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Presentation to the Brazilian Agency for Industrial Development - March 26, 2013 - Foley Hoag LLP.
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Brazilian Diaspora and the Transnational
Economy
Brazil-TodayAlvaro Lima, March 2013
Globalisation as Annihilation of Space/Shrinking of the World
“compression of our spatialand temporal worlds” (D. Harvey)
“constraints of Geography recede” (M. Waters)
NationStates
FeudalEmpires
Tribes
Globalisation
Dialectics of globalisation and localisation - glocalisation, global cities - “space ... not only homogenised (and global), but always fragmented as well. ... has not simply shrunk, but ... been transformed” (S. Kirsch)
Globalization – A Different Perspective
”Globalization [...] as the intensification of world-wide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa.” (Giddens 1990, p. 64)
Traditional Understanding – The Migration Flow
ADMISSION: Who? How many?
What kind?
poverty
stagnation
overpopulation
etc…
Traditional Understanding – The Migration Flow
WHY?
CountryTotal
Population (millions)
Population from
Developing Countries (millions)
Percent of Total
Population
Top Five Source
Countries (percent of
total)
Top Five Source Countries
United States
Spain
France
UK
Netherlands
Portugal
Japan
281.4
40.8
58.5
58.8
16.0
10.4
127
28.4
1.5
3.7
3.0
1.2
0.5
1.2
10.1
3.7
6.4
5.1
7.6
4.5
1.0
45.2
44.2
20.4
30.1
48.6
62.8
69.6
Mexico, Philippines, Puerto Rico, India, China
Morocco, Ecuador, Colombia, Argentina, Venezuela
Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Turkey, Vietnam
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Jamaica, South Africa
Suriname, Turkey, Indonesia, Morocco, Netherlands Antilles
Angola, Mozambique, Brazil, Cape Verde, Venezuela
North Korea, South Korea, China, Brazil, Philippines
Foreign-Born Population of Rich OECD Countries from Developing Countries
Source: Let Their People Come, Lant Pritchett, 2006
Integration policies are skeletal, ad hoc, under-funded and dominated by the ideology of assimilation – MELTING POT
labor market
housingeducation
etc…
Traditional Understanding – The Settlement
ESOL
entrepreneurship
Immigrants forge economic, social, cultural and political relations that link together their societies of origin and settlement…
New Understand - Immigrant Transnationalism
Drivers of Transnationalism
Developments in the means of transportation and communications have changed the relations between people and places (costs);
International migrations have become crucial to the demographic future of many developed countries;
Global political transformations and new international legal regimes weakened the state as the only legitimate source of rights;
Fostered by global consumption, global production, and immigration, cultural hybridization are substituting folkloric romanticism and political nationalism enshrined as essences of national cultures;
Transnational platform
New Possibilities – Transnational Platform(s)
Transnational platform
$875
$398
$331
$218
$-
$100
$200
$300
$400
$500
$600
$700
$800
$900
Brazil
EcuadorMéxico
Guatemala
Guyana
Dominican R.
Colombia
Nicaragua
El Salvador
HondurasCuba
Monthly Remittance by Nationality
$278 $274
$192 $188 $185 $177
$113
ABOVE AVERAGE
BELOW AVERAGE
AVERAGE = $294
45.4%
20.5%17.8%
5.1% 4.9% 3.7%1.6% 0.8% 0.2%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
45.0%
50.0%
Foods and spices
Videos, DVDs, C
Ds
Clothing
Newspapers/magazines
Books
Alcohol
Cigarettes
Craft Items
Others
Purchasing of Nostalgic Products Among Brazilians
37.6%
28.9%26.0%
5.5%
1.6%0.3%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
Does nothave / NR
Checkingaccount
Savingsaccount
Credit card Investmentaccount
Foreigncurrencysavings
Financial Accounts in Country of Origin - Brazil
MEASURING TRANSNATIONALIS
M
46.6%
36.80%
27.0%
22.7%20.0%
15.3%14.0%
10.3% 9.1%
5.7%3.7%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
45.0%
50.0%
GuyanaBrazil
Ecuador
Honduras
Colombia
Nicaragua
Dominican R.
MéxicoCuba
El Salvador
Guatemala
Help Beyond Remittances
AVERAGE = 19.2%
ABOVE AVERAGE
BELOW AVERAGE
11
26.3%
12.4%
10.0%
6.7%5.0%
4.0% 3.5% 3.3% 2.8% 2.4%
0.0%0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
GuyanaBrazil
Ecuador
Honduras
Colombia
Nicaragua
Mexico
Dominican R.
Guatemala
El Salvador
Cuba
Support of Hometown Associations
AVERAGE = 6.7%
ABOVE AVERAGE
BELOW AVERAGE
MEASURING TRANSNATIONALIS
M
MEASURING TRANSNATIONALIS
M
Some Implications of Transnationalism
Portability becomes crucial for transnational migrants – education and certification processes; investment and retirement schemes, health insurance, etc.;
The concept of “community,” “society,” as well as “the local,” must be redefined as space of flows (relationships), pluri-local and nation-state-boarder spanning, instead of bounded geographic places – geographic and social container spaces;
Transnational immigrant entrepreneurs’ contributions to the economy have to be recognized as such and not as just “ethnic;”
Nation-state ideals of identity in both sending and receiving countries are challenged by transnational practices – double citizenship, transnational rights, regimens, etc…;
States must re-conceive immigration and adapt their policies and practices to accommodate transnational realities;
First Generation Innovation Portfolio
Digaai.com
Transnational Index
Diaspora Capital Services
Educational Delivery & Partnership Models
Health Care Management & Insurance Provision
Social Security
Political Representation
itBrazil
Japan
United States
Portugal
Angola
Spain
Paraguay
Brazilian Transnational Community
Digaai Transnational Platform
capture everyday life practices
capture social practices
capture economic activity
(PHASE I)
SEARCH AGGREGATE ARCHIVE CURATE
PHASE II
DATAVERSE
…
SLIDESHARE
…
it
Brazilian Transnational Community
capture everyday life practices
capture social practices
capture economic activity
(PHASE I)
SEARCH AGGREGATE ARCHIVE CURATE
(PHASE II)
MASHUPS JOURNALING TAGGCLOUDS …
Gen
eral
Mod
el
Transnational Platform Model
WIKI
…
DATAHUB
…
DATAVERSE
…
SLIDESHARE
…