Brazil: 1821-1824

The Peninsular War: 1808-1814

• France vs. UK, Spain, & Portugal. Who was leading France at this time?

• Portugal is invaded by France in 1807• As French forces approach, British force of 7,000

arrives to “save” Portuguese Court. Orders were to escort the royal family, or depose them.

• After much debate, John VI convinces court to side with British.

• Portuguese shocked to be abandoned by prince.

Little Johnny VI goes to Brazil

•Arrives in Rio de Janeiro in 1808•Creates Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves in 1815•John works to bolster commerce and trade, builds schools, and creates a bank of Brazil•Elevates Brazil to same level as Portugal

Prince Pedro•Son of John VI•Politically liberal, unlike his father•Wore simple clothes, talked to commoners on the street•Viewed with suspicion by his father•Controls Brazil after father goes back to Portugal

Kingdom of Brazil

• Dom Pedro I became Emperor of Brazil in Oct 1822, but would relinquish control if father ever returned

• Small battles between 1822-1824 (22 months); casualties numbered only 5,700-6,200

Independence or Death!

Empire of Brazil: 1822-1889

Pedro I Pedro II Pedro III

Mexican Independence: 1810-1821

Jewel of the Empire

• Mexico: most prosperous and populous Spanish colony

• 5-6 million people at this time• Paid over half of the taxes for the Empire• Mining of precious metals was main export

Class Structure in Mexico

• Peninsulars: Native Europeans who had moved to the New World; ran the colonies, got the best jobs

• Creoles: People of Europeans descent who had been born in the Americas; must be almost entirely white (1/8 rule)

• Indians: Native Americans• Blacks: included slaves and free blacks

The Peninsular War (again)

• Napoleon invades Spain in 1808 and deposes King Charles IV and his son Ferdinand VII

• Joseph Bonaparte, the brother of Napoleon, installed as new King of Spain

• Spaniards in Europe & America outraged, and wanted the “true” king restored

Machetes & Gritos• Conspiracy of the Machetes: In 1799, Creoles plan to

revolt against Peninsulars; someone snitches and the revolution never happens

• Grito de Dolores: the “cry of Dolores,” signal for Creoles to revolt against Peninsulars

• Father Miguel Hidalgo gave the “cry” on September 16, 1810

• STOP!!!!! Mexico’s Revolution began as a conflict between _________ and __________!

• Creoles betrayed again, their movement was crushed; Hidalgo turns to peasants and lower classes

Father Miguel Hidalgo

•Radical priest – gambled, fornicated, had children, did not believe in Hell; encouraged Mexicans to grow their own crops! A dios mio!!!!•Deeply sympathized with the poor, the Indians, and slaves•Eventually defrocked, excommunicated, and killed by firing squad in 1811

Independence from Spain

• Hidalgo issues famous “grito de Delores” urging peasants & Indians to rebel; his armies march on Guanajato and massacre Peninsulars & Creoles

• Hidalgo’s armies defeated in 1811, all were executed

• 1815-1821: Mostly guerilla war• In 1821, Creole elites & generals join rebellion,

finally achieving independence for Mexico from Spain

Aftermath• Last Spanish forces defeated on

Aug 24, 1821; Treaty of Cordoba signed

• Empire of Mexico proclaimed on July 21, 1821

• Popular general named Augstin de Iturbide proclaims himself Emperor

• Roman Catholicism remains official religion

• Empire lasted only 2 years