Break In To Groups (15 Minutes)Break In To Groups (15 Minutes)

You will work in discussion groups that You will work in discussion groups that were assigned yesterday at the end of were assigned yesterday at the end of classclass

Please:Please: Share your scenarios and reactions and Share your scenarios and reactions and

write responses to the following:write responses to the following:

1.1. Discuss whether parenting styles were Discuss whether parenting styles were different for the genders and ages. different for the genders and ages.

2.2. Discuss why some people might use Discuss why some people might use different parenting styles (standards) different parenting styles (standards) for boys vs. girls.for boys vs. girls.

3.3. Discuss why you would parent a child Discuss why you would parent a child different based on his or her age.different based on his or her age.

All notes are posted on the Website! You will need All notes are posted on the Website! You will need to review them prior to exam.to review them prior to exam.

Adulthood and Old AgeAdulthood and Old AgePhysical Changes in AdulthoodPhysical Changes in Adulthood

Life SpanLife SpanThe maximum age possible for The maximum age possible for

members of a given species.members of a given species.Life ExpectancyLife Expectancy

The number of years that an average The number of years that an average member of a species is expected to live.member of a species is expected to live.

MenopauseMenopauseThe end of menstruation and fertility.The end of menstruation and fertility.

Adulthood and Old AgeAdulthood and Old AgeAging and Intellectual Aging and Intellectual

FunctionsFunctionsMemory and Forgetting Memory and Forgetting

Cognitive abilities do not inevitably Cognitive abilities do not inevitably decline. decline.

Some elderly may show declines on free-Some elderly may show declines on free-recall tasks, however declines on tests of recall tasks, however declines on tests of recognition memory are less likely. recognition memory are less likely.

Memory declines may be due to Memory declines may be due to impairments in sensory acuity and a impairments in sensory acuity and a slowing of neuronal processing. slowing of neuronal processing.

Adulthood and Old AgeAdulthood and Old AgeAging and Intellectual Aging and Intellectual

FunctionsFunctions The Alzheimer’s ProblemThe Alzheimer’s Problem

Alzheimer’s Alzheimer’s DiseaseDisease A progressive A progressive

brain disorder brain disorder that strikes older that strikes older people, causing people, causing memory loss and memory loss and other symptomsother symptoms..

In the U.S., the In the U.S., the projected number of projected number of Alzheimer’s patients Alzheimer’s patients is 14 million in 2050. is 14 million in 2050.

The cost is at least The cost is at least $100 billion per year. $100 billion per year.

Adulthood and Old AgeAdulthood and Old AgeAging and Intellectual Aging and Intellectual

FunctionsFunctions Age Trends in IntelligenceAge Trends in Intelligence

Fluid intelligenceFluid intelligence, , which includes inductive which includes inductive reasoning and spatial reasoning and spatial ability, declines steadily ability, declines steadily throughout middle and throughout middle and late adulthood.late adulthood.

Crystallized Crystallized intelligenceintelligence, which , which includes verbal ability includes verbal ability and numeric ability, and numeric ability, remains stable into the remains stable into the 70’s.70’s.

Adulthood and Old AgeAdulthood and Old AgeAging and Intellectual FunctionsAging and Intellectual Functions Timed vs. Untimed Vocabulary Timed vs. Untimed Vocabulary

TestsTests

Some abilities are less affected by age than are others. Some abilities are less affected by age than are others. Scores declined only in the timed test. Scores declined only in the timed test.

Adulthood and Old AgeAdulthood and Old AgeSocial and Personal Social and Personal

DevelopmentDevelopmentLife SatisfactionLife Satisfaction

In multiple In multiple cultures, 75-cultures, 75-80% say they 80% say they are satisfied are satisfied with life.with life.

Ratings of life Ratings of life satisfaction do satisfaction do not vary with not vary with age.age.

Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 PrePsychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hallntice Hall

Adulthood and Old AgeAdulthood and Old AgeSocial and Personal Dev.Social and Personal Dev.

Self-EsteemSelf-Esteem

Self-esteem is Self-esteem is highest in highest in childhood.childhood.

It drops sharply It drops sharply during during adolescence.adolescence.

It increases It increases gradually during gradually during adulthood, peaks adulthood, peaks in the sixties, and in the sixties, and declines in old age.declines in old age.

Adulthood and Old AgeAdulthood and Old AgeDying and DeathDying and Death

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross proposed five stages in Elisabeth Kübler-Ross proposed five stages in approaching death:approaching death: DenialDenial (“It must be a mistake.”) (“It must be a mistake.”) Anger Anger (“It isn’t fair!”)(“It isn’t fair!”) BargainingBargaining (“Let me live longer and I’ll be a better (“Let me live longer and I’ll be a better

person.”)person.”) DepressionDepression (“ I’ve lost everything important to me.”) (“ I’ve lost everything important to me.”) AcceptanceAcceptance (“What has to be, has to be.”) (“What has to be, has to be.”)

Not everyone follows this sequence through the Not everyone follows this sequence through the stages and all people do not experience all stages and all people do not experience all stages. stages.

Major Ways to Conduct ResearchMajor Ways to Conduct Research

Cross-sectional StudiesCross-sectional StudiesPeople of different ages are tested and comparedPeople of different ages are tested and compared

Cohort Comparison Cohort Comparison Similar to the cross-sectional – subjects are Similar to the cross-sectional – subjects are

studied at only one point in their development studied at only one point in their development (for example ages 8 or 10) (for example ages 8 or 10)

Sequential DesignSequential DesignCombination of cross-sectional and longitudinal – Combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal –

subjects from different age groups are studied subjects from different age groups are studied repeatedly over a period of months and years. repeatedly over a period of months and years.

Longitudinal StudiesLongitudinal StudiesThe same people are tested at different times to The same people are tested at different times to

track changes related to agetrack changes related to age

Basic Developmental Basic Developmental QuestionQuestion

Developmental Research Developmental Research StrategiesStrategies