Objectives 1 Recognize that all matter is made up of atoms.
Recognize that atoms of the same element are similar, but different
from atoms of other elements
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Definition of Matter anything that has mass and takes up space
Water in a bucket
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Key concepts Key Concepts Chemistry is the study of matter.
Matter is made up of extremely tiny particles called atoms and
molecules. Atoms and molecules make up the three common states of
matter on Earthsolids, liquids, and gases. The particles of a
liquid are attracted to one another, are in motion, and are able to
move past one another. Being a solid, liquid, or gas is a property
of a substance.
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Atoms and molecules Atoms are the tiny particles that are
considered to be the basic building blocks of all matter. The
nucleus is made of protons and neutrons. The shell has the
electrons. The protons and electrons are positively or negatively
charged. Molecules are made of two or more atoms that are connected
or bonded together.
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MatterSolid, Liquid, Gas On Earth, matter is either found as a
solid, liquid, or gas.
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MatterSolid, Liquid, Gas particles (atoms or molecules) that
make up the solid, liquid, and gas are moving Matter (solid,
liquid, and gas) is made up of tiny particles called atoms and
molecules. The atoms or molecules that make up matter are always in
motion. These first two ideas make up a very important theory
called the Kinetic-molecular theory of matter. Basically the state
of a sample of matter depends on TEMPERATURE!
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MatterSolid, Liquid, Gas Atoms or molecules that make up solid,
liquid or gas are attracted to one another
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Properties of Matter Matter has both physical and chemical
properties. It can also be classified according to these physical
and chemical properties.
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Matters Physical Properties Physical properties: can be
observed without changing the make-up, or identity, of matter.
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Examples of Physical Properties
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Physical properties cont..
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Matters Chemical Properties Chemical Property: ability to
change new matter with different properties. Chemical Property: new
substance has chemical and physical properties different from the
original substance. Chemical reaction: When one or more substances
change to form one or more new substances.
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Chemical Property
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Example of Chemical Properties Chemical Property What It
MeansWhat Students Should Understand Reactivity with oxygen Ability
of a substance to react with oxygen A reaction with oxygen results
in processes such as rusting and tarnishing of some metals.
Non-reactivity with oxygen Ability of a substance to resist
reacting with oxygen Not all substances react with oxygen. This
knowledge is used in the real world to prevent rusting and
tarnishing. For example, a metal that is reactive with oxygen can
be coated or galvanized with a non-reactive substance to prevent
rusting or tarnishing. Flammability Ability of a substance to burn
Everything will burn, given a high enough temperature. When a
substance burns, ash and smoke may not be given off. Fumes, which
may be toxic, can be a product of the reaction. Non-flammability
Ability of a substance to resist burning This property is useful in
the real world when selecting certain substances that must
withstand extreme heat.
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Physical and Chemical Changes Physical change: only the
physical properties of matter, but not the chemical properties.
Burning paper into ash Chemical change: demonstrate that new
substances can be made when two or more substances are chemically
combined and compare the properties of the new substances to the
original substances You can tell a chemical change has occurred if
the density, melting point or freezing point of the original
substance changes. Many common signs of a chemical change can be
seen (bubbles forming, mass changed, etc).
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Characteristics of Physical Changes Melting point Boiling point
Vapor pressure Color State of matter Density Electrical
conductivity Solubility Adsorption to a surface Hardness
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Definitions Melting point: the temperature at which a given
solid will melt.
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Definitions Boiling point: The temperature at which a liquid
boils and turns to vapor.
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Definition Volume: The quantity of three-dimensional space
enclosed by some closed boundary, for example, the space that a
substance (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) or shape occupies or
contains. Volume is often quantified numerically using the SI
derived unit, the cubic meter. LXWXH=V
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Fahrenheit vs Celsius
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Definitions Density: the degree of compactness of a substance.
D= m divided by volume degree of consistency measured by the
quantity of mass per unit volume.
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Mass Definition: A measure of how much matter is in an object.
Mass is commonly measured by how much something weighs. But weight
can change depending on where you are (such as on the moon) while
the mass stays the same. Mass is measured in grams, kilograms and,
tonnes (Metric) or ounces and pounds (US units)
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Weight Definition the force of gravity on the object and may be
defined as the mass times the acceleration of gravity, w = mg
Gravity= 98.1 m/s2 (meter per second squared)
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Characteristic of Chemical Changes Reaction with Acids Reaction
with bases (alkalis) Reaction with oxygen (combustion) Ability to
act an oxidizing agent Ability to act as reducing Agent Reaction
with other elements Decomposition into simpler Substances
Corrosion(corrodes)
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Observations of chemical change Formation of gas (bubbles)
Color change Exchange of heat energy (endothermic exothermic
reactions) Production of light Precipitate forms
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Examples of Chemical change Burning a log of wood Frying or
boiling an egg Photosynthesis - a process in which carbon dioxide
and water are changed into sugars by plants Rotting of fruits
Roasting a marshmallow Digestion of food Moldy cheese Souring of
milk Cracking heavy hydrocarbons to create lighter hydrocarbons
Burning of paper Polymerization of gels Different metabolic
reactions in the cells Decomposition of waste in a compost pit
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Comparing Physical and Chemical Changes DescriptionIs it
Physical?Is it Chemical? Burning coal X Mixing salt & pepperX
Dissolving sugar in teaX Melting an iron rodX A can rusting X
Cooking scrambled eggs X Water freezing into ice cubesX Fireworks
exploding X Sawing wood to make a cabinetX Bread baking X
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Law of conservation of mass Definition: mass is neither created
nor destroyed during a chemical reaction it is conserved. Although
chemical changes occurred, the total mass involved in the reaction
remain constant. Example: If you light a match, it converts the
sulfur into gas, and leaves the carbon behind that was there
originally, the whole time having the same original mass in the
system.
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Composition of Matter Pure substance: usually referred to a
substance Definition: matter that has distinct properties and a
composition that doesnt vary from sample to sample. Example of pure
substance: it can be an element, compound or a mixture.
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Substances Substances are either elements or compounds.
Elements: it cannot be decomposed into simpler substances. On the
molecular level, each element is compose of only one kind of
atoms.
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Elements
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Structure of an atom Protons: positively charged subatomic
particle located in the nucleus of an atom. It is counted to
identify the atomic number Neutrons : has the same amount of
electrons as protons; they are equal. Electrons: negatively charged
subatomic particle located in the electron cloud.
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The parts of an atom
http://www.iknowthat.com/ScienceIllustratio
ns/atoms/science_desk.swf
http://www.iknowthat.com/ScienceIllustratio
ns/atoms/science_desk.swf
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Compound and Mixtures Compound: substances composed of two or
more elements, so they contain two or more kinds of atoms.
Mixtures: combinations of two or more substances in which each
substance retains its own chemical identity.