Brazil’S BiodieSel prograM · 2014. 9. 30. · 1 4 | BiofuelS in Brazil: realitieS and proSpectS 3% by industry and other sectors. To meet the coun-try’s demand, Brazil imports

|15�Brazil’SBiodieSelprograM

introduction

TestingandresearchintofuelderivedfromvegetableoilbeganinBrazilduringthe1970s.Forreasonshavingtodoprimarilywiththepetroleummarket,andwithfactorsaf-fectingpricesofpetroleumderivativesaswellasdieselfuel’smarketshareinBrazil’stransportationindustry,theseinitia-tivesfellshortofmakingthosefuelsapartofthenation’senergymix.

In2003,newlifewasbreathedintotheseinitiativesbythepoliciesandprogramsupportoftheFederalGovernment.Thesechangeswereenthusiasticallywelcomedbyallofthevariousmanufacturing,socialandpoliticalstakeholdersinthebiodieselsupplychain,andtheirinterestisstillgrowing.

InJulyof2003,thePresidentofBrazilcalledforstud-iesbyrepresentativesofthevariousagenciesoftheFederalGovernmentforpurposesofexaminingtheeconomic,socialandenvironmentalfeasibilityofbiodieselproductionanduseinBrazil.Therefollowedaseriesofhearingstowhichwere

Brazil’SBiodieSelprograM

rodrigoaugustorodrigues1

Joséhonórioaccarini2

1MastersinRegulatoryeconomics,UniversityofBrasilia,AdjunctdeputydirectortotheexecutiveOffice’sChiefofStaffandcoordinatorfortheinterministerialexecutiveCommitteeonBiodiesel.

2Mastersineconomics,UniversityofSãoPaulo,AdvisertotheexecutiveOffice’sChiefofStaffandMemberoftheinterministerialexecutiveCommitteeonBiodiesel.

1�0| BiofuelSinBrazil:realitieSandproSpectS

invitedrepresentativesofscienceandtechnologyinstitutes,universities,vegetableoilmanufacturers, farmersand ruralworkers, automakers, auto parts producers, state govern-mentsandstatelegislatorsinvolvedinthetopic.Everyeffortwasmadetolearnaboutandevaluateinternationalexperi-enceintheproductionanduseofbiodiesel.

These studies culminated, inDecember of 2003, in thepreparation of a Final Report presenting conclusions onbiodiesel’spotential formakingapositivecontributionto-ward resolving crucial Brazilian issues, such as helping toplace family farmowners (small ruralproducers)onabet-terfootinginsocietyasawholethroughjobcreationandincome which would result from their increasing inclusionin thesupplychain for thisbiofuel.Thiswould lessenthedisparities among different regions, save on hard currency

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|1�1Brazil’SBiodieSelprograM

andreducethenation’sdependenceonimportedoil,whileincreasingtherenewablecomponentofBrazil’senergymix,workingtowardsabetterenvironmentandeasingtheburdenofhealth-relatedcostsbyreducingpollution-relatedillness,especiallyinthegreatmetropolitanareas.

After considering this broad range of social, economic,environmental,strategicandevengeopoliticalbenefits,theFederalGovernmentpromptlyturnedtothetaskofdefininggoalsandtakingstepstowardtheintroductionofbiodieselintoBrazil’senergyfuelmix.Hence,onDecember6,2004,Brazil’sNationalBiodieselProgram(PNPB)cameintobeing.

Theprogramcalledforanumberofdifferentstudies.Mea-suresweresetinmotionandactionswereimplementedwiththe goal of accommodating Brazil’s fuel-related legal andregulatoryenvironmenttotheadditionofbiodieselasanew-

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comer.Taxsubsidiesweredesigned,throughthemechanismof theSocial FuelStamp, family farmsorganized,methodsoffinancingcreatedandstepstakentofostertechnologicaldevelopmentusingbothdomesticresourcesandthosearis-ing from international cooperation. Brazil’s own biodieselmarketwasorganizedaroundpurchaseauctions,pivotaltothisProgram.

Brazil’senergyMixandBiofuelsMarket

As shown in Chart 1, Brazil clearly stands out when itcomes to the renewable share (hydropower, biomass andethanol)ofthenation’senergymixcomparedtotheglobalaverage.Nevertheless,non-renewable sources (55.6%) stillpredominate, in the formof oil and oil products (38.8%),naturalgas(9.5%),coal(5.8%)anduranium(1.5%)anditsderivatives.

Chart1–Renewableandnon-renewableSourcesinenergyMix

Brazil(2006) World(2004)

86,8%

13,2%

55,6%

44,4%

Renewable Non-renewable

Originaldatasource:

nationalenergy

Balance(Ben-200�).

Originaldatasource:

nationalenergy

Balance(Ben-200�).


Uponexaminingthelightandheavyvehiclefuelmixfor2006,showninChart2,thehighrelianceondieseloil(52.2%)standsoutclearly.In2004,whentheNationalBiodieselPro-gramwasinitiated,thepercentagewasevenhigher(about54%).ThiswasafactorintheintroductionofbiodieselasanewfueltobolsterBrazil’ssustainableenergysecurity.

Chart2–VehicleFuelMix:Brazil-200�

NGV3,3%

Gasoline27,3%

AnhydrousAlcohol7,3%

Ethanol9,9% DieselOil

52,2%

Chart 2 also shows renewable energy sources at 17.2%ofallfuelconsumption,withethanol(9.9%)andanhydrousalcohol(7.3%)–thelatterblendedwithgasolineinratiosrangingfrom20%to25%(E20toE25).Thegrowingratiosofbiodieseltodieselfrompetroleum,addedtotheincrementaluseofethanolinflex-fuelvehicles,havegraduallyraisedtherenewablefuelshareofthevehiclefuelmix.Assumingthesamerelativedistributionfoundin2006,theB2mixturewillraiserenewablefuels’sharefrom17.2%toabout18.2%.

DomesticconsumptionofdieseloilinBrazilisabout40billionlitersperyear.Datafor2005showthat82.4%isusedfortransportation,14.6%consumedinagricultureandabout

Originaldatasource:

MinistryofMinesand

energy(MMe)

Originaldatasource:

MinistryofMinesand

energy(MMe)


3%byindustryandothersectors.Tomeetthecoun-try’sdemand,Brazil importsfrom6%to8%of itsdomestic diesel fuel requirements – 2.4 billion to3.2billionlitersperyear.A2%blendofbiodiesel(B2)wouldrequire800millionlitersperyeartosup-plythedomesticmarket.ProductionrequirementsoftheB5mixtureaddupto2billionlitersannually.

ReasoninganddirectivesguidingthenationalBiodieselProgram(PnPB)

Asoilbecomesscarcerandenergymoreessentialtodevelopment,energysecurityisastrategicpur-poseoftheprocess,anditmustbeattainedusingalternativeenergysources.Intheshortandmedi-um-term,increasingproductionoffuelsfromrenew-ablesourcesisthemostviableoption,andrequiresmeeting broad sustainability requirements, on theenvironmental,economic,social,technologicalandstrategicfronts.

Given its soil and climate, Brazil has vast po-tentialforproducingbiomass,andaddingvaluetotheseavailable rawmaterialsoffersasizable rela-tiveadvantage.Amongthemanysuchpossibilities,biodiesel is perhaps the most promising becauseenergydemandtendstoincreasewhiletheworld´seconomyexpands.

Withinthiscontext,Brazil’sgovernmentglimpsedthepossibilitiesnowbecomingrealityofbolstering

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itsenergysecuritywhilebenefiting family farmsandsmallruralproducersinthepoorerregionsofthecountry,bybring-ingthemintothebiodieselsupplychainwithenvironmentalandotherbenefitsaswell.

This sums up the reasoning behind the Biodiesel Pro-gram,anditsgoalsarebeingattainedthroughtaxbreaksforcompaniespurchasingoilfeedstockproducedinthenation’spoorestregions.Tofitthisstrategytoamarketcontext,theblendingofbiodieseltopetroleum-baseddieselfuelingrad-uallyincreasingproportionswasgiventheforceoflaw.

Brazilian biodiesel fuel is derived from renewable bio-mass to power compression-ignition internal combustionengines.Regulationsprovideforothertypesofpowercon-versioninwhichitcanpartiallyorentirelyreplacefossil fuels. Hence there is no shortage of pos-sibleapplicationsofbiodiesel fuel inurbanandhighwaytransportation,aswellaspassengerandcargoshipping,railways,generatorsandstation-aryengines.

Brazil’sBiodieselProgramwasdesignedtograd-uallyconvergeonmarketmechanismsbymeansofincentiveswhichprovidefortheinclusionofpro-ducersinthepoorestregionsintothesupplychainforthisfuel,throughincentivesbasedonsupplyanddemand.

Prominentonthedemandside isFederalLawNo.11,907passedJanuary13,2005.Thelawde-finesbiodieselasanewfuelinBrazil’senergymix,andasof January2008, requires a2%biodieselcomponentblendedto98%dieseloil,knownasB2.ByJanu-aryof2013,themixrequirementwillincreaseto5%(B5),

hence there is no shortage of possible applications of bioDiesel fuel in urban anD highway transportation, as well as passenger anD cargo shipping, railways, generators anD stationary engines.

1��| BiofuelSinBrazil:realitieSandproSpectS

withpossibilities forhigherblendpercentagesall thewayuptopurebiodiesel(B100)byauthorizationoftheBrazilianPetroleum,GasandBiofuelsRegulator(ANP),whichisgivenregulatoryandfiscalcontrol,bythatsamelaw,overproduc-tionandsaleofbiofuels.

Law11,907/2005thuscreatesacaptivemarketforbiodie-selinBrazil,whileFederalLawNo.11,116ofMay18,2005providesforabatementofsomeorallfederalexcisetaxesonbiodiesel,basedonthefeedstockusedtoproduceit,classofgrower-seller,regionaloriginoftherawmaterial,oracombi-nationofthesefactors.

TheExecutiveBranchwasplacedinchargeofregulatoryenactmentsforLaw11,116,withthestipulationthattoben-efit from the tax breaks, biodiesel producers must have acertificate, knownas theSocial Fuel Stamp, issuedby theAgrarianDevelopmentMinistry(MDA)tobiodieselproducerslicensedtomanufactureandsellthisnewfuel,andwhomeetthefollowingadditionalrequirements:

a) purchaseminimumpercentagesoffeedstockfromfam-ily-ownedfarms,rangingfrom10%intheNorthandMidwestto30%intheSouthandSoutheastregions,all the way to 50% in the Northeast and Semi-AridBadlands (based on average market shares of smallagri-producersinthoseregions);and

b)enter intoagreementswith family farms, concerningprices,schedulesandtermsofdeliveryforrawmateri-als,andprovidethemtechnicalassistance.

A100%rollbackoffederalexcisetaxesonfuelsisgrantedexclusivelyforbiodieselproducedfrompalmoil(dendê)intheNorth,orcastoroilintheNortheastandSemi-AridBad-lands,providedtheseoilscomefromfamilyfarms.Foroils

|1��Brazil’SBiodieSelprograM

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producedonothertypesoffarmsinthosesameregions,themaximumfederalexcisetaxabatementis32%.

Biodiesel produced from feedstock grown on family-ownedfarmsisgivenpreferentialtreatmentinthetaxcode.Irrespectiveoftheoilseedorregion,iftherawmaterial ispurchasedfromtheseproducers,thefederaltaxabatementcomesto68%.

Another important featureof the taxbreakapproach isthattotalfederaltaxesonbiodieselmayneversupplanttax-esonconventionaldiesel fuel.Anagreemententered intobytheFederalGovernmentandalloftheStatesinBrazil’sFederationinOctoberof2006,providesthatthestatevalue-addedtaxonbiodieselproductionandtrademaynotexceedtheratesassessedonpetroleumdieselfuel.

Besides the full or partial rollback of federaltaxes,companiesthathavetheSocialFuelStampmay use that certificate to differentiate theirbiodiesel brandor origin in themarketplace, forthesealsignifiesthattheproducerabidesbytheprinciplesofsocialresponsibilityinmanufacturing.By these mechanisms, Federal Law 11,116/2005providedincentivessothatthesupplyofbiodieselwouldabidebythebasicprinciplesunderlyingtheNationalBiodieselProgram,fostersocialdevelop-ment and reduce regional disparities by creatingemploymentandincomeopportunitiesforsomeofthepoorestindustriesandregionsinBrazil.

Another important feature of this program isthat it does not exclude any economic classes,technologicalapproachesorrawmaterials.ThisisbecauseBrazilhassufficientpotentialtomanufac-

another important feature of this

program is that it Does not excluDe any

economic classes, technological

approaches or raw materials. this is

because brazil has sufficient potential

to manufacture bioDiesel using a

variety of processes anD feeDstocks


turebiodieselusingavarietyofprocessesand feedstocks,suchascastorbeans,palm,soybean,peanuts,oilseedradish,cotton, sunflower, jatropha, babassu, animal fat and usedoil. The economics of each alternative vary in accordancewithBrazil’sregionaltraits.

TheFederalGovernmentbelievesthechoiceshouldbeleftuptotheeconomicactorsthemselves,butdoesrequirethatthebiodieselusedtomeetthelegalblendingrequirementsmeet physical and chemical specifications determined andrigorously inspectedby the federalagencyhaving jurisdic-tion, the Brazilian Petroleum, Gas and Biofuels Regulator(ANP).

Accordingtotherulesoftheprogram,anyeconomicagentdesiringtoproduceandsellbiodieselmaydosoafterobtain-inginitialauthorizationfromtheANP.Anycompanybenefit-ing from this authorizationmustfile for a special registry

Biodieselwith

distinctproductive

process:Castor

bean,soybean,

peanuts,cotton,

sunflower,jatropha.

del

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listing with the Treasury Ministry as a biodiesel producer.Companiesthatqualifyfortaxbreaksintendedtofosterso-cialandregionaldevelopmentmust,inaddition,applyattheMDAforaSocialFuelStamp.

BackgroundandCurrentStatusofthenationalBiodieselProgram(PnPB)

ByDecemberof2004,thelegalandregulatoryprovisionsof the program were already in place, with another threeyearstogobeforetheB2mixturerequirementwasscheduledtotakeeffect(Januaryof2008).Tostandbyandexpectthemarkettoorganizeitselfnaturallydidnotseemthebetterpartofwisdomgiventheuncertaintiessurroundingpricestobechargedoffaithfulconsumers.

It seemed appropriate, then, to bring about conditionswherebycompetitionamongsellerscouldputsuppliesonafeasiblefooting,therebysteepeningthe“learningcurve”intheproductionofthisnewfuelandinthelogisticssurround-ingitstransportation,blending,distributionandcommercialsale.ThisledtheFederalGovernmenttoorganizebiodieselpurchaseauctions.

Theprimarypurposeofthesereverseauctionswastofos-terdevelopmentofadomesticbiodieselmarketandreduceasymmetriesininformationaboutcostsandpricinginastillincipientmarket.Intandemwiththiswasadesiretohurryalong the social development aspects and reductionof re-gionaleconomicdisparities.TheB2mixturerequirementwasthereforemoveduptoJanuaryof2006,butremainedcontin-gentuponvolumeschanginghandsatthereverseauctions,


the purchase auctions have playeD a Decisive role in graDually consoliDating brazil’s bioDiesel market.

whichwouldonlybeopentocompanieshavingtheSocialFuelStamp.

Oneshouldobserve,however,thatthepurchaseauctionswereintendedasatransitionalmeasure,tohastenachieve-mentofthestatedpurposesandprovidefarmersandagri-culturalorganizations,industrialproductionanddistributionnetworks, with a transitional learning phase which wouldleadintofree-marketprocessesamongbiodieselproducers,distributors and refineries — the medium and long-rangeoutcometheNationalBiodieselProgramenvisioned.

Thepurchaseauctionshaveplayedadecisiverole in gradually consolidating Brazil’s biodieselmarket.Theextenttowhichtheywereattractiveto industrycanbeseenbytheexcessofsupplyoverdemand, shown in Table1.Another impor-tantoutcomewastheaveragepricereductionbe-tweenthefirstandfourthreverseauctions,whichcameto9.1%innominalterms.Thisshowsthatthenation’sindustryhasbeenmovingalongthelearningcurveandofferingbiodiesel for saleatprices growing increasingly competitivewith conventionaldieselfuel.

Theriseintheaveragepriceatthefifthreverseauctionshouldnotbeinterpretedasareversalofthattrend,forthatreverseauctionwasheldforthespecificpurposeofoffset-tingsmallshortfallsinbiodieselcontractedfordeliverydur-ingearlierauctions.Thisreducedthenumberofbuyers,thatreverse auction was only open to companies already fullyoperationalandhavingidlecapacitywithwhichtopromptlyoffsetthoseshortfalls.


Table1-SummaryofBiodieselPurchaseAuctions

AtthefivereverseauctionsheldbytheANP,therewere17successfulpurchasers (with24 industrialplants).Thesebuyerswillinturnsell885millionlitersofbiodieselthroughDecember, 2007. Producing that total volume will provideemployment opportunities for some 210,000 smallholderfamilies.

Chart3showsthepercentagedistributionoverthetotalvolumechanginghandsatallfivereverseauctions.Thecom-binedshareforthetwopoorestregionsinBrazil(NorthandNortheast)willbe48.9%.Smallagri-producers’shareinthesalesofbiodiesel feedstockarrangedat these reverseauc-tionswillbe35%ofthetotal(310.5millionliters).

Reverse Auction

Date

No. of Participants

Volume Offered

Volume Sold Delivery

Timeframe

Average net price of ICMS

(R$/liter)Millions of Liters

11/23/2005 8 92 70 January-December/2006 1.905

03/30/2006 12 315 170 July/2006-June/2007 1.860



02/13-14/2007 7 143 45 Immediate 1.862

TOTAL 885 --- ---

Reverse Auction

Date

No. of Participants

Volume Offered

Volume Sold Delivery

Timeframe

Average net price of ICMS

(R$/liter)Millions of Liters


03/30/2006 12 315 170 July/2006-June/2007 1.860



02/13-14/2007 7 143 45 Immediate 1.862

TOTAL 885 --- ---

Originaldatasources:

AnPandMMe.

Originaldatasources:

AnPandMMe.


Chart3–RegionaldistributionofReverseAuctionSales

NortheastNorth SouthSoutheastMidwest

37.9%

11%

17.7%16.7%16.8%

Table2showscomparativedataessentialtoanyanalysisofthesocialandregionalimpactofbiodieselreverseauctionoutcomes. They show that of the total volume contractedfor,thesharecomingfromthetwopoorestregionsinBra-zil (North and Northeast) will be approximately 4.7 timestherelativefractionofbiodieselfeedstock(cotton,peanut,sunflower,castorbean,soybeanandpalmoil)theseregionsproducedin2004,whentheNationalBiodieselProgrambe-gan.Thesametableshowsthatsmallholderfamilies’shareofbiodieselfeedstockcontractedforatthereverseauctionsisnearly10timesthesmallagri-producers’proportionalcontri-butiontoBrazil’sGDP.

Table2-SocialandRegionalimpactofthe5BiodieselReverseAuctions

Originaldata

source:Agrarian

development

Ministry.

Originaldata

source:Agrarian

development

Ministry.

North and Northeast Region Shares Family-Owned Farm Share

OilseedCropRevenue(Datafor

2004)

BiodieselProduction(Datafor

2006/2007)

AgriculturalGDP

(Datafor2003)

BiodieselFeedstock(Datafor

2006/2007)

10.3% 48.9% 3.6% 35%

North and Northeast Region Shares Family-Owned Farm Share

OilseedCropRevenue(Datafor

2004)

BiodieselProduction(Datafor

2006/2007)

AgriculturalGDP

(Datafor2003)

BiodieselFeedstock(Datafor

2006/2007)

10.3% 48.9% 3.6% 35%

Originaldata

sources:MdA

andBrazilian

Geographicaland

Statisticalinstitute

(iBGe).

Originaldata

sources:MdA

andBrazilian

Geographicaland

Statisticalinstitute

(iBGe).


Eventhoughscarcityofdataandtimeframesforcompari-sonherearehardlyideal,theseindicatorsneverthelessshowthat the purchase auctions have done their share toward

helpingtheNationalBiodieselProgramachieveitsprimarygoalsof reducing regionaleconomicdis-paritiesandincludingagri-producerfamiliesinthebiodieselsupplychain.

BiodieselsalesfiguresforBrazilalsoshowsig-nificantresults.TheB2dieselblendisalreadysoldat5,000distributioncentersoutof35,600intheentirecountry.AsofMayof2007,therewere27plantslicensedbytheANPtomanufacturebiodie-sel,withatotalinstalledcapacityof1.21billionlitersperyear.Another30units,withaggregatecapacity of 1.74 billion liters per year, have al-readyappliedfortheir licensesandshouldbeginoperatingbytheendof2007.Plantsbeingbuilt(7)and thoseat the feasibility studystage(25)add up to an annual manufacturing capacity ofsome1.65billionliters,andareexpectedtobeginoperatingbytheendof2008.

Takingintoaccountonlythe27unitsalreadylicensed to manufacture biodiesel, their annualcapacity (1.21 billion liters) suffices to providethevolumenecessaryforthemandatoryB2blend(about800millionlitersperyear).Iftothisweadd the30units in thefinal stagesof licensingor undergoing expansion, aggregate manufactur-ingcapacityincreasesto2.95billionliters,whichismorethansufficienttomeettherequirementsfortheB5mixture(approximately2billionliters/year).

bioDiesel sales figures for brazil

also show significant results. the b2

Diesel blenD is alreaDy solD at 5,000

Distribution centers out of 35,600 in

the entire country. as of may of 2007,

there were 27 plants licenseD by the anp

to manufacture bioDiesel, with a total

installeD capacity of 1.21 billion liters

per year. another 30 units, with aggregate

capacity of 1.74 billion liters per

year, have alreaDy applieD for their

licenses anD shoulD begin operating by

the enD of 2007.


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These data clearly show that the timetable could bemovedupontheB5mixturerequirements,orevenforblendsofmorethan5%,dulysupportedbyvehicletestsorANPau-thorization.Biodieselexportsareanotherpossibility,sinceprojectedmanufacturingcapacityforlate2008issomethinglike3.5billionlitersofbiodieselperyear.


ClosingComments

Brazil’s National Biodiesel Program sets an ex-ample of public policy designed and implementedwithbroadparticipationinsupportoftheprimaryactorsinvolvedinthesupplychainforthisrenew-ablefuel.Brazil’sbiodieselmarketisenactedinlawandregulated,andalsosupportedbydifferentiatedtax incentives.It isprovidedwith instruments forfinancing the supply chain, research efforts andtechnological development in its agricultural andindustrial stages (including international coopera-tion), aswell as for testing componentparts andengineswiththediesel/biodieselblendinvaryingproportions, and for the organization of agri-pro-ducerfamilies.

At the heart of Brazil’s Biodiesel Program is acommitmenttoprovidethemostefficientpossibleprotectiontotheweakestlinksinthesupplychain:familyfarmsandconsumers.TheSocialFuelStampprovidesdifferentiatedtaxincentivestocompaniesprocessing feedstock produced on family-ownedfarms and feedstock originated in the neediestpartsofthecountry.Attheotherendofthechain,physicalandchemicalspecificationstogetherwithtoughstandardsforinspectionareindispensableifconsumersaretohaveaccesstoqualityfuelandbe-comeconfidentsupportersofBrazil’spolicy–uniquethroughouttheworld–ofstrengtheninganenergymixwhichdailygrowscleaner,moresustainableandlessdependentonoil.

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Given the resultsalreadyachievedandpoliciesputinplacebythenation’sBiodieselProgram,Bra-zil is in a position to enlarge and consolidate itsleadershippositionintheproductionanduseofre-newableenergyresources–especiallywithitsrela-tiveadvantagethroughavailabilityanditsdiversityofsoilandclimateconditions.Improvementstoag-riculturalmethodsanduseofareasextensivelyded-icated tocattleproductionare theprimarymeansBrazil has available to increase energyproductionfromsustainablesourceswithoutputtingcompeti-tive pressure on food supplies or putting a strainonsuchareasastheAmazonregion,whereoilseedcultivationforbiodieselmanufacturingcanbecar-riedoutindegradedareas,therebycontributingtotheirrecovery.

Itisthusasustainabledevelopmentprograminthe broadest possible sense (environmental, eco-nomic,social,technologicalandstrategic),gener-ating agrarian income and employment, reducingeconomicdisparitiesamongregions,savingonhardcurrency,diversifyingsourcesofenergy,benefitingtheenvironment,helpingtorevitalizelocalandre-gional economiesandputtinghuman resources inthepoorestregionsintouchwithaboomingmar-ket.

The outlook for Brazilian biodiesel on interna-tionalmarketsisalsofavorableandpromising.Thisis partly due to thegrowingdemand for biofuels,reinforcedbyincreasingpublicawarenessoftheen-vironmentalconsequencesofvehicleemissionsand

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gainstobehadbyreplacingpetroleumproductswithalterna-tiveenergysources.Brazil’sdiplomaticmissionsarejoiningforcesinmultilateraleffortsaimedatcreatinginternationalmarketsforbiofuelsandjointlyestablishingtechnicalcodesandstandardsforthesealternativefuels.TheirpurposeistoenabletheBraziliangovernmenttocontributetowardtheseoutcomes, especially in view of Brazil’s pioneer efforts intheproductionandapplicationofrenewablefuelresources,withtheagriculturalpotentialofitsgeographiclocation,thevastnessofitsterritoryandthediversityofthenation’ssoilandclimate.Theidealistomakerenewablefuelsacommod-ityitem,andtoenterintobilateraltechnologicalcoopera-tionagreementswhichwillcontributetowardexpandingandconsolidatingmarketsforbio-basedfuels.

Uni

ca


References

ACCARINI,J.H.BiodieselnoBrasil:estágioatualeper-spectivas.BahiaAnálise&Dados,Salvador,v.16,n.01,p.51-63, jun. 2006. Available at http://www.sei.ba.gov.br/publicacoes/publicacoes_sei/bahia_analise/analise_dados/pdf/energias_alternativas/04_biodiesel_brasil.pdf.AccessedinMay2007.

BRASIL.PresidênciadaRepública.RelatóriodoGrupodeTrabalhoInterministerialEncarregadodeApresentarEstudossobreaViabilidadedeUtilizaçãodeÓleoVegetal.BiodieselcomoFonteAlternativadeEnergia.Brasília,2003.Availableat:www.biodiesel.gov.br

BRASIL.PresidênciadaRepública.Biocombustíveis.Nú-cleodeAssuntosEstratégicosdaPresidênciadaRepública.CadernosNAE,Brasília,n.2, jan.2005.Availableatwww.planalto.gov.br/secom/naeandatwww.biodiesel.gov.br

BRASIL. Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural eBiocombustíveis.Leilões Públicos de Biodiesel.Availableat:http://www.anp.gov.br/petro/leilao_biodiesel.asp,Accessed05/21/2007

HOLANDA, Ariosto. Biodiesel e inclusão social. Brasília:CâmaradosDeputados, CoordenaçãodePublicações,2004.Availableat:www.camara.gov.br/caeat

INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCY.Biofuels for transport: an international perspective.Paris:OECD/IEA,2005.

RODRIGUES, Rodrigo A. Biodiesel no Brasil: diversifica-ção energética e inclusão social com sustentabilidade. In:O futuro da indústria: biodiesel.Brasília:MDIC/IEL,2006.p.15-25.(SériePolíticaIndustrial,TecnológicaedeComércioExterior,14).

http://www.sei.ba.gov.br/publicacoes/publicacoes_sei/bahia_analise/analise_dados/pdf/energias_alternativas/04_biodiesel_brasil.pdfhttp://www.sei.ba.gov.br/publicacoes/publicacoes_sei/bahia_analise/analise_dados/pdf/energias_alternativas/04_biodiesel_brasil.pdfhttp://www.sei.ba.gov.br/publicacoes/publicacoes_sei/bahia_analise/analise_dados/pdf/energias_alternativas/04_biodiesel_brasil.pdfhttp://www.biodiesel.gov.br/http://www.planalto.gov.br/secom/naehttp://www.planalto.gov.br/secom/naehttp://www.biodiesel.gov.br/http://www.anp.gov.br/petro/leilao_biodiesel.asphttp://www.camara.gov.br/caeat

Documents

Brazil’S BiodieSel prograM · 2014. 9. 30. · 1 4 | BiofuelS in Brazil: realitieS and proSpectS 3% by industry and other sectors. To meet the coun-try’s demand, Brazil imports