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Breeding Mushrooms
From applied to advanced science
Anton Sonnenberg
Mushroom Breeding vs Plant Breeding (I)
Molecular techniques (genetic markers)
● Next generation sequencing technologies
Breeding targets
Breeding strategies
● Selection parental lines
● Breeding stock/elite lines etc.
● Segregation analyses (QTL/ mapping genes)
Mushroom Breeding vs Plant Breeding (II)
Protection new varieties
● Plant patents/Breeders Right
● Essentially Derived Varieties (EDV)
Breeding targets
Target: growers, traders, food processors
● Yields (substrate utilisation utilisation)
● Disease resistance
● Shelflife (quality)
Target: consumers/food companies (new products/markets)
● Taste
● Easeness in processing
● Nutritional values
● Bioactive compounds
Tomato and sweet pepper varieties
Variation in components related to taste
Amino acids
Nucleotides
Sugars/sugar alcohols
Umami Index
Commercial
Source materials (Plant Breeding)
Phenotypic (genotypic) variation
● Land races/commercial lines
● Advanced breeding stock/elite lines
● Exotic/wild material
● Mutated/GMO material
Evaluation of source materials
Genotyping
● Cultivate selection representing genetic variation
Phenotyping
● Substrate
● Climate
Selection of lines with desired phenotype
White varieties
Off-White varieties
Commercial Brown varieties
4-spored Californian Desert
Wild lines
Wild lines
Wild lines
Basics in plant breeding(I)
Breeding program
● Best performing strains
● Strains with opposite phenotype
Hom_1 Hom_2
F1
Segregating population
Basics in plant breeding(II)
Estimating breeding value
● How performance in different backgrounds
● Heritability (h2>0.5)
Estimating Breeding value
Estimating breeding of each haploid nucleus
Heterokaryon A
Hom. A1 Hom. A2 Hom. B1 Hom. B2 Hom. C1 Hom. C2 Hom. D1 Hom. D2
Heterokaryon B Heterokaryon C Heterokaryon D
(Half) Diallel matrix
A1A2 A1B1 A1B2 A1C1 A1C2 A1D1 A1D2
A2B1 A2B2 A2C1 A2C2 A2D1 A2D2
B1B2 B1C1 B1C2 B1D1 B1D2
B2C1 B2C2 B2D1 B1D2
C1C2 C1D1 C1D2
C2D1 C2D2
D1D1
A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2 D1 D2
Di-Mon crosses
Bruising sensitivity button mushrooms
19 homokaryons of Agaricus bisporus
N8
Q26 09119
O1
Q1
Z6 Z8
09143 S3
CH2A
Gao et al, PlosOne, 2013
Correlation between expected and
observed Bruising Sensitivity
Expected BS of Flush 1
BS
of
Flu
sh
1
Advantages & drawbacks Diallel Matrix
Advantages:
● Evaluation of a trait for each homokaryon in different genetic backgrounds (epistatic effects)
● Estimates of additive and dominance genetic effects
● Which are good ”donors or receptors”?
● Estimate of the genetic gain (G); i.e. predicted improvement of trait of interest
● Selection of parent of opposing phenotype for segregation analysis
Drawbacks:
● Restriction with fungi due to mating (in)compatibility
How to use outcome Diallel Matrix
Select lines with additive effect and combine in a new variety
F1
Hom_1 Hom_2
Segregating population
Hom_3
F2
How to use Diallel Matrix
Hom_1 Hom_2
Hom_3
Hom_4
F1 F1
Segregating population
Segregating population
Intercross
Breeding Program
Genotype collection and make dedicated selection
Thourough phenotyping
● Select heterokaryons
Recover constituents nuclei as homokaryons
Estimate breeding value in a diallel matrix
● Select homokaryons
Generate breeding stock/new varieties in breeding program
Plant Variety Protection
Breeders Right/Plant Patents
Essentially derived varieties
Essentially Derived Varieties (EDVs)
UPOV Definition:
● EDVs are mainly derived from the original variety,
● EDVs are clearly distinguishable from the original variety and
● EDVs have otherwise strong resemblance to the original variety
White varieties
Off-White varieties
Commercial Brown varieties
4-spored Californian Desert
Wild lines
Wild lines
Wild lines
Life cycle of the mushrooms
95%
5% <10% Outbreeding
>90% Inbreeding
Life cycle button mushroom
mycelia Homokaryotic
mycelia Homokaryotic
Outbreeding: 4-10 year
Introducing new traits
Variety: Months- 1 year
Modifying protected varieties
Essentially derived variety
Plant Breeders Right
Working Group on EDV button mushrooms
Sylvan, Amycel, Limgroup, Lambert Spawn, INRA Bordeaux, Wageningen UR
● Consensus within the breeding/spawn industry (position paper)
● Generating support and understanding within mushroom industry and governmental bodies
● Publish scientic paper in peer reviewed journal as reference
● Mushroom Business 90 (sept, 2013)
● ISMS/WSMBMP
Acknowledgements
Plant Breeding
Johan Baars
Wei Gao
Patrick Hendrickx
Brian Lavrijssen
José Kuenen
Jo Rutjens
Marcel Visser
Narges Sedaghat Telgerd
Anton Sonnenberg
Food & Biobased Research
Jurriaan Mes
Amrah Weijn
Limgroup
Maikel Aveskamp
