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Chapter 1 Introduction to Brazil
In Brazil, doing business is essentially another form of social
interaction. Deals are won and lost upon the strength of
relationships and the ability to nurture a sense of chemistry. When
first starting out, its important to work through a local contact, a
despachante, who has the ability to introduce you to the right
people, set up meetings and deal with paperwork. Ask your corporatecommunications department for help in finding one.
Brazilians are essentially looking for two things: someone they like and
trust, and someone who is competent in business. Its important to build a
strong relationship first, which will then naturally lead to trust. You must
invest time in getting to know people on a personal level, in order to allow
for open and honest discussions in business. Brazilians like to take their time
when it comes to closing deals, so don't expect business deals to be rushed.
Getting straight down to business can be seen as offensive, even
aggressive. Indulge in small talk, whether its asking about their children or
chatting about the latest news or futbol (soccer) results. Don't be surprised if
you are asked seemingly personal questions, as this is part of the getting-to-
know-you process. Reciprocate such questions and show an interest in their
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lives and background.The same goes when calling someone on the phone:
chat first, talk business second. Don't sound like you're so pressed for time
that you don't have time to be social. You're likely not to hear from them
again if you do.
Also, the American custom of using first names in the workplace is
disconcerting to Brazilians, who are accustomed to very defined ways of
addressing each other according to social status, age, rank and position. Use
formal names, when possible: Senhor Silva (Mr. Silva) or Senhora Silva
(Mrs. Silva).
And dont be surprised if meetings start and run late. While Americans are
used to rigid schedules, the concept of punctuality is very different in Brazil.
In general, when scheduling meetings, allow for some degree of tardiness.
Appearance is important to Brazilians. They are very fashion-conscious and
follow European styles. Women can either wear a stylish business suit or a
dress with a jacket. Sandals are OK, and panty hose is optional. Men should
invest in the best suit they can afford, with a European design and cut and a
good-looking silk tie. Do not wear a tie with a short-sleeved shirt it
screams tourist. Likewise, avoid undershirts, white socks or socks with
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sandals. Also, make sure you have a good haircut and look well-groomed,
including your fingernails.
Also, do not wear green and yellow together: those are the colors of the
Brazilian flag, and are not appropriate for clothing, unless youre going to a
futbol game.The American hand symbol for OK (holding your index
finger to your thumb while keeping the other three fingers straight) is
obscene in Brazil. Instead, use the "thumbs up" sign.
Chapter 2 History and Ethnic Relations
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Emergence of the Nation. In 1530 the Portuguese began to colonize the new
land of Brazil, but during the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries their
hold on this vast territory remained tenuous as they struggled with an
unfamiliar environment, indigenous peoples, and with French and later
Dutch attempts to undermine Portuguese control.People harvesting sugar
cane in Salvador. Northeast Brazil has the most African cultural
influence, due to early plantation labor.
A useful exercise is to compare the early colonization of the United States
and Brazil since it sheds light on the ensuing differences between the two
modern nations. Both countries imported large numbers of African slaves,
but in Brazil the practice began earlier, lasted longer, and involved the
importation of two to three times more slaves than in the United States.
Estimates range from three to four million Africans forcibly taken to
Brazil. Moreover, in contrast to the large number of families who came to
settle in the North American colonies, the Portuguese colonists were more
often single males. Thus, in the early 1700s, when the importation of slaves
into North America was just beginning, the proportion of Africans to
Europeans was much smaller in the United States than in Brazil, where the
slave trade had been operating for more than a century.
The smaller ratio of Portuguese colonists to slave and indigenous peoples in
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Brazil and the resultant tendency of single men to take African or indigenous
women as concubines or wives led to the great racial mix that characterizes
Brazilian society today. Extensive miscegenation occurred in Brazil among
Africans, Portuguese, and indigenous peoples colonial times, and later with
the arrival of new immigrants from Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.
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Chapter 3 About the brazil
Location and Geography.
Brazil, the world's fifth largest country in geographical expanse and then
Brazil largest nation in Latin America, comprises slightly under half the land
mass of the South American continent and shares a border with every South
American country except Chile and Ecuador. It is the size of the continental
United States excluding Alaska.Brazil's physical environment and climate
vary greatly from the tropical North to the temperate South. The landscape is
dominated by a central highland region known as the Planalto Central
(Brazilian Highlands, or Plateau of Brazil) and by the vast AmazonBasin
which occupies overone-third of the country.The central plateau juts into
theseaina few areas along Brazil's 4,500-mile-long, (7,240-kilometer-long)
coast, but it more often runs parallel to the ocean, creating a fertile, lowland
area.Brazil is a land rich in natural resources, principally iron ore, bauxite,
manganese, nickel, uranium, gold, gemstones, oil, and timber.
General Climate
Although most of Brazil lies in the tropics, more than 60 percent of the
population live in areas which are cooled either by altitude, sea winds or
polar fronts. While the coastal cities of Rio de Janeiro, Recife and Salvador
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can get extremely hot, plateau cities such as So Paulo, Braslia and Belo
Horizonte have mild climates, and the southern cities of Porto Alegre and
Curitiba have mild winters, but while Curitiba has a warm summer,
Porto Alegre has a hot summer.
Despite the popular image of the Amazon as a region of blistering heat,
temperatures of more than 32C (90F) are in fact rare. The annual average
temperature in the region is 22-26C (72-79F), with not much variation
between the warmest and the coldest months. The hottest part of Brazil is the
northeast, where temperatures of more than 38C (100F) are frequently
recorded during the dry season between May and November. Along the
Atlantic coast from Recife to Rio de Janeiro, average temperatures range
from 23 to 27C (73-81F). Inland, on higher ground, temperatures are
lower, ranging from 18 to 21C (64-70F). South of Rio the seasons are
more defined and the range of temperatures significantly wider, with the
annual average falling between 17 and 19C (63-66F).
Brazil's most intense rain falls around the mouth of the Amazon near the city
of Belm, and also in the upper regions of Amazonia where more than 2,000
millimetres (78 inches) of rain fall every year. Most of Brazil has moderate
rainfall of between 1,000 and 1,500 millimetres (39 to 59 inches) a year,
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most of it coming between December and April. The driest part of the
country is the northeast, where rainfall is irregular and the evaporation
rate very high, making it difficult to grow crops.
Political Life
Government. The Federal Constitution of Brazil provides for three
independent governing branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.
Although the constitution has undergone several revisions in the last
century, the most recent in 1988, it has always retained this division of
governmental powers.
Voting in Brazil today is universal and compulsory for all literate citizens
from eighteen to seventy years of age and optional for those who cannot read
and write.Leadership and Political Officials. Brazil's return to free elections
in the mid-1980s after two decades of military dictatorship has not resulted
in greater social and legal equity, and unequal treatment of rich and poor is
ongoing. Government officials and well-to-do individuals who have
committed crimes still are more likely to escape the long arm of the
law than are those of lesser social status. In part, this is because Brazil is a
country in which laws and regulations are passed, yet a significant
proportion of them are ignored. Still, today there is growing intolerance of
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political corruption and a host of official inquiries are evidence that
Brazilians are starting to reject impunity and demand accountability of their
public officials.
One concept is key to understanding Brazilian political culture: jeitos, ways
of cutting through obstaclessuch as rules and red tapeto achieve a
desired end. Jeitos are partly a response to Brazil's notorious bureaucratic
thicket which makes getting a government documentbe it a driver's
license, passport, or marriage licensea cumbersome process.
Those who can afford to hire despachantes (dispatchers), professional
facilitators who know how to "do jeitos", to get things done. Others do jeitos
on their own; perhaps a small "gratuity" to a low-paid government clerk will
produce the desired document.
A personalistic system of patron-client relationships is another key to the
nation's political culture. One becomes a government bureaucrat or politician
and rises through the ranks by developing influential connections and getting
help from personal networks. Ambitious individuals cultivate powerful
patrons who promote and protect them, and their own career trajectories
typically rise and fall with those of their patrons.
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Law
Supreme Federal Court building at the Praa dos Trs Poderes.
Brazilian law is based on Roman-Germanic traditions and civil law concepts
prevail over common law practice. Most of Brazilian law is codified,
although non-codified statutes also represent a substantial part, playing a
complementary role. Court decisions set out interpretive guidelines;
however, they are seldom binding on other specific cases.
Doctrinal works and the works of academic jurists have strong influence in
law creation and in law cases.
The legal system is based on the Federal Constitution, which was
promulgated on 5 October 1988, and is the fundamental law of Brazil. All
other legislation and court decisions must conform to its rules. As of April
2007, there have been 53 amendments. States have their own constitutions,
which must not contradict the Federal Constitution. Municipalities and the
Federal District have "organic laws" (leis orgnicas), which act in
a similar way to constitutions. Legislative entities are the main source of
statutes, although in certain matters judiciary and executive bodies may
enact legal norms. Jurisdiction is administered by the judiciary entities,
although in rare situations the Federal Constitution allows the Federal Senate
to pass on legal judgments. There are also specialized military, labor, and
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electoral courts. The highest court is the Supreme Federal Court.
This system has been criticised over the last few decades for the slow pace
of decision making. Lawsuits on appeal may take several years to resolve,
and in some cases more than a decade elapses before definitive rulings.
Nevertheless, the Supreme Federal Tribunal was the first court in the world
to transmit its sessions on television, and also via YouTube. More recently,
in December 2009, the Supreme Court adopted Twitter to display items on
the day planner of the ministers, to inform the daily actions of the Court
and the most important decisions made by them.
Brazil continues to have high crime rates in a number of statistics, despite
recent improvements. More than 500,000 people have been killed by
firearms in Brazil between 1979 and 2003, according to a new report by the
United Nations. In 2010, there were 473,600 people incarcerated in Brazilian
prisons and jails.
Culture
The core culture of Brazil is derived from Portuguese culture, because of its
strong colonial ties with the Portuguese empire. Among other influences, the
Portuguese introduced the Portuguese language, Roman Catholicism and
colonial architectural styles.
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The culture was, however, also strongly influenced by African, indigenous
and non-Portuguese European cultures and traditions.. Some aspects of
Brazilian culture were influenced by the contributions of Italian, German
and other European immigrants who arrived in large numbers in the South
and Southeast of Brazil. The indigenous Amerindians influenced Brazil's
language and cuisine; and the Africans influenced language, cuisine, music,
dance and religion.
Food
Food in Daily Life. Rice, beans, and manioc form the core of the Brazilian
diet and are eaten at least occasionally by all social classes in all parts of the
nation. Manioc is a root crop that is typically consumed as farinha , manioc
flour sprinkled over rice and beans, or farofa , manioc flour sauted in a bit
of oil with onions, eggs, olives, or other ingredients.
To this core, meat, poultry, or fish are added, but the frequency of their
consumption is closely tied to financial well-being. While the middle and
upper classes may consume them on a daily basis, the poor can afford such
protein sources far less often.Traditionally the most important meal of the
day is a multicourse affair eaten after midday. For middle-class and elite
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families it might consist of a pasta dish or a meat or fish course accompanied
by rice, beans, and manioc and a sweet dessert or fruit followed by tiny cups
of strong Brazilian coffee called cafezinho. For the poor it would be
primarily rice and beans. The evening repast is simpler, often consisting of
soup and perhaps leftovers from the midday meal.
As Brazil urbanizes and industrializes, the leisurely family-centered meal at
midday is being replaced by lanches (from the English, "lunch"), smaller
meals usually consumed in restaurants, including ones featuring buffets that
sell food by the kilo and such ubiquitous fast-food eateries as Mc Donalds.
The poor, who cannot afford restaurants, are likely to eat the noon meal at
home, to buy snacks sold on the street, or to carry food with them to work in
stacked lunch buckets. In rural areas itinerant farm laborers who are paid
by the day and who carry such buckets have been dubbed bias-frias, "cold
lunches."Meals may be accompanied by soft drinks including guaran,
made from a fruit that grows in the Amazonbeer, or bottled water.
Symbolism.
Most Brazilians would agree that the symbols that best characterize their
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nation are the exuberant revelry of the pre-Lenten celebration of carnival and
the wildly popular sport of soccer, called futebol in Brazil.
Carnival is a four-day extravaganza marked by parades of costumed dancers
and musicians, formal balls, street dancing, and musical contests, a truly
national party during which Brazilians briefly forget what they call the "hard
realities of life." Carnival is symbolic of the national ethos because it plays
to many of the dualities in Brazilian life: wealth and poverty, African and
European, female and male. The key to carnival's popularity is its break with
and reversal of the everyday reality. Through the use of costumenotably
called fantasia in Portugueseanyone can become anybody at carnival time.
Class hierarchies based on wealth and power are briefly set aside, poverty
is forgotten, men may dress as women, leisure supplants work, and the
disparate components of Brazilian society blend in a dizzying blaze of color
and music.
Brazilians are also passionate about soccer and are rated among the best
players of the sport in the world. Every four years when the world's best
teams vie for the World Cup championship, Brazil virtually shuts down as
the nation's collective attention turns to the action on the playing field. And
when Brazil wins the World Cupas it has on more occasions than any
other countrythe delirium of the populace is palpable. Brazilian flags are
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hoisted aloft, everyone wears green and yellow (the national colors), and
thousands of Brazilians, seemingly intoxicated with pride, take to the streets
in revelry.
Religion
Religious Beliefs. Brazil is the largest Catholic country in the world even
though the percentage of Brazilians who belong to the Catholic Church has
declined in recent years, down from 95 percent in the 1950s. Today about 73
percent of Brazilians identify themselves as Catholic but an unknown
number are Catholics by tradition, not by faith.Although church and state are
separate in Brazil and, by law, there is freedom of religious belief and
expression, a close relationship exists between the Catholic Church and the
state. Major Catholic holidays are public holidays and a priest (or bishop)
always presides at the inauguration of public buildings. Also, church-based
welfare and educational institutions, such as religious seminaries, receive
financial support from the federal government. At various times in Brazilian
history the Catholic Church has either strongly endorsed the state or
vigorously challenged the status quo, as in the case of liberation theology, a
late-twentieth century movement that provided religious justification for
questioning the yawning gap between haves and have-nots in Brazil.
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Linguistic Affiliation.
Nearly all Brazilians speak Portuguese, a Romance language, belonging to
the Indo-European language family. The Portuguese language was
introduced to Brazil by the Portuguese in the early sixteenth century. Prior to
the arrival of the Portuguese, the native population spoke languages
belonging to at least four major language families: Arawakan, G, Carib,
and Tupi-Guarani. Tupi-Guaraniwhich was spoken by coastal Indians, the
first to come into extensive contact with the Portugueseserved as the basis
for lingua geral, a language developed by the Jesuits for their missionary
work with the Indian population.
Aside from a small number of recently contacted indigenous peoples, all
Brazilians speak Portuguese. Brazilian Portuguese differs somewhat in
grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation from the language of Portugal.
Brazilian Portuguese contains a large number of indigenous terms,
particularly Tupi-Guarani words for native plants, animals, and place-names
that are not found in continental Portuguese. While regional accents
exist in Brazil, they are not very pronounced and native Portuguese speakers
from one region have no difficulty understanding those from other regions.
The vast majority ofBrazilians are monolingual in Portuguese, although
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many middle-class and elite Brazilians study English and to a lesser extent
Spanish, French, and German. Brazilians are very proud of their linguistic
heritage and resent that many foreigners, particularly North Americans,
think Brazilians speak Spanish.
CHAPTER 4 Basic Economy.
Today Brazil has the eighth largest economy in the world. It is a major
producer of such agricultural products as sugarcane, soybeans, oranges,
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coffee, cocoa, rice, wheat, and cotton. It is also a major supplier of beef with
vast cattle ranches primarily in the southern and western regions of the
country. Nevertheless, because of the tremendous growth of industry,
agriculture accounts for only 13 percent of the nation' gross domestic
product.Agriculture employsdirectly or indirectly about one-quarter of
the Brazilian labor force. Five million agricultural workers are wage laborers
concentrated in the plantations of the North (sugarcane, cotton, coffee,
cocoa) and the increasingly mechanized agricultural enterprises of the
Southeast and South (soybeans, wheat, sugar, oranges).
More than 70 percent of these workers lack contracts and social benefits and
less than 40 percent are employed year round. There are also 4.8 million
landless families who survive as tenant farmers, sharecroppers, and casual
laborers.
In the last decades of the twentieth century, increasing mechanization and
monopolization of the best farmlands by agribusinesses has accelerated the
displacement of small family-owned farms. Nevertheless, there are still
some five million family farms ranging in size from 12 to 250 acres (5 to
100 hectares) that occupy about 143 million acres (58 million hectares). In
contrast, large commercial agricultural enterprises cover almost three times
that area.
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During the 1960s and 1970s Brazil experienced economic growth from
agricultural modernization and, by the early 1980s, agricultural production
had increased to the extent that Brazil had become the fourth largest food
exporter in the world. But, at the same time, Brazil was not adequately
feeding its own people. It is sixth worldwide in malnutrition, ahead of only
Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, and the Philippines.
Chapter 5 Child Rearing and Education.
Like so many aspects of Brazilian life, educational opportunities are tied to
social class. Brazil has never invested heavily in public education and most
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middle-class and elite families send their children to private school.
Education is also linked to race and geography. A white person in the
Southeast has an average of 6.6 years of schooling, whereas a person of
color living in the Northeast has spent an average of just 3.5 years in
school.
Despite the low level of funding, the last four decades of the twentieth
century witnessed a significant increase in the number of Brazilians
attending school and a concomitant rise in the literacy rate in 2000 about
82 percent of Brazilians are literate. In 1960 almost half the population had
little or no schooling, a figure that fell to 22 percent by 1990.
Notably, school is one setting in which females are often more successful
than males. In some regions of Brazil, girls are more likely than boys to be
in school and women tend to be more literate than men.
Higher Education - Two-thirds of all public monies spent on education in
Brazil goes to universities, the other third to public primary and secondary
schools. While public universities in Brazilwidely considered superior to
their private counterpartscharge no tuition, they have very competitive
entrance exams which generally favor students who have attended costly
private schools with high academic standards.
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The value placed on higher education by certain segments of Brazilian
society may explain why it receives such a large share of revenue. Economic
success in Brazil is said to come more from who one knows than what one
knows, and where one is educated, influences who one knows. University
education then, aside from training students in a particular profession, also
confers (or confirms) social status which, in turn, provides the personal
connections that can influence future success.
Agriculture and food production.
A performance that puts agribusiness in a position of distinction in terms of
Brazilstradebalance, in spite of trade barriers and subsidizing policies
adopted by the developed countries.
In the space of fifty five years (1950 to 2005), the population of Brazil grew
from 51 million to approximately 187 million inhabitants,an increase of over
2 percent per year. In order to meet this demand, it was necessary to take the
development of cattle and crop raising activities a step further. Since then,
an authentic green revolution has taken place, allowing the country to create
and expand a complex agribusiness sector.However, some of this is at the
expense of the environment, including the Amazon.The importance given to
the rural producer takes place in the shape of the agricultural and cattle-
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raising plan and through another specific program geared towards family
agriculture (Pronaf), which guarantee financing for equipment and
cultivation and encourage the use of new technology, as shown by the use of
agricultural land zoning. With regards to family agriculture, over 800
thousand rural inhabitants are assisted by credit, research and extension
programs. The special line of credit for women and young farmers is an
innovation worth mentioning, providing an incentive towards the
entrepreneurial spirit.
With The Land Reform Program, on the other hand, the country's objective
is to provide suitable living and working conditions for over one million
families who live in areas allotted by the State, an initiative capable of
generating two millionjobs. Through partnerships, public policies and
international partnerships, the government is working towards the guarantee
of an infrastructure for the settlements, following the examples ofschools
and health outlets. The idea is that access to land represents just the first step
towards the implementation of a quality land reform program.
Chapter 6
Brazilian exports in
2006
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Over 600,000 km of land are divided into approximately five thousand
areas of ruralproperty; an agricultural area currently with three borders: the
Central-western region (savanna), theNorthern region (area of transition)
and parts of theNortheastern region (semi-arid). At the forefront of grain
crops, which produce over 110 million tonnes/year, is the soybean, yielding
50 million tonnes.
In thebovine cattle-raising sector, the "green ox," which is raised in
pastures, on a diet of hay and mineral salts, conquered markets in Asia,
Europe and the Americas, particularly after the "mad cow disease" scare
period. Brazil has the largest cattle herd in the world, with 198 million
heads, responsible for exports surpassing the mark of US$ 1 billion/year.
A pioneer and leader in the manufacture of short-fiber timbercellulose,
Brazil has also achieved positive results within thepackaging sector, in
which it is the fifth largest world producer. In the foreign markets, it answers
for 25 percent of global exports of raw cane and refined sugar; it is the world
leader in soybean exports and is responsible for 80 percent of the planet's
orange juice, and since 2003, has had the highest sales figures forbeefand
chicken, among the countries that deal in this sector.
.Brazil is similar to many Latin American countries when
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analyzing the five Dimensions.
Brazil's highest Hofstede Dimension is Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) is 76,
indicating the societys low level of tolerance for uncertainty. In an effort to
minimize or reduce this level of uncertainty, strict rules, laws, policies, and
regulations are adopted and implemented. The ultimate goal of this
population is to control everything in order to eliminate or avoid the
unexpected. As a result of this high Uncertainty Avoidance
characteristic, the society does not readily accept change and is very risk
adverse.Brazil has a slightly higher Individualism (IDV) rank of 38
compared to the average Latin population score of 21. However, virtually all
the Latin countries are considered to be Collectivist societies as compared to
Individualist cultures. This is manifest in a close
long-term commitment to the member 'group', be that a family, extended
family, or extended relationships. Loyalty in a collectivist culture is
paramount, and over-rides most other societal rules.
Power Distance Index (PDI) - that is the extent to which the less powerful
members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and
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expect that poweris distributed unequally. This represents inequality (more
versus less), but defined from below, not from above. It suggests that a
society's level of inequality is endorsed by the followers as much as by the
leaders. Power and inequality, of course, are extremely fundamental facts
of any society and anybody with some international experience will be
aware that 'all societies are unequal, but some are more unequal than others'.
Individualism (IDV) - on the one side versus its opposite, collectivism, that
is the degree to which individuals are inte-grated into groups. On the
individualist side we find societies in which the ties between individuals are
loose: everyone is expected to look
after him/herself and his/her immediate family. On the collectivist side, we
find societies in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong,
cohesive in-groups, often extended families (with uncles, aunts and
grandparents) which continue protecting them in exchange for unquestioning
loyalty. The word 'collectivism' in this sense has no political meaning: it
refers to the group, not to the state. Again, the issue addressed by this
dimension is an extremely fundamental one, regarding all societies in the
world.
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Masculinity (MAS) - versus its opposite, femininity, refers to the
distribution of roles between the genders which is another fundamental issue
for any society to which a range of solutions are found. The IBM studies
revealed that (a) women's values differ less among societies than men's
values; (b) men's values from one country to another contain a dimension
from very assertive and competitive and maximally different from women's
values on the one side, to modest and caring and similar to women's values
on the other. The assertive pole has been called 'masculine' and the modest,
caring pole 'feminine'. The women in feminine countries have the same
modest, caring values as the men; in the masculine countries they are
somewhat assertive and competitive, but not as much as the
men, so that these countries show a gap between men's values and women's
values.
Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) - deals with a society's tolerance for
uncertainty and ambiguity; it ultimately refers to man's search for Truth. It
indicates to what extent a culture programs its members to feel either
uncomfortable or comfortable in unstructured situations. Unstructured
situations are novel, unknown, surprising, different from usual.
Uncertainty avoiding cultures try to minimize the possibility of such
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situations by strict laws and rules, safety and security measures, and on the
philosophical and religious level by a belief in absolute Truth; 'there can
only be one Truth and we have it'. People in uncertainty avoiding countries
are also more emotional, and motivated by inner nervous energy. The
opposite type, uncertainty accepting cultures, are more tolerant of opinions
different from what they are used to; they try to have as few rules as
possible, and on the philosophical and religious level they are relativist and
allow many currents to flow side by side. People within these cultures are
more phlegmatic and contemplative, and not expected by their environment
to express emotions.
High Context Culture - In order to communicate effectively with people in
other countries, its important to know the business hierarchy and how
people relate to each other. One way to understand this is in terms of "high
context" and "low context," a classification based on how people in different
cultures communicate.
High context refers to societies in which people have close connections.
High-context
people are generally defined as:
Less verbally explicit. Instead, they rely more on indirect verbal interaction
and are proficient at reading non-verbal cues.
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Having less written/formal communication. High-context cultures are
more interested in fostering trust than in signing contracts.
Having strong boundaries. They have more clearly defined roles of
authority, and differences in status are valued.They rarely call people by
their first names.Relationship-focused. Decisions and activities are focused
around personal, face-to-face relationships.
Brazil is a high context culture.
Long-Term Orientation (LTO) - versus short-term orientation: this fifth
dimension was found in a study among students in 23 countries around the
world, using a questionnaire designed by Chinese scholars It can be said to
deal with Virtue regardless of Truth. Values associated with Long Term
Orientation are thrift and perseverance; values associated with Short Term
Orientation are respect for tradition, fulfilling social obligations, and
protecting one's 'face'. Both the positively and the negatively rated values
of this dimension are found in the teachings of Confucius, the most
influential Chinese philosopher who lived around 500 B.C.; however, the
dimension also applies to countries without a Confucian heritage.
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Chapter 7 BrazilIndia relations.
Brazil and India also share historical ties as a result of the
Portuguese Empire. More recently, Brazil and India
have co-operated in the multilateral level on issues such
as international trade and development, environment,
reform of the UN and the UNSC
Country comparison
Brazil India
Population 190,732,694 1,210,193,422
Area8,514,877 km(3,287,597 sq. mi)
3,287,240 km (1,269,210 sq.mi)
Population Density 22/km (57/sq. mi) 364/km (943/sq. mi)Capital Braslia New Delhi
Largest CitySo Paulo - 11,037,593(19,889,559 Metro)
Mumbai - 13,922,125(21,347,412 Metro)
GovernmentFederalpresidentialconstitutional republic
Federalparliamentaryconstitutional republic
Official languages Portuguese Hindi, English and 17 other
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officially recognisedlanguages. see: OfficialLanguages of India
Main religions
74% Roman
Catholicism, 15.4%Protestant, 7.4% non-Religious,1.3% Kardecistspiritism, 1.7% Otherreligions, 0.3% Afro-Brazilian religions
80.5% Hinduism, 13.4%Islam, 2.3% Christianity,1.9% Sikhism, 0.8%Buddhism, 0.4% Jainism,1.2% other religions
GDP (nominal)US$2.425 trillion($12,200per capita)
US$1.946 trillion ($1,542 percapita)
GDP (PPP)US$2.309 trillion($11,845per capita)
US$4.710 trillion ($3,851 percapita)
Militaryexpenditures$31.576 billion (FY2012)
$46.219 billion (FY 2012)
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chapter 8 History
Indias links with Brazil go back five centuries. Portugals Pedro Alvares
Cabral is officially recognised as the first European to discover Brazil in
1500. Cabral was sent to India by the King of Portugal after the return of
Vasco da Gama from his pioneering journey to India. Cabral is reported to
have been blown-off course on his way to India. Brazil became an important
Portuguese colony and stop-over in the long journey to Goa. This
Portuguese connexion led to the exchange of several agricultural crops
between India and Brazil in the colonial days. Indian cattle was also
imported to Brazil. Most of the cattle in Brazil is of Indian origin.
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Diplomatic relations between India and Brazil were established in 1948. The
Indian Embassy opened in Rio de Janeiro on May 3, 1948, moving to
Braslia on August 1, 1971.
One of the major sources of tension between the two nations was the
decolonisation process of the Portuguese enclaves in India, principally Goa.
Despite pressure from India on Portugal to retreat from the subcontinent,
Brazil supported Portugals claim for Goa. Brazil only changed course in
1961, when it became increasingly clear that India would succeed is taking
control of Goa by force from an increasingly feeble Portugal, which faced
too many internal problems to pose a potent military threat to India. Still,
when Nehrus armies overwhelmed Portuguese resistance and occupied Goa,
the Brazilian government criticised India sharply for violating international
law. While Brazil tried to explain to India that its position was to be
understood in the context of a long tradition offriendship between Brazil
and Portugal, the Indian government was deeply disappointed that Brazil, a
democratic and a former colony, would support a non-democratic Portugal
against democratic and recently independent India.
During the Portuguese Empire, chillis were traded from the New World to
India and cows were sent the other way, amongst other trades.
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Cultural relations.
A successfulFestival of India was organised during the visit of President
K.R. Narayanan to Brazil in May 1998. There is also a presence of
ISKCON, Satya Sai Baba, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Bhakti Vedanta
Foundation and other Indian spiritual gurus and organisations have chapters
in Brazil.
A statue ofMohandas Gandhi is located near the Parque Iberapuera at So
Paulo and another statue is also at Rio de Janeiro. A group called the Filhos
de Gandhi (Sons of Gandhi) participates regularly in the carnival in
Salvador. Private Brazilian organisations occasionally invite Indian cultural
troupes.
Caminho das ndias, a populartelenovela in Brazil aired in 2009,
popularised Indian culture in Brazil. Books about India started to pop up on
the best-selling list, the number of travels to India by Brazilians tourists
increased dramatically and restaurants and even nightclubs with Indian
themes starting to open.
Economic relations
In recent years, relations between Brazil and India have grown considerably
and co-operation between the two countries has been extended to such
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diverse areas as science and technology,pharmaceuticals and space. The
two-way trade in 2007 nearly tripled to US$ 3.12 billion from US$ 1.2
billion in 2004.
Global software giant, Wipro Technologies, also set up abusiness process
outsourcing centre in Curitiba to provide shared services to AmBev, the
largest brewery in Latin America. AmBev's zonal vice president, Renato
Nahas Batista, said "We are honoured to be a part of Wipro's expansion
plans in Brazil and Latin America." AmBev's portfolio includes leading
brands like Brahma, Becks, Stella and Antarctica.
21st century relations
The President of India, Pratibha
Patil with Brazilian President Luiz Incio Lula da Silva in April 2008. India
and Brazil enjoy strong bilateral relations which is clearly reflected in
various international forums such as IBSA.
UNSC reform
Both countries want the participation of developing countries in the UNSC
permanent membership since the underlying philosophy for both of them
are: UNSC should be more democratic, legitimate and representative - the
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G4 is a novel grouping for this realisation.
South-South cooperation
Brazil and India are involved in the IBSA initiative.
The first ever IBSA Summit was held in Braslia in September 2006,
followed by the Second IBSA Summit held in Pretoria in October 2007,
with the third one held inNew Delhiin October 2008. The fourth IBSA
meet was again hosted in Braslia, just before the second BRIC summit.
Four IBSA Trilateral Commission meetings were already held till 2007 since
the first one was held in 2004 and had covered many areas such as science,
technology, education, agriculture, energy, culture, health, social issues,
public administration and revenue administration. The target ofUS$10
billion in trade was already achieved by 2007.
Both countries view thisas a tool oftransformation diplomacy to bring
economic growth, sustainable development, poverty reduction and regional
prosperity in the vast regions ofLatin America, Africa and Asia. The IBSA
Fund for Alleviation of Poverty and Hunger has already provided funds for
capacity building in East Timorand for the fight against HIV/AID. n
Burundi and has won the South-South Partnership Award at the 2006 UN
Day event held inNew York City on 19 December 2006.
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India to Brazil distance, location, road map and direction
India is located in India at the longitude of 77.2 and latitude of 28.58. Brazil
is located in Brazil at the longitude of -47.91 and latitude of -15.78 .
Distance between India and Brazil
The total straight line distance between India and Brazil is 14240 KM
(kilometers) and 710.58 meters. The miles based distance from India to
Brazil is 8848.8 miles. This is a straight line distance and so most of the time
the actual travel distance between India and Brazil may be higher or vary
due to curvature of the road .
Time Difference between India and Brazil
India universal time is 5.1466666666667 Coordinated Universal Time(UTC)
and Brazil universal time is -3.194 UTC. The time difference between India
and Brazil is 8.3406666666667 decimal hours. Note: India and Brazil time
calculation is based on UTC time of the particular city. It may vary from
country standard time , local time etc.
India To Brazil travel time
India is located around 14240 KM away from Brazil so if you travel at the
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consistant speed of 50 KM per hour you can reach Brazil in 284.81 hours.
Your Brazil travel time may vary due to your bus speed, train speed or
depending upon the vehicle you use.
India To Brazil road map
India is located nearly east side to Brazil. The given east direction from
India is only approximate. The given google map shows the direction in
which the blue color line indicates road connectivity to Brazil . In the travel
map towards Brazil you may find enroute hotels, tourist spots, picnic spots,
petrol pumps and various religious places. The given google map is not
comfortable to view all the places as per your expectation then to view street
maps, local places see our detailed map here.
Travel Distance from India
This website gives the travel information and distance for all the cities in the
globe. For example if you have any queries like what is the distance between
Chennai and Bangalore ? and How far is Chennai from Bangalore? It will
answer those queires aslo. Some popular travel routes and their links are
given here :- distance between India and Britain, distance between India and
Brunei, distance between India and Brussels, distance between India and
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Bulgaria, distance between India and Burma
Travelers and visitors are welcome to write more travel information about
India and Brazil.
It can be your previous travel experience between India and Brazil.
Available transport routes to reach Brazil like train routes, bus routes,
air routes and cruise routes.
Tourist places or any other important places on the routes between
India and Brazil.
Hotels, restaurant information on the way to Brazil.
Photos related to India and Brazil or en route.
Travel queries and other relavent information related to this page.
Chapter 9 import AND EXPORT BETWEEN INDIA
AND BRAZIL
Brazil's trade relations with India have witnessed a ten-fold increase in the
last decade and expected to reach $ 15 billion by 2015, with exports of $5.04
bn and imports of $5.58 billion close to 10 times increase in the last tenyears.
Talking to FE, an official in the Indian embassy Brazil said, "These numbers
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include $ 2 bn in export of Diesel and $3.4 bn Indian import of crude oil. So
in 2012, $5.4 bn accounts for oil trade out of total $10.6 bn - over 50%. And,
76 % of Indian imports from Brazil were crude oil, sugar and soya."
Adding, " The good news is the increase in pharmaceutical, fertilizers and
chemicals exports to Brazil from India which together is now close to $ 1
billion. Auto components and electrical and mechanical equipments have
also seen good growth, so have textiles and fibres exports. While oil trade
has different dynamics, rest of the products have seen good growth."
Brazil's Ambassador to India, Carlos Duarte has at various fora highlighted
the growing cooperation between the two developing powers in various
fields including agriculture, science and technology, energy, education,
defence, environment.
According to former ambassador R Viswanathan, "India's bilateral trade
with Brazil 20 years ago in 1992 was just $ 177 million. Then ten years
back, in 2002, it was $1.2 billion, with India's exports to Brazil declining in
2012 to $ 5.04 billion dollars from $ 6 billion in 2011."
Current data indicates that 41 % of India's exports ( $2.1 billion) in 2012
were diesel exported by Reliance and the fall in India's exports in 2012 is
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due to the 33% decline in exports of diesel.
The former diplomat goes on to add, "The second biggest export was
chemicals and pharmaceuticals which amounted to $ 697 million. The third
largest export item was polyester yarn $ 225 million. Autoparts exports
were $106 million. Apart from these items, the exports are well diversified
with a wide range of engineering products and industrial raw materials
besides textiles and traditional items. Surprisingly coal was an important
export $99 million."
Sugar ( imported by Renuka Sugar ) was the second largest import- $500
million, accounting for 9 % of total imports. Soya oil imports were $ 364
million and Copper imports were $ 294 million.
The two countries have also inked a deal worth $ 210 million for the supply
of three aircraft by 2014. This includes a comprehensive logistic package
that entails training, technical support, supply of spare parts and ground
support equipment for Embraer aircraft equipped with India's first-ever
airborne Active Electronic Scanned Array (AESA) radar, giving it thecapability to detect missiles and hostile fighters at all angles.
Of the total bilateral trade of $10 billion Reliance alone accounted for $5.5
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billion with their import of crude oil and export of diesel. India is expected
to increase its imports of crude oil in the coming years, given the increasing
capacity of Brasil to produce more oil and the ever-increasing dependence of
India on imported oil.
"The Indian exports of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, engineering and other
manufactured products as well as industrial raw materials will continue to
increase steadily with the intensification of export promotion by the Indian
exporters who are targetting Brasil as a large and growing strategic market,"
Chapter 10 India, Brazil to Strengthen Cooperation in
Tourism
The two countries will also explore the possibilities of promoting joint
venture investments in the field of hotel industry and tourism infrastructure,
India's Tourism Minister, Subodhkant Sahai, said after meeting his Brazilian
counterpart, Gastao Viera. "We have decided to promote Indian destinations
by organizing roadshows and other events in Brazil," he said.
A bilateral tourism cooperation agreement between India and Brazil was
signed in January 2004. India and Brazil are also part of IBSA, a trilateral,
developmental initiative between India, Brazil and South Africa to promote
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South-South cooperation and exchange.
The issue of cooperation between the two countries in the tourism sector was
also discussed at the 5th India Brazil Joint Commission held in New Delhi in
December, 2011.
Viera said Brazil is keen on exchange of experience in destination
management and promotion with India.
He said Brazil would also like to share with India its best practices followed
in the area of Eco-tourism and beach tourism. In return India offered to share
its expertise on rural tourism with Brazil.
As per the proposed action plan, India will organize a workshop on rural
tourism while Brazil will be holding a workshop on beach tourism.
"We are also planning to organize a tourism conference for BRICS (Brazil,
Russia, India, China and South Africa) countries," Sahai said, adding,
"Brazil is also keen to have an e-visa system with India."
There were about 20,000 tourists from Brazil who visited India in 2009.
Since Brazil is organizing World Cup in 2014 and Olympics in 2016, India
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would utilize the occasion to promote its destinations.
Tourism Ministry has proposed to appoint India Tourism Marketing
Representative office in Brazil to enhance its reach there.