BreastCancer PPT

8/9/2019 BreastCancer PPT

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Breast Cancer By Eric Lee & Rikki Haberny


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Overview

• What is breast cancer?• What are some Causes and risks?• What are the Sym toms?• How about some E idemio!o"y?• What#s the dea! with BRC$% and BRC$ ?• $re there Ear!y 'etection and (reatments?• 'o ) have a check !ist ) can *o!!ow?• Conc!usion+


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What is Breast Cancer?

• Breast cancer rimari!y e**ects women but about% ercent o* a!! cases e**ect men

• Breast cancer is the second !eadin" cause o*death in women ne,t to !un" cancer

• One out o* nine women in the -S wi!! deve!o

breast cancer in their !i*etime . One out o* twenty in %/01

• $n abnorma!2 uncontro!!ed ce!! "rowth arisin" inthe breast tissue


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(he breast• (he breasts are made o* *at2

"!ands2 and connective

3*ibrous4 tissue

• (he breast has severa! !obes2which are divided into !obu!es

and end in the mi!k "!ands

• (iny ducts run *rom the manytiny "!ands2 connect to"ether2

and end in the ni !e


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(he breast• (hese ducts are where 567 o*

breast cancers occur8 (his isknown as in*i!tratin" ducta! cancer

•Cancer deve!o in" in the !obu!es istermed in*i!tratin" !obu!ar cancer8

$bout %19%:7 o* breast cancersare o* this ty e8

• $nother ty e o* breast cancer isin*!ammatory breast cancer 3O*ten;isdia"nosed and dan"erous4


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)n*!ammatory Breast Cancer

• Rare2 serious2 a""ressive*orm o* breast cancer

• Looks red 3erythema42

*ee!s warm• (hickenin" o* skin• Rid"es2 we!ts and hives

may be observed

• Skin may !ook wrink!ed• Sometimes misdia"nosed

as in*ection


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•


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Causes and Risks $!thou"h breast cancer can occur at any a"ethe risk *actor increases the o!der one "ets8 . (he avera"e woman at a"e >1 has % chance in

61 o* deve!o in" breast cancer in the ne,t %1years

. (his chance increases to % in 51 *or a woman

a"ed A1 . By a"e :1 the chances are% in A1 . $ 019year9o!d woman has a % in >1 chance o*

deve!o in" breast cancer in the ne,t %1 years8


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Causes and Risks

• Shie!ds . Bein" o!der at *irst menstration and havin" an

ear!ier meno ause !owers risk . Havin" chi!dren be*ore the a"e o* >1 he! s8

Havin" no chi!dren increases risk8 .


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Sym toms

• Ear!y breast cancer has !itt!e or no sym toms8 )t is notain*u!8• Breast dischar"e2 es ecia!!y i* on!y *rom one breast or

b!oody•

Sunken ni !e2 (hou"h a common variant o* norma!ni !es a new deve!o ment shou!d cause concern• Redness2 chan"es in te,ture2 and uckerin"8 -sua!!y

caused by skin disease but sometimes can beassociated with breast cancer 8

• Lum s on or around breast8 ;ost !um s are notcancerous

• Other !um s around the under arm or co!!arbonewhich don#t "o away

• Loss o* sme!!?


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;etastasis

• (he most common !ace *or breast cancerto metastasi e is into the !ym h nodesunder the arm or above the co!!arbone onthe same side as the cancer8

• Brain• Bones• Liver


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E idemio!o"y

• $n estimated %%2 A1 new cases o* breastcancer are e, ected to occur in the -nitedstates durin" 11:8

• (he rate o* new cases have increasedsince %/61 but rates have s!owed down

since the %//1#s8

• $bout %0/1 new cases o* breast cancer

are e, ected in men8


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E idemio!o"y

• $n estimated A12651 deaths 3A12A%1 women2A01 men4 are antici ated *rom breast cancer in

11:8

• ;orta!ity rates dec!ined %8A7 er year durin"%/6/9%//: and by >8 7 a*terwards8

• Lar"est decrease was in youn"er women *orboth Caucasians and $*rican $mericans8


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E idemio!o"y

• (he : year surviva! rate *or !oca!i edbreast cancer has increased *rom 5 7 inthe %/A1#s to /5 ercent today8

• Re"iona!!y s read cancer dro s the rate to567

• 'istant metastases dro s the surviva! rate

even !ower to >7


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BRC$% BRC$

• BRC$% discovered in %//A• BRC$ discovered in %//:

• :9%17 o* a!! breast cancer cases are!inked to this "ene8• Havin" a sin"!e co y o* either mutated

"ene a ears to con*er about an 617chance o* deve!o in" breast cancer8


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BRC$% BRC$

• BRC$% is !ocated onchromosome %5

• BRC$ is !ocated on

Chromosome %>• When *ound2 manyresearchers thou"ht itwou!d shed !i"ht on

breast cancer in thoseatients who did nothave the mutated"ene8


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What does BRC$%&BRC$ do?

• Both "enes he! mediate dama"e to ce!!#s'=$8 E,act!y how thou"h is sti!! bein"studied8

• (hese "enes are tentative!y !inked to anincreased risk *or a!so ancreatic2

rostate2 and ovarian cancer8•


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BRC$% BRC$

• $ ossib!e e, !anation is estro"en8• Studies on mice without BRC$ but treated

with e,cess estro"en were *ound to overstimu!ate "enes and roteins in ahormona! activatin" athway8

• Durther testin" wi!! show whether it a**ects

tumor *ormation8• But why most!y women and not many

men? ;en have estro"en too+++


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BRC$% BRC$

• (he two dea!• 'urin" embryonic deve!o ment one

chromosome is random!y shut down8 =odoub!e dose o*

• Ce!!s with mutated BRC$% have been*ound to revent *u!!y shuttin" down thesecond chromosome8


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BRC$% BRC$

• )n men??• Study shows that BRC$ main!y causes

increase o* risk

• 57 risk o* breast cancer by a"e 61• $ssociation between BRCA1 and ;BC is !ess

c!ear

• Dema!e *irst9de"ree re!atives o* ;BC cases areat increased risk o* breast cancer


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BRC$% BRC$

• Women who have the BRCA1 "ene tend to deve!obreast cancer at an ear!y a"e

•


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Ear!y detection

• Ear!y detection is the key+ . Se!* 'octor e,aminations . ;ammo"ra hy . -!trasound . ;R) . Bio sy . Se!* GS ;ammo"ra hy GS -!trasound GS

;R) GS Bio sy


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Ear!y detection• Breast se!* doctor e,amination . inc!udes visua! ins ection and

care*u! *ee!in" o* the breasts2 thearm its2 and the areas around theco!!arbone8

. Lookin" *or !um s or abnorma!itiesaround the breast8

. ;ost !um s are NOT cancerous . Best time *or e,amination is

immediate!y a*ter the month!yeriod

• =ot %117 accurate


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Ear!y detection

• ;ammo"ra hy . 9ray icture o* the

breast taken *romsevera! an"!es bycom ressin" thebreast hori onta!!y2dia"ona!!y2 andsometimes vertica!!y8

. =ot %117 accurate


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;ammo"ra hy ima"es


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Ear!y detection

• -!trasound . -sua!!y done in addition to the

mammo"ram8

. Shows whether a mass is*i!!ed with *!uid or so!id8Cancers are so!id8

. =ot %117 accurate


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Ear!y detection

• ;R) . ;a"netic resonance

ima"in"8

. 'i**erentiates diseasedor dyin" tissue *romnorma! hea!thy tissue

. $!most %117 accurate


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Ear!y detection

• Bio sy . take a very sma!!

iece o* tissue *romthe body *ore,amination andtestin"8

. e,amined by aatho!o"ist

. %117 accurate


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Ear!y detection

• Se!* doctor e,amGS• ;ammo"ra hyGS• -!trasoundGS

• ;R)GS• Bio sy


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Ear!y detection

• Se!* doctor e,ams usua!!y on!y *ee! !um sa*ter tumor is about % inch diameter

• ;ammo"ra hy & u!trasound detecttumors at about inch

• ;R) uses ce!! contrast *or e,ce!!entdetection but costs 69 1 times more then

standard mammo"ra hy• %117 assurance on any sus icious !um s

can on!y be obtained by a bio sy


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Which ima"e !ooks more distinct?


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Ear!y detection

• (he sta"es 19)G . Sta"e ))) is breast cancer o* a !ar"er si e 3"reater

than inches in diameter42 with "reater !ym h nodeinvo!vement2 or o* the in*!ammatory ty e8S readin" to other areas around the breast8

. Sta"e )G is metastatic breast cancerI a tumor o* anysi e or ty e that has metastasi ed to another art o*the body 3e,8 bones2 !un"s2 !iver2 brain48 (his is the!east *avorab!e sta"e to *ind breast cancer8


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(reatment

• Radiation• Chemothera y

• Gaccines• Sur"ery• Hormona! thera y

. (amo,i*en 3=o!vade,4 is the most common!yrescribed hormone treatment8


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(hera eutic Gaccines

• (reat e,istin" cancers• -nder deve!o ment• ;e!anoma2 !un"2 ovarian2 rostate tumors• JKick9start immune system•


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HER9 neu• Mrowth9stimu!atin" rotein• =orma! ce!!s e, ress a sma!!

amount on their !asmamembranes

• On sur*ace o* breast cancerce!!s

• Sends messa"es *rom ce!! toJ"rowth *actors outside ce!!

• Overabundant on sur*ace o*

cancer ce!!s in >17 o*women with breast cancer


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HER9 neu Gaccine

• (ar"ets HER9 neu rotein• ;ade *rom sma!! rotein ieces !ike!y to

tri""er an immune res onse• Contains a dru" that he! s increase whiteb!ood ce!! counts

• ;onth!y shots *or si, months• =o serious side e**ects


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(e!omerase


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(e!omerase


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(herato e Gaccine

• ;erck and Biomira• -sed *or metastatic breast cancer • Stimu!ates atient#s immune res onse to tumor

S(n marker . Cancer associated carbohydrate anti"en . Gaccine contains synthetic *orm

•


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Herce tin

• (y e o* bio!o"ic thera y• Breast cancer treatment

dru"•

;onoc!ona! antibodythera y• B!ocks HER9 neu• E**ective in metastatic HER9

neu ositive breast cancer • Litt!e e**ect with HER9 neu

ne"ative breast cancer


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Sur"ery

• Lum ectomy . remova! o* the cancerous tissue and a

surroundin" area o* norma! tissue

• Sim !e mastectomy . removes the entire breast but no other

structures

• ;odi*ied radica! mastectomy . removes the breast and the underarm !ym h

nodes


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Sur"ery

• Radica! mastectomy . remova! o* the breast and the under!yin"

chest wa!! musc!es2 as we!! as the underarm

contents8 . (his sur"ery is no !on"er done because

current thera ies are !ess dis*i"urin" andhave *ewer com !ications8

L


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Lum ectomy

Sim !e ;astectomy

;odi*ied Radica!

Radica!


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(reatment

• BRC$% BRC$ ? . =o Jtreatment . ;astectomy cuts risk by /17 .

Hysterectomy s!ashes another :17 . (amo,i*en• anti9estro"en dru"• Lowers risk o* dia"nosis o* beni"n tumors )n*!uenced by

estro"en• Reduces risk about 67• ;ay reduce need *or bio sies in hi"h9risk women• )ntervenes be*ore invasive cancer be"ins


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(he check!ist

• $"e 19>/ . ;onth!y se!* breast

e,am

. @ear!y breast e,am bydoctor

. ;ammo"ram every9> years

• $"e A1 . ;onth!y se!* breast

e,am

. Breast e,am by doctorevery 0 month

. ;ammo"ram once ayear

. Skin e,am year!y


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Conc!usion

• (he bi""est risks *or breast cancer are a"e2 se,2and "enetics

• Second hi"hest cancer ki!!er in women

• Rates o* new cases have s!owed• BRC$% BRC$ on!y e**ect :7 o* cases• Severa! ear!y detection techniFues and devices

• Gaccines show romise but are not a so!ution• Sur"ery he! s revent reoccurrence8


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Re*erences• BRCA1 and BRCA2

mutations in a population-based study of male breast cancer Basham VM, Lipscombe JM, Ward JM,Gayther SA, Ponder BAJ, Easton !,Pharoah P PBreast Cancer Res 11 2 " IR 3 %=ovember 11%4

• ;ouse mode!s *or BRC$%9associatedbreast cancer #$% Wan& 2W Li 2 ' '( and ) en&=ationa! )nstitutes o* Hea!th2 Bethesda2;ary!and2 -S$from Ath Con"ress o* the )nternationa!

$ssociation *or Breast Cancer Research8 $dvances in human breast cancer researchI

rec!inica! mode!sSacramento2 -S$2 %9: =ovember 11>Breast Cancer Res 11> *3Su ! %4+>

• htt I www8cancerbacu 8or"8uk in*o tamo,i*en8htm

• 'ewitt

• Penni*er Cou in8 (he twists and turnsin BRC$#s athway8 Science GOL >1October A2 11>

• 'MR Evans2 ; Bu!man2 K @oun"2 'Mokha!e2 D !a!!oo8 Sensitivity o*BRC$% ;utation testin" in A00breast ovarian cancer *ami!ies8 On!inemutation re ort8 www8Nmed"enet8com

• htt I www8emedicinehea!th8com artic!es %>0%:9%8as

http://d/content/4/1/R2http://d/content/4/1/R2http://d/content/4/1/R2http://d/content/4/1/R2http://www.cancerbacup.org.uk/info/tamoxifen.htmhttp://www.cancerbacup.org.uk/info/tamoxifen.htmhttp://www.jmedgenet.com/http://www.jmedgenet.com/http://www.cancerbacup.org.uk/info/tamoxifen.htmhttp://www.cancerbacup.org.uk/info/tamoxifen.htmhttp://d/content/4/1/R2http://d/content/4/1/R2http://d/content/4/1/R2http://d/content/4/1/R2http://d/content/4/1/R2


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Re*erences• Cam i"!io8 ;2 S8 ;enard2 S8 ;8

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BreastCancer PPT