgr cg`h stuhk`ts,

8ivk g` cirfk pirt, kk` pmmr stkwirhs ma tok ckfiny ma tomsk pgm`kkr stuhk`ts arml tok


16/17

9

lghhck hknihks ma tok 9%tonk`tury wok` Brigcck wis `kw, i`h i rihgnic amrl ma

nmllu`gnitgm`. Brigcck wis, g` aint, rihgnic, is gt hgspk`skh k`tgrkcy wgto tok cg h

somuch ckir` tm rkih rigskh ckttkr nm`amrlg`f tm tok trihgtgm`ic Rmli` icpoikt. Xoksk

rigskh(ckttkr systkls, g`vk`tkh y sgfotkh khunitmrs, wkrk k$trklkcy hgaagnuct tm listkr,

i`h nmuch `kvkr k rkih wgto tok aingcgty ma Brigcck(cg'k systkls, hksgf`kh y tok cg`h,

amr tok cg`h.


17/17

g

Documents

Brian Miller - EN - American residential schools for the blind and the limits of resistance