Braulio Ferreira de Souza DiasBraulio Ferreira de Souza DiasExecutive Secretary, Convention on Biological Executive Secretary, Convention on Biological

Diversity Diversity

Food security, access and benefit sharing and the role of the Nagoya

Protocol

École internationale d'été sur la sécurité alimentaireUniversité Laval, Québec, 16 May 2014

OverviewOverview

• Challenges facing food and agricultureChallenges facing food and agriculture• Biodiversity as a solutionBiodiversity as a solution• Some recent global initiativesSome recent global initiatives• The contribution of genetic resources to achieving The contribution of genetic resources to achieving

sustainable food securitysustainable food security• The role of access and benefit sharing in the conservation The role of access and benefit sharing in the conservation

and sustainable use of genetic resourcesand sustainable use of genetic resources• The contribution of the CBD and the Nagoya ProtocolThe contribution of the CBD and the Nagoya Protocol

Challenges facing food securityChallenges facing food security– Competition for land and waterCompetition for land and water– Increasing variation in water availability (and extremes of drought and flood)Increasing variation in water availability (and extremes of drought and flood)– Declining ecosystem services in food production landscapes Declining ecosystem services in food production landscapes

• Soil services, including Soil services, including – loss of soilloss of soil– Water availability and cycling in soilsWater availability and cycling in soils– Nutrient cyclingNutrient cycling– Soil organic carbonSoil organic carbon

• PollinatorsPollinators• Disease and pest regulationDisease and pest regulation• Water availability and cyclingWater availability and cycling

– Conflicts between large-scale (commodity) agriculture and diverse small-scale agricultureConflicts between large-scale (commodity) agriculture and diverse small-scale agriculture– Over reliance on a narrowing food base Over reliance on a narrowing food base – Increasing off-farm impactsIncreasing off-farm impacts

• Water useWater use• Water qualityWater quality• Greenhouse gas emissionsGreenhouse gas emissions• Soil erosion and sedimentationSoil erosion and sedimentation• Depletion of biological resources in natural ecosystemsDepletion of biological resources in natural ecosystems

– Declining genetic resources for food and agricultureDeclining genetic resources for food and agriculture

Biodiversity solutions for sustainable Biodiversity solutions for sustainable agriculture and food and nutrition securityagriculture and food and nutrition security

• Biodiversity is a Biodiversity is a solutionsolution for for – increased resilience of food systemsincreased resilience of food systems– achieving increased sustainable productivityachieving increased sustainable productivity

• especially for small-scale farmingespecially for small-scale farming

– benefiting farming whilst simultaneously reducing off-farm impactsbenefiting farming whilst simultaneously reducing off-farm impacts– improved healthy diets and nutritionimproved healthy diets and nutrition

• The agriculture-environment relationshipThe agriculture-environment relationshipmoving from moving from ““conflictconflict”” → mutually supporting solu → mutually supporting solutions tions

Some recent initiatives Some recent initiatives

• Bridging Agriculture and Conservation Initiative– July 2013, 16 global leaders, spanning agriculture, conservation,

private sector and public – commit to finding, communicating and advocating for new solutions

• FAO New Strategic Framework– Biodiversity plays a critical role in underpinning all five objectives:

• Help eliminate hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition • Make agriculture, forestry and fisheries more productive and sustainable • Reduce rural poverty • Enable inclusive and efficient agricultural and food systems • Increase the resilience of livelihoods to disasters

• Promoting climate smart agriculture (save and grow paradigm).

• Integrated approaches to efficient resources use.

• Management of biodiversity and ecosystem services in relation to food and agriculture.

• Blue Growth – sustainable fisheries and aquaculture development integrated to forestry and agriculture.

• Tools for building sustainability in food production.

Some areas for proposed implementation of the FAO Some areas for proposed implementation of the FAO New Strategic Framework:New Strategic Framework:

Global assessments of agricultural biodiversity:Global assessments of agricultural biodiversity:

• 2014-2015• Second Report on the State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture• Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA)

• 2016-2017• The State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture • The State of the World’s Aquatic Genetic Resources • Assessment of the implementation of the Second Global Plan of Action for Plant Genetic

Resources for Food and Agriculture

• 2018-2019• Review of implementation of the Global Plan of Action for the Conservation, Sustainable Use

and Development of Forest Genetic Resources

• 2020-2021• Third Report on the State of the World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture • Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) • Review of implementation of the Global Plan of Action on Animal Genetic Resources for Food

and Agriculture

The contribution of genetic resources to sustainable The contribution of genetic resources to sustainable food securityfood security

• Direct use as food:Direct use as food:– A treasure chest of materials of current and potential useA treasure chest of materials of current and potential use

• For sustaining diverse food systemsFor sustaining diverse food systems• As a source of genetic material for future foods As a source of genetic material for future foods

– E.g. needs in response to climate changeE.g. needs in response to climate change

• Indirectly supporting agriculture:Indirectly supporting agriculture:– Supporting ecosystem services, e.g:Supporting ecosystem services, e.g:

• PollinatorsPollinators– Reversing decline improves resilience, productivity and crop diversityReversing decline improves resilience, productivity and crop diversity– Significant economic benefits for farmersSignificant economic benefits for farmers

• Pest and disease regulationPest and disease regulation– Integrated pest management Integrated pest management – Reducing stressors on crops and livestock (e.g. healthier soils) = improved resistance to diseaseReducing stressors on crops and livestock (e.g. healthier soils) = improved resistance to disease

• Water, carbon and nutrient cyclingWater, carbon and nutrient cycling

• Biodiversity for nutrition securityBiodiversity for nutrition security– Diverse and nutritious dietsDiverse and nutritious diets

• We need to talk about food We need to talk about food and nutrition and nutrition securitysecurity

Genetic resources, local communities and traditional knowledge

• The majority of genetic resources are in the stewardship of local and indigenous farmers and communities– - that is, in situ

• Local knowledge of genetic resources is critically important– Including knowledge of farming practices– Enables continued evolution of farming systems and adaptation of crops/livestock to

changing environmental and economic conditions

The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity (2011-2020)The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity (2011-2020)and the Aichi Biodiversity Targetsand the Aichi Biodiversity Targets

• Adopted at CBD COP-10 (Nagoya, 2010) Adopted at CBD COP-10 (Nagoya, 2010) – Framework for action for all MEAs and the UN-System (also adopted by major Framework for action for all MEAs and the UN-System (also adopted by major

partners; e.g. IUCN)partners; e.g. IUCN)• VISION:VISION:

– a world of "Living in harmony with nature" where "By 2050, biodiversity is valued, a world of "Living in harmony with nature" where "By 2050, biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining a conserved, restored and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining a healthy planet and delivering benefits essential for all peoplehealthy planet and delivering benefits essential for all people””

• MISSION:MISSION:– take effective and urgent action to halt the loss of biodiversity in order to ensure that take effective and urgent action to halt the loss of biodiversity in order to ensure that

by 2020 ecosystems are resilient and continue to provide essential services, thereby by 2020 ecosystems are resilient and continue to provide essential services, thereby securing the planet’s variety of life, and contributing to human well-being, and securing the planet’s variety of life, and contributing to human well-being, and poverty eradication poverty eradication

Some targets relevant to food and agricultureSome targets relevant to food and agriculture

Aichi Targets -by 2020:Aichi Targets -by 2020:•Target 3: Re-align incentives and subsidiesTarget 3: Re-align incentives and subsidies•Target 4: Achieve or have implemented plans for sustainable production and consumptionTarget 4: Achieve or have implemented plans for sustainable production and consumption•Target 6: All fish and invertebrate stocks fish and invertebrate stocks and aquatic plants are managed and harvested harvested sustainablysustainably•Target 7: Areas under agriculture (and aquaculture and forestry) are managed sustainablyTarget 7: Areas under agriculture (and aquaculture and forestry) are managed sustainably•Target 8: Pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to levels that are not Target 8: Pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to levels that are not detrimental to ecosystem function and biodiversity detrimental to ecosystem function and biodiversity •Target 13: Genetic diversity maintained and strategies have been developed and Target 13: Genetic diversity maintained and strategies have been developed and implemented for minimizing genetic erosion and safeguarding genetic diversityimplemented for minimizing genetic erosion and safeguarding genetic diversity•Target 14: Ecosystems that provide essential services restored and safeguardedTarget 14: Ecosystems that provide essential services restored and safeguarded•Target 15: Ecosystem resilience and the contribution of biodiversity to carbon stocks has Target 15: Ecosystem resilience and the contribution of biodiversity to carbon stocks has been enhanced, including restoration of at least 15 per cent of degraded ecosystems, been enhanced, including restoration of at least 15 per cent of degraded ecosystems, contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation and combating desertification. contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation and combating desertification. •Target 16: By 2015, the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Target 16: By 2015, the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization is in force and operational, Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization is in force and operational, consistent with national legislation.consistent with national legislation.•Target 18: Traditional knowledge, innovations and practices and customary use of Target 18: Traditional knowledge, innovations and practices and customary use of biological resources, respected and fully integrated and reflected in implementationbiological resources, respected and fully integrated and reflected in implementation

Global Strategy for Plant Conservation Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (2011-2020)(2011-2020)

All targets are relevant

Examples:

•Target 2: An assessment of the conservation status of all known plant species, as far as possible, to guide conservation action

•Target 7: At least 75 per cent of known threatened plant species conserved in situ.

•Target 9: 70 per cent of the genetic diversity of crops including their wild relatives and other socio-economically valuable plant species conserved, while respecting, preserving and maintaining associated indigenous and local knowledge

Access and benefit sharing (ABS)

• The third objective of the Convention on Biological Diversity:“The fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over those resources and to technologies, and by appropriate funding”

Objective:

AccessAccess to genetic resources to genetic resources

Fair and equitable sharing of Fair and equitable sharing of benefitsbenefits derived from their utilizationderived from their utilization

in exchange for

The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit SharingSharing

The Nagoya Protocol aims at providing a legal framework that creates clarity, transparency and legal certainty for the equity relationship of the CBD

ABS & sustainable developmentABS & sustainable development

The ABC of the Nagoya ProtocolThe ABC of the Nagoya Protocol

• Access - users seeking access to genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge must:• Get permission from the provider country (known as prior informed consent or PIC)

Article 6

• Benefit-sharing - provider and user must:• Negotiate an agreement to share benefits resulting from the use of a genetic resource

and associated traditional knowledge (known as mutually agreed terms or MAT) Article 5

• Compliance – Nagoya Protocol creates obligations to:• Comply with national ABS legislation and mutually agreed terms (articles 15,16,17,18)• Monitor the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge

(checkpoints) Internationally recognized certificate of compliance

Nagoya Protocol – Status of signature, and ratification, acceptance, approval or accessionAs of 1May 2014

CBD Parties that have ratified or acceded to the Protocol: 34

Parties that signed Protocol by closing date for signature (1 Feb 2012)

Parties that did not sign and have not yet acceded to the Protocol

Countries that are not Parties to the CBD* DISCLAIMER: The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Summary• Genetic Resources are essential in order to achieve

sustainable food and nutrition security• Access and benefit sharing is an objective of the CBD

– alongside conservation and sustainable use

• The Nagoya Protocol of the CBD creates the conditions for fair and equitable ABS– and therefore incentives for conservation and sustainable use of GR and associated TK

• Consistent and in harmony with and supports related legislation, including national, and other related treaties (e.g. the ITPGRFA)

• Is a contribution to sustainable development

ObrigadoObrigadoThank YouThank You